三种有机物对超滤膜污染的界面作用研究

对腐殖酸、多糖类物质、蛋白质类物质所引起的超滤膜初期污染进行了比较,并对有机物和超滤膜的Zeta电位、接触角进行了测试,进而依据扩展DLVO(XDLVO)理论分析了三种有机物与超滤膜之间的界面自由能和界面作用力,并解释了三种有机物在相同运行条件下造成不同膜通量下降的相关机制。研究表明,三种有机物与超滤膜之间均存在较强的双电层斥力,但范德华力和酸碱力则各不相同。总界面力的作用范围不同是海藻酸钠形成较强膜污染的主要原因;蛋白质和腐殖酸与超滤膜之间总界面力的作用范围相当,但蛋白质与超滤膜之间相对较小的双电层斥力势垒可能是蛋白质相对腐殖酸更易造成膜污染的原因。应用XDLVO对超滤膜污染机制的研究会为膜污染控制策略的选择提供一定的理论依据。     

室内挥发性有机物污染状况的研究

挥发性有机物（VOC）是主要的室内空气污染物。本文介绍了室内挥发性有机物的种类、来源及其污染现状，介绍了国内外现行的质量标准，并简要介绍了室内挥发性有机物的防治措施。     

谈污染场地的评价体系

结合我国污染场地评价体系研究的现状,对污染场地的类型进行了分类,从污染识别、污染确认、风险评估三个阶段对污染场地的评价体系进行了分析,并提出了相应的建议和意见。     

膜生物反应器中的膜污染研究综述

介绍了膜污染机理,阐述了膜污染的影响因素及对于膜生物反应器中膜污染的研究近况,并提出相应的膜污染控制措施,从而为今后对膜污染的研究工作指明方向和提供宏观上的指导,以期推广该工艺在实际工程中的应用。     

膜界面探针在炼厂油罐区场地环境调查中的应用

利用膜界面探针技术（MIP）在西北某炼厂油罐区环境调查中进行了应用,通过光离子化检测器（PID）、火焰离子化检测仪（FID）两个检测器的响应值确定了油罐区的污染分布情况,并结合取样实验室分析结果对膜界面探针数据和实验室分析数据进行相关性分析。结果表明：污染物主要分布在汽柴油以及部分原油罐区。MIP信号值与实验室分析的苯系物浓度的拟合程度高于石油烃,FID、PID与苯系物浓度的相关系数（犚２）分别为0.879 7和0.907 1。     

山西省重金属污染场地的原位修复研究

在对山西省重金属污染情况及土质特征研究的基础上,分析了各种场地重金属修复的典型技术,提出了适宜本地重金属修复的技术方法,主要包括:固化/稳定化、纳米零价铁原位修复技术、淋洗法、化学萃取、低温热脱附、高温热脱附、植物修复,指出重金属污染场地的修复工作在环境治理中的重要性。     

室内空气中可挥发性有机物的测定方法及其污染控制

介绍了室内空气中可挥发性有机物的主要来源、危害、测定方法及其污染控制措施。室内的空气质量及其对人体健康的损害一直是普通百姓关注的主要问题。只有了解室内环境主要污染物的来源,采取有效的检测手段和控制措施,才能预防和消除室内环境污染对人体的伤害。如用保温材料玻璃纤维或纤维绝缘材料就能很好的降低VOCs浓度。     

溶解性有机物的膜污染倾向沿程解析

近年来膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺的工程应用日益增多,溶解性有机物(DOM)作为重要的膜污染物质引起了广泛的关注.采用化学分析法和荧光光谱法(EEM)研究了DOM的组分含量和荧光特性的沿程变化,并应用膜过滤装置对DOM的膜污染倾向进行分析.结果表明,在生物降解、胞外聚合物释放及膜截留的综合作用下,DOM的各组分均表现出相似的变化趋势.其中,蛋白质和腐殖酸与膜污染指数(MFI)的相关性显著,R2分别为0.77和0.82,可能与污染物的浓度及分子质量有关.     

建筑类涂料产品挥发性有机化合物检测标准及方法综述

调研了建筑类涂料产品挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的国家、行业及地方标准,对比研究了VOC限量值、测试方法及注意事项等方面的异同,对系统了解我国建筑类涂料VOC测定方法具有指导意义。     

Identification and transport investigation of microbial volatile organic compounds in full-scale stud cavities

An experimental project was conducted to investigate mold products, namely spores and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the cavity of full-scale stud wall assemblies. Twenty specimens were constructed and tested to inquire the capacity of wall cavities to restrain mold products, emanating from studs with 10% of their surface covered with mold, from penetrating into the indoor space. The tests were designed primarily to study the movement of spores. The project was subsequently extended to investigate the identification of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) and their transport through the building envelope. This paper presents the experimental design, testing procedure and a summary of the analysis conducted to identify mold related VOCs and their transport from the cavity to the indoor space, and the evaluation of the influence of experimental factors on this transport. Six experimental factors were investigated: air leakage path; mold presence; wall construction configurations (insulation, vapor barrier and sheathing material) and ambient conditions (dry and wet conditions). The chemical analysis of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results are analyzed using multiple regression analysis to identify the mold related VOCs, and to determine the transport through the building envelope. Five VOCs are confirmed to be related to the mold presence in the cavity and the transport of these MVOCs is supported by the data. However, no significant effect of the construction factors on MVOC transport is detected.     

新装修办公楼室内挥发性有机物的测试研究

为研究办公楼装修后室内挥发性有机物的释放特性,利用活性炭吸附采样与气相色谱分析相结合的方法,跟踪监测了天津市某办公楼四个典型房间的室内污染物浓度。得出了装修后室内污染物浓度的变化规律,即污染物浓度随时间推移而降低,其间可能会由于房间温度、相对湿度和气流组织的变化而出现短暂的起伏。     

Measurements and modeling of absorptive partitioning of volatile organic compounds to painted surfaces

Partitioning to surfaces is an important sink for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoors, but the mechanisms are not well understood or quantified. Here, a mass spectrometer was coupled to a portable surface reactor and a flow tube to measure partitioning of VOCs into paint films coated onto glass or wallboard, and their subsequent diffusion. A model was developed to extract values of the effective absorbing organic mass concentration of the film, C_w, which is a measure of absorption capacity, and VOC diffusion coefficients, D_f, from VOC time profiles measured during film passivation and depassivation. Values of C_w agreed well with the value estimated from the paint film mass and flow tube air volume, and D_f values (also measured using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) correlated well with VOC vapor saturation concentrations, C*, estimated using a group contribution method. The value of these relationships for estimating key parameters that control VOC partitioning into paint and the fate of VOCs indoors was demonstrated using a house model, which indicated that >50% of VOCs with C* ≤10⁸ μg/m³ (C* of octane, hexanone, and propanol) that contacted a paint film of typical thickness fully permeated the film regardless of emission duration.     

Simultaneous counter-flow of chlorinated volatile organic compounds across the saturated-unsaturated interface region of an aquifer

Concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs) at the saturated-unsaturated interface region (SUIR; depth of ∼18 m) of a sandy phreatic aquifer were measured in two monitoring wells located 25 m apart. The concentrations of the Cl-VOCs obtained above and below the water table along a 413-day period are interpreted to depict variable, simultaneous and independent movement of trichlorothene, tetrachloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, chloroform and 1,1-dichloroethane vapors in opposite directions across the SUIR.     

浅析不同涂刷工艺的木家具面板中挥发性有机化合物的释放量

利用环境舱法测定不同涂刷工艺的木家具面板在舱内一段时间的挥发性有机化合物释放量,结果表明,相同涂刷工艺的同种木家具样品所测得的挥发性有机化合物释放量相近,不同涂刷工艺的同种木家具面板样品中挥发性有机化合物释放量有一定差别,而同种涂刷工艺的不同木家具面板样品中挥发性有机化合物的释放量也不同.采用UV底漆涂刷的面板样品的挥...     

石膏板中挥发性有机化合物的测定

本文采用热解析一气：阳色谱质谱联用法对石膏板中的挥发性有机化合物进行测定。本方法以质谱定性,外标法定量,最低检出限为0．001mg／kg,相对标准偏差小于5％。该方法本底低,操作简单,快捷,灵敏度高。     

Biological and environmental exposure monitoring of volatile organic compounds among nail technicians in the Greater Boston area

Nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from nail products, but no studies have previously measured VOC biomarkers for these workers. This study of 10 nail technicians aimed to identify VOCs in nail salons and explore relationships between air concentrations and biomarkers. Personal and area air samples were collected using thermal desorption tubes during a work shift and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 71 VOCs. Whole blood samples were collected pre‐shift and post‐shift, and analyzed using GC/MS for 43 VOCs. Ventilation rates were determined using continuous CO₂ measurements. Predominant air VOC levels were ethyl methacrylate (median 240 µg/m³), methyl methacrylate (median 205 µg/m³), toluene (median 100 µg/m³), and ethyl acetate (median 639 µg/m³). Blood levels were significantly higher post‐shift than pre‐shift for toluene (median pre‐shift 0.158 µg/L and post‐shift 0.360 µg/L) and ethyl acetate (median pre‐shift <0.158 µg/L and post‐shift 0.510 µg/L); methacrylates were not measured in blood because of their instability. Based on VOCs measured in these seven nail salons, we estimated that emissions from Greater Boston area nail salons may contribute to ambient VOCs. Ventilation rates did not always meet the ASHRAE guideline for nail salons. There is a need for changes in nail product formulation and better ventilation to reduce VOC occupational exposures.     

污染场地测试评价与处理技术

针对中国工业污染场地开发利用的岩土工程关键问题,全面总结了笔者及其课题组多年来的研究成果。主要包括5个方面:(1)污染场地土体工程性质变化基本规律和污染场地分类评价方法,阐明了重金属污染土和有机污染土的基本物理力学特性,在总结国内外已有污染场地风险评价和工程分类的基础上,提出了基于层次分析原理的污染场地指数分类法;(2)基于多功能孔压静力触探(CPTU)的污染场地原位测试方法,包括污染土的电阻率基本特征,基于电阻率CPTU的污染场地原位测试方法,基于CPTU的污染场地水力传导参数测试评价方法;(3)重金属污染场地固化/稳定化处理技术,揭示了重金属污染土固化/稳定化机理,阐明了水泥系固化剂固化/稳定重金属污染土的有效性与不足,提出了磷酸盐系固化剂和碱激发矿渣固化剂固化/稳定高浓度重金属污染土的方法,从工程与环境安全二方面提出了固化/稳定法的施工工艺;(4)有机污染场地曝气法处理技术,采用研发的一维二维曝气模拟装置,揭示了曝气法修复有机污染场地的气相运动规律、修复机理与效果,建立了基于集总参数的污染物去除效果评价方法,提出了曝气法工艺设计方法;(5)污染场地竖向隔离技术,提出了土–膨润土系竖向隔离墙材料设计关键参数确定方法,揭示了土–膨润土系竖向隔离墙的长期防渗防污性能和化学相容性特征,比较了隔离施工技术的特点,对SMC工法的效果进行了分析评价。研究成果对中国污染场地再开发利用和城市可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Analysis of the build-up of semi and non volatile organic compounds on urban roads

Vehicular traffic in urban areas may adversely affect urban water quality through the build-up of traffic generated semi and non volatile organic compounds (SVOCs and NVOCs) on road surfaces. The characterisation of the build-up processes is the key to developing mitigation measures for the removal of such pollutants from urban stormwater. An in-depth analysis of the build-up of SVOCs and NVOCs was undertaken in the Gold Coast region in Australia. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multicriteria Decision tools such as PROMETHEE and GAIA were employed to understand the SVOC and NVOC build-up under combined traffic scenarios of low, moderate, and high traffic in different land uses. It was found that congestion in the commercial areas and use of lubricants and motor oils in the industrial areas were the main sources of SVOCs and NVOCs on urban roads, respectively. The contribution from residential areas to the build-up of such pollutants was hardly noticeable. It was also revealed through this investigation that the target SVOCs and NVOCs were mainly attached to particulate fractions of 75-300 μm whilst the redistribution of coarse fractions due to vehicle activity mainly occurred in the >300 μm size range. Lastly, under combined traffic scenario, moderate traffic with average daily traffic ranging from 2300 to 5900 and average congestion of 0.47 were found to dominate SVOC and NVOC build-up on roads.