Coordination of a dual-channel supply chain after demand or production cost disruptions

Coordinating a dual-channel supply chain could not only achieve the integrated profit of the supply chain but also alleviate the channel conflict. Although some researches addressed this area, there is scant literature to discuss the coordination issue in the situations of disruption. To fill this void, we utilise a contract with a wholesale price, a direct channel’s price and a lump sum fee to coordinate a dual-channel supply chain under the cases of demand disruptions and production cost disruptions. After deriving the optimal contract for each case, we find that the manufacturer can achieve coordination of the disrupted supply chain by adjusting the parameters of the coordination contract used in a normal environment. We also show that after disruptions, there exists a contract adjustment benefit zone, in which both the manufacturer and the retailer can benefit from the adjustment of coordination contract when demand increases or production cost decreases. A further analysis of the production and distribution strategies in the coordinated dual-channel supply chain after disruptions suggests that the adjustment of the total production and sales of each channel depends heavily on the level of disruptions and the degree of consumers’ loyalty to both channels.     

Coordinating a supply chain under demand and cost disruptions

In this paper, we investigate the coordination of a supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and n Bertrand competing retailers under disruptions of market demand and production cost. We present a coordination model of a supply chain under normal scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that the coordination scheme designed for the initial production plan should be revised when disruptions of market demand and production cost occur. To resolve this issue, we consider the possible deviation costs caused by disruptions and propose optimal decision models for different disruptions under centralised decision-making. We present an improved revenue-sharing contract model to coordinate the decentralised supply chain under disruptions. The proposed models are then further analysed through numerical examples.     

市场细分下考虑需求扰动的双渠道定价决策及协调研究

针对一个拥有独立细分市场的制造商与一个传统零售商组成的双渠道供应链在面临需求扰动时的定价决策及协调问题，应用动态博弈，在市场需求无扰动的前提下，建立了市场细分下双渠道供应链的模型。当市场需求发生扰动时，对于集中式供应链，通过求解供应链系统最优利润的Karush-Kuhn-Tucker（KKT）条件，分4种情形讨论，得出了市场细分下双渠道供应链的最优价格及数量决策，并将其与无扰动情形的最优决策进行比较。对于分散式供应链，推导出供应链协调时，收益共享契约应满足的条件，证明了收益共享契约能够实现市场细分下双渠道供应链的协调。算例分析结果表明：当收益共享契约参数的取值在指定区间内，供应链总利润可提高约4.5%，同时实现帕累托改进。     

需求和成本同时发生偏差时供应链协调研究

研究一个供应商和一个零售商组成的供应链,分别在一体化供应链、分散化供应链发生突发事件的情况下,使用收益共享合约协调该供应链。研究发现,收益共享合约在稳定条件下能实现该供应链的协调;当突发事件导致价格敏感系数和供应商的生产成本同时与其预测值发生偏差时,原有的协调被打破,改进的收益共享合约可协调价格敏感系数和成本偏差的分权供应链。     

随机需求下绿色农产品三级供应链协调

考虑市场随机需求、产品绿色度、绿色研发成本等因素，研究绿色农产品三级供应链协调问题。首先，构建了不同决策模式下供应链成员的利润模型，发现合作可提高供应链整体收益，随后构建"收益共享-成本共担"混合契约对绿色农产品供应链进行协调。研究结论表明：混合契约能够降低绿色农产品售价，提高绿色度，增加绿色农产品市场需求；合理比例的收益共享和成本共担可使各个绿色供应链成员达到共赢。最后通过算例分析验证了契约模型的正确性。     

考虑品牌推广补贴的农产品供应链收益共享契约

龙头企业单方进行农产品品牌推广的动力不足。据此,考虑政府对龙头企业进行品牌推广提供财政补贴,建立政府和供应链成员的序贯博弈模型,求解出最优补贴比例和推广努力水平。在此基础上,研究了促成农产品供应链协调的两级农产品供应链收益共享契约。研究表明,政府补贴能够同时改善供应链绩效和社会福利,但是政府提供补贴下单纯的收益共享契约不能促成农产品供应链协调,而基于推广成本分担的收益共享契约能够促成农产品供应链协调。     

价格随机条件下看涨期权折扣契约的应急供应链协调研究

在突发事件造成市场需求与市场价格均随机波动的条件下,将期权与数量折扣契约融合,形成一种新的期权折扣契约,并用看涨期权折扣契约模型来协调供应链。通过海塞矩阵判断得知供应链存在最优决策,并进行算例分析。结果表明：当突发事件引起市场需求增加时,看涨期权折扣契约和数量折扣契约均能有效地提升供应链收益,且看涨期权折扣契约提升的幅度更大;当突发事件引起市场需求缩小时,2种契约均不能扭转整个供应链收益大幅下降的局面,且看涨期权折扣契约下降的幅度更大。为获取超额利润,决策者必须充分获取市场信息并对市场需求进行准确的预测才能使新的契约机制更有效。在新的前提条件下,看涨期权折扣契约模型能有效地协调供应链并提高整个供应链系统的绩效。该契约实现了风险共担和收益双赢,在一定程度上提升了供应链的柔性。     

Simplicity is beauty: pricing coordination in two-product supply chains with simplest contracts under voluntary compliance

Pricing is an important topic in supply chains. In this paper, we explore the coordination challenge with the use of simplest contracts for the case with two products. To be specific, we consider a single-manufacturer single-retailer make-to-order supply chain. In the base model, we consider the case when the product demands are independent and derive the optimal pricing decisions under a decentralised setting. Comparing with the centralised setting, we show that double marginalisation in the decentralised setting reduces the supply chain efficiency by 25%. We then find that the simpler contracts such as the three-parameter two-part tariff (3P-TT) contract and the three-parameter revenue sharing (3P-RS) contract can coordinate the two-product supply chain. We extend the analysis in two cases: (i) the case when the products are substitutable and (ii) the case when the retailer is risk averse, and show that both the 3P-TT and 3P-RS contracts can coordinate the respective supply chain. We also find that the degrees of product substitution and retailer’s risk averse significantly influence the supply chain performance.     

损失厌恶供应链应对突变风险的收益共享契约

研究一个风险中性的供应商和具有损失厌恶特性的零售商组成的二阶供应链,在供应链遭遇突变风险的情况下,收益共享契约能否协调该供应链的问题。利用损失厌恶模型对零售商的损失厌恶程度进行了刻画,分别讨论了突变风险发生后分散和集中控制的情况下供应链的整体利润。研究发现,收益共享契约能够协调该供应链,并且零售商的损失厌恶程度越强,契约参数的上下限越大。通过数值算例的方法对上述结论进行了验证,且发现当突变风险导致需求发生变动时,零售商的效用和供应商的利润呈反方向变化。     

专利保护下闭环供应链差别定价及协调

研究了专利保护下制造商授权经销商再制造的特殊闭环供应链。在新产品和再制造品存在差异的情况下,建立了分散决策与联合决策情形下的闭环供应链博弈模型,得出了制造商的最优批发价格和专利许可费、经销商对新产品和再制造产品的差异定价以及双方的最优利润, 并分析了不同参数变化对价格、回收率和利润的影响。最后,采用收益分享合同实现了许可经销商再制造的闭环供应链协调。     

存货影响销售量的两阶段供应链的VMI协调

研究在VMI环境下存货影响销售量的单供应商、单零售商的两阶段供应链的协调问题。建立了集中决策下的供应链模型,求出了整体供应链的利润函数;在分散决策下,采用收益共享契约对供应链进行协调,按Stackelberg博弈方式进行建模分析,发现收益共享契约无法协调供应链,即在利益分配上,与供应商相比,零售商获得了更多的供应链收益,而且分散式系统的收益始终低于集中决策下的水平;采用Nash协商对VMI供应链进行协调,完成了供应商和零售商收益的帕累托改进,不仅实现供应链的协调,而且达到了集中决策下的水平,最后通过算例进行了验证。     

基于零售商代发货模式的双渠道供应链协调

提出了零售商代发货模式,构建了一个由制造商和网络零售商组成的代发货双渠道供应链模型,其中制造商拥有网络直销渠道,并将订单全部交给网络零售商,由网络零售商代发到顾客手中。分析、比较了集中式和分散式决策下制造商和网络零售商的最优均衡解,论证了逆向收益共享契约对这种代发货双渠道供应链协调的有效性。最后通过算例分析,发现存在一个共享因子变化范围能够实现这种代发货双渠道供应链的完美协调。     

面向延保服务的网购供应链协调策略研究

针对网购供应链延保服务决策效率和利润均衡问题,考虑产品故障率情形下,从延保价格、产品价格以及销售努力水平同时影响延保市场需求的角度,利用Stackelberg博弈构建了第三方服务商和电商平台的延保收益函数。分析比较了集中决策和分散决策下网购供应链的最优延保决策问题,探讨了2种收益共享契约对面向延保服务的网购供应链协调效果。研究表明,无论是集中决策还是分散决策,产品故障率的大小会同时影响延保服务的价格、销售努力水平、销售量及延保利润;传统收益共享契约无法实现面向延保服务的网购供应链协调,而改进收益共享契约并保证收益共享系数在合理区间取值,可优化电商平台、第三方服务商以及供应链系统的延保决策效率,实现供应链各主体延保收益的帕累托改善。     

信息不对称下具有损失规避者参与的供应链决策与协调

在市场需求不确定下,假设制造商和零售商之间关于风险态度的信息不对称,研究由单个风险中性制造商和损失规避零售商组成的两级供应链系统。运用Stackelberg博弈分析分散系统下的决策行为,并用收益共享契约来实现集中系统下的供应链协调。研究结果表明,在分散决策系统下,双方风险态度信息的不对称导致供应链效率在“双边际效应”的基础上进一步损失;集中系统下收益共享契约可以消除信息不对称的影响,从而提高损失规避型零售商的最优订购量。算例分析显示,信息共享可以有效提高供应链参与双方的期望效用.     

Coordinating a supply chain under uncertain demand and random yield in presence of supply disruption

A two-echelon supply chain involving one manufacturer and one retailer for a single product is considered in this paper. The end customers’ demand is assumed to be random. The production of the manufacturer is subject to random yield, and there is a possibility of supply disruption in which case no item from her can reach the retailer. The retailer has a backup supplier who is costlier but perfectly reliable, and is having a limit up to which he may deliver. In addition to placing an order to the manufacturer, the retailer is allowed to reserve a quantity from the backup supplier in the ordering period; he may buy up to the reserved quantity after realising actual market demand in the trading period. Aiming at studying the effects of the various uncertainties involved in the chain on the optimal decisions, we develop and analyse centralised and decentralised models. We also propose a contract mechanism to coordinate the chain and find threshold conditions for which the coordinated model would collapse. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the developed model.     

Optimal production and inventory decisions under demand and production disruptions

Unanticipated events may take place and disrupt demand and/or production in a supply chain. Conditional on the type, magnitude and duration of disruptions, changes may be called to revise the original production plan. We analyse different disruption scenarios and propose optimal production–inventory models for products facing demand and production disruptions. To lower the cost, we optimise the production run time, purchasing times and order quantity for the manufacturer. Numerical experiments are conducted to examine the influences of disruption time and magnitude on optimal production and purchasing decisions.     

Coordination and performance analysis for a three-echelon supply chain with a revenue sharing contract

This paper focuses on a three-echelon supply chain composed of a manufacturer, a distributor and a retailer for a single selling period. Based on a revenue sharing contract, the coordination of the decentralised supply chain with the simultaneous move game or the leader–follower game is analysed. It is determined that the revenue sharing contract can coordinate the decentralised supply chain with the simultaneous move game. Our analysis reveals that the revenue sharing contract cannot coordinate the decentralised three-echelon supply chain with the leader–follower game except for a special situation. However, this result provides an opportunity to develop methodology and results that measure the potential improvement in supply chain performance that can be gained from utilising the revenue sharing contract. This is an important aspect of this paper.     

不同契约下考虑公平偏好的供应商创新投入研究

针对一个供应商和一个制造商组成的供应链,研究供应商公平偏好对其创新投入的影响。引入公平偏好理论,运用Stackelberg博弈,建立批发价格契约、研发成本分担契约和收益共享契约3种契约下的供应链决策模型,对比分析不同契约下公平偏好系数对供应链均衡信息的影响。研究表明,研发成本分担契约下的供应商创新水平、供应链中成员效用及供应链整体效用总高于其他2种契约;收益共享契约下的供应商创新水平和供应链整体效用高于批发价格契约;批发价格契约和收益共享契约下的制造商效用和供应商效用的大小与供应商公平偏好系数以及收益共享契约下的供应商保留效用的大小有关。     

考虑政府激励政策的绿色供应链博弈模型及 契约协调研究

研究政府的激励政策对于制造商研发设计绿色产品以及供应链协调机制的影响。通过构建集中决策下的垂直博弈模型、分散决策下制造商领导的Stackelberg博弈模型,分别得到均衡的绿色度、定价策略以及各组织利润。在此基础上提出了基于收益共享或成本共担契约的供应链协调机制,得到最优的成本共担与收益共享比例。利用数值分析对上述结论进行验证,并进行了参数敏感度分析。研究表明,相比于分散决策,集中决策下的绿色度更大、零售价更低、供应链整体利润更大。单一的成本共担契约无法实现供应链协调;对于综合契约协调机制,收益共享比例与成本共担比例负相关。各组织利润与绿色产品单位补贴调节因子以及绿色度敏感度系数正相关、与价格敏感度系数以及绿色投资系数负相关。     

线下体验服务和保鲜努力双重因素下生鲜电商供应链决策与协调研究

线下体验服务和保鲜努力投入是影响生鲜电商供应链绩效水平的关键因素。同时考虑线下体验服务和保鲜努力水平,构建生鲜电商供应链决策模型,对集中决策和分散决策下供应链绩效进行比较,在此基础上,设计“双向成本分摊”和“双向成本分摊+收益共享”契约,并验证契约协调的可行性。通过数值仿真,对供应链协调前后最优决策变化以及参数灵敏度影响进行分析。研究发现：1)集中决策、分散决策最优解均与体验服务敏感系数、新鲜度敏感系数呈正相关关系,且集中决策最优解优于分散决策;2)“双向成本分摊”契约可使得体验服务和保鲜努力均达到集中决策水平,但供应链总利润未得到改善;“双向成本分摊+收益共享”契约实现了供应链完美协调,各主体利润均得到帕累托改善。