土-桩-筏共同作用的混合分析法

提出了一种土-桩-筏共同作用的混合分析法.将桩和桩间土简化为弹簧作用于筏板下,桩土相互作用系数基于Mindlin解和Boussinesq解,为避免桩端应力集中,在桩端面上进行应力积分,并引入修正参数来考虑桩挤开土的实际情况.筏板采用无剪切闭锁的四边形厚薄板通用单元进行有限元分析.根据桩土柔度系数得到桩土柔度矩阵,求逆后与筏板刚度矩阵耦合,形成土-桩-筏体系的刚度矩阵.桩的沉降计算和土层参数的确定与规范法一致,适用于成层地基上变桩长、变桩径情况,板单元适用于平面形状不规则的薄板及中厚板.通过计算Poulos提出的经典桩筏基础模型并与其它几种典型方法对比,表明该法合理、实用.     

横观各向同性饱和层状土中垂直受荷群桩的动力阻抗

给出了稳态振动时,垂直受荷群桩在 横观各向同性 饱和层状土中动力阻抗计算的一般方法。首先,基于 Biot 饱和介质的三维波动理论,借助 Hankel 变换,得到横观各向同性饱和土轴对称动力问题的通解,利用通解,给出饱和土层在 Hankel 变换域内的精确动力刚度矩阵,进而构建出饱和土层在竖向柱面荷载作用下的动力 Green 函数;其次,根据桩–土界面的位移协调及平衡条件,利用 Kynia 的方法,建立了饱和地基–群桩纵向耦合振动的边界元–有限元方程,给出了垂直受荷群桩动力阻抗的计算公式。算例表明：场地土的各向异性及土层刚度的变化,对摩擦型群桩动力刚度的影响要远大于对端承型群桩的影响。     

散体–柔性桩组合和散体–刚性桩组合复合地基的固结解

 在考虑散体桩涂抹作用非散体桩对下卧层排水通道的减弱作用的基础上,依据应力条件下的平衡方程和连续条件下的固结方程,由假定的无穷级数解,推导出特征方程,进而得到散体桩–柔性桩组合和散体桩–刚性桩组合时的多元复合地基固结解析解,经与实例数值计算结果进行对比表明,该解析解基本与数值解吻合。解析解计算结果表明,土层的固结快慢与各自的渗透系数和压缩模量有关。土层渗透系数越大,刚度越大,则孔压越小,固结越快;桩径比越小,桩体刚度越大,则固结越快。说明该分析方法是可行的,且具有一定的工程应用参考价值。     

桩底土的成层性对桩体纵向刚度的影响

 为了确定桩底土(桩底与基岩间的土体)的厚度和分层情况对桩体刚度和阻尼的影响,使用锥形虚土桩模型对单桩纵向振动进行求解。桩底应力以一定扩散角度传递至基岩表面,将扩散锥面内部土体看作虚土桩。由虚土桩底部的位移限制条件和阻抗传递法得到桩底和桩顶的复阻抗。将桩底土层的参数转换为虚土桩的参数,通过分析这些参数的变化,进而判断桩底土层对桩体刚度和阻尼的影响。分析结果表明：桩底土层厚度小于5倍的桩体半径时,桩体刚度明显提高,阻尼减小;桩底土层存在软夹层,则桩体刚度会相应降低,阻尼增大,若存在硬夹层,结论相反。桩底土存在不同土层时,若只使用第一层土体的参数估算桩底刚度,误差较大,尤其对处于准静力状态的桩体。     

层状横观各向同性饱和地基中桩基的纵向耦合振动

基于层状横观各向同性饱和土地基模式,研究了桩基在饱和土体中的纵向耦合振动问题。首先,根据饱和介质三维波动理论的Biot模型,利用Hankel变换,给出横观各向同性饱和土波动方程的轴对称通解;利用通解,建立了饱和土层的精确动力刚度矩阵,进而构建出盘面和竖向柱面荷载作用下,土体与结构动力相互作用的Green函数;其次,根据桩-土界面的位移协调及平衡条件,用边界单元法构建了层状饱和地基与桩相互作用的动力方程和计算公式,给出求解层状横观各向同性饱和地基与桩基纵向耦合振动的一般解法。算例表明:土介质的各向异性参数、饱和土孔隙率和桩-土模量比,对低频振动桩的动力刚度影响不大,但对高频振动影响显著。     

均质土层中超长两桩基础承载性状的数值研究

基于三维有限元分析方法,研究了均质地基土中超长两桩基础的承载性状。在有限元模型建立中,为了考虑桩–土共同作用,桩和地基土均用8结点等参单元模拟;为了考虑桩–土间的变形非线性特性,桩–土间设置了一层有厚度的薄单元;桩身混凝土的应力应变关系用线弹性模型模拟,地基土用Duncan-Chang非线性弹性模型模拟,桩周薄单元用河海大学薄单元模型模拟。计算分析表明,基桩的竖向刚度随桩中心距的增大、桩长的增大而增大,但其总小于单桩的竖向刚度;桩侧阻端阻综合群桩效应系数随桩顶沉降、桩中心距的增大而增大,随桩长的增大呈先减小后增大或基本保持不变的变化特点。     

浅析孔桩的负摩擦力对桩基工程的影响

人工挖孔桩是桩基工程的一种形式,它能较好地适应各种工程地质条件,工程要求和荷载情况,尤其在其施工中具有设备简单,振动小,噪音低,可多桩位同时施工,工程进度快,能直接观察各土层的地质变化,土层土质情况明确,桩端的虚土易以清除,对施工现场周围建筑物影响较少等优点而被广泛采用。 根据桩荷载传给地基土的不同作用,通常把桩分为三种类型:摩擦桩、摩擦端承桩和端承桩。摩擦桩是指作用在桩基上的垂直荷载主要靠桩侧的摩擦力传给地基;摩擦端承桩则是靠桩侧摩擦力和桩端阻力共同传给地基;而端承桩主要靠桩端阻力传给地基,所以,桩的承载力由两部分组成:即摩擦力与桩端阻力。     

层状非饱和土中端承桩竖向振动响应的半解析算法

为了探究层状非饱和土中桩基的竖向振动响应，基于非饱和土动力控制方程，考虑基质吸力、三相(固相、液相和气相)压缩特性和饱和度对动剪切模量的影响，结合Euler-Bernoulli杆理论，建立三维轴对称简谐荷载作用下层状非饱和土中端承桩的竖向振动响应模型。利用Laplace变换、势函数法和算子分解法求解土体波动方程，通过桩–土耦合条件和阻抗函数传递性求解桩顶动力阻抗频域响应的解析解，利用傅里叶逆变换和卷积定理得出桩顶时域响应的半解析解。验证所得解的正确性后，研究分层土的模量比和厚度比对桩顶动力响应的影响。计算结果表明：土层上硬下软时，桩顶动刚度与阻尼的波动性减弱，导纳存在“小峰夹大峰”现象，峰值变大，反之，导纳呈“大峰夹小峰”。相比于上下均质土，桩底反射信号明显减弱。软土层越厚，桩顶动力响应的振荡幅值越大，土层厚度不一时，速度时程曲线中土层分界面出现反射信号，反射位置与土层分界位置密切相关。     

刚性桩复合地基支承路堤稳定破坏机理的离心模型试验

对上软下硬成层土地基中刚性桩复合地基支承路堤,进行了单排桩和群桩条件下路堤稳定破坏机理的离心模型试验,研究了不同桩体抗弯刚度和强度,不同桩体加固位置,不同桩间距和桩端嵌入硬土层深度条件下桩体的受力与变形性状,破坏模式以及路堤的失稳破坏机理.离心机试验结果表明,不论是在单排桩还是群桩条件下,桩身最大弯矩作用点均产生于软硬土层交界面附近;在群桩条件下,桩体越靠近路堤中心桩身弯矩越小;当桩身抗弯刚度与强度较高,桩距较大且桩下端嵌入较硬土层足够深度时,可产生桩间土体沿桩的绕流甚至因产生绕流而导致路堤失稳破坏;当桩身抗弯刚度与强度较低时,在单排桩条件下,桩体会首先在软硬土层交界面处发生弯曲破坏,并可在路堤失稳前在桩身上部发生第二次弯曲破坏,而在群桩条件下,坡脚附近部分桩体首先在软硬土层交界面附近发生弯曲破坏,并可能伴随桩体受拉破坏而使桩断为上下两段,最后由于部分桩体发生整体倾覆破坏或者再次发生弯曲破坏而导致路堤发生失稳破坏;针对路堤具体的破坏情况有针对性地增大桩身抗弯强度,减小桩间距或增加桩端嵌入硬土层深度均可提高路堤的稳定性.     

桩底沉渣对桩的纵向振动特性影响研究及应用

在桩底有限土层采用虚土桩模型情况下,对桩底沉渣对非均质土中桩的动力特性的影响进行了研究。首先,将桩端正下方土体模拟为与桩端完全接触的虚土桩模型;然后,对桩侧土采用多圈层平面应变模型,并考虑其径向非均匀性,利用剪切复刚度传递的方法,递推得到了桩侧土作用在桩身的剪切复刚度,结合得到的剪切复刚度,利用阻抗函数递推方法,递推得到虚土桩顶部纵向振动复刚度,将其作为实际桩底的支撑刚度,求解桩顶频域和时域动力响应函数表达式;分析了桩底沉渣特性对桩的纵向振动特性的影响,得到了桩底沉渣对桩基纵向振动响应影响的规律性。最后,利用本文解对工程桩低应变反射波法实测曲线进行了反演拟合分析。     

Experimental investigation of bearing mechanism of closed- and open-ended piles supported by thin bearing layer using X-ray micro CT

In order to clarify the bearing mechanism of closed-ended and open-ended piles supported by a thin bearing layer, pile-loading tests are conducted on model grounds with different bearing layer thicknesses, and the soil deformation characteristics around the pile tips are observed by X-ray micro CT. In the case of open-ended piles supported by a thin bearing layer, the soil in the pile greatly displaces following the downward displacement of the soil located more deeply than the pile tip, and the soil density in the pile becomes lower than when the bearing layer thickness is sufficiently large. These characteristics probably cause lower inner friction and lower base resistance, resulting in a lower bearing capacity. When the bearing layer thickness is more than three times the pile diameter, the bearing capacity is much higher than when the bearing layer thickness is the same as the pile diameter. In addition, soil deformation which occurs is almost entirely in the bearing layer, and the changes in bearing capacity are hardly affected by the soft layer below the bearing layer. The experimental findings obtained in the present study support the idea that the criterion for the bearing layer thickness, where the influence of a thin bearing layer on the bearing capacity can be ignored, is three times the pile diameter, regardless of whether the pile tip is open or closed.     

砂土中螺旋挤土灌注桩受力性状模型试验研究

 利用自行研制的电动模拟钻机和桩基模型试验系统,在匀质砂土地基中进行新型螺旋挤土灌注桩模型试验,探索完全挤土型SDS桩的荷载传递规律和承载变形特性,发现桩侧摩阻力沿桩身呈异步发展,在小于0.2倍桩径的桩土相对位移范围内,桩侧摩阻力随桩土相对位移呈单调上升,且桩侧摩阻力远高于桩端阻力。通过SDS桩与CFA桩的试验结果对比发现,桩长因素对SDS桩承载变形特性的影响大于CFA桩,在桩长、桩径和地基都相同的模型试验条件下,SDS桩的极限承载力比CFA桩提高25%～70%。应用太沙基和派克的土压力原理及应力路径方法,阐明不同成桩工艺对桩周土体物理状态和力学指标的影响。结果表明,不同成桩工艺是引起SDS桩与CFA桩的承载变形性状出现差异性的主要原因。     

黄河三角洲粉土中水平受力桩p-y曲线试验研究

p-y曲线法在国内外的桩基设计中广泛使用,但对于黄河三角洲新近沉积粉土的p-y曲线尚缺乏研究。通过室内模型试验,根据桩身弯矩、桩身水平位移与桩周土抗力三者之间的关系,得出黄河三角洲饱和粉土地基单桩p-y曲线,并与美国石油学会API推荐的p-y曲线以及现有的两种粉土p-y曲线进行比较。对比发现:API推荐的p-y曲线有偏大的初始土抗力及偏小的极限土抗力,而现有的两种粉土p-y曲线有偏大的极限土抗力。最后给出了在黄河三角洲粉土地区桩基设计的建议。     

Pile under torque in nonlinear soils and soil-pile interfaces

This paper presents a new method for analyzing the nonlinear response of a single, vertical pile with the circular cross-section under torque in layered soils. The nonlinear stress-strain relationships of both soil-pile interface and soil are approximated by the hyperbolic model, whereas the pile material is elastic. The torsional spring stiffness of the soil-pile interface and the soil are determined by traditionally available methods. A four-node finite element model for the soil-pile interface is proposed to represent nonlinear behaviors of the soil-pile interface and the soil, separately. A new iterative scheme for nonlinear analysis of a single pile under torque is also developed that avoids having to solve a large number of simultaneous equations found in traditional solution schemes. The new solution method is based on the tangential stiffness of the soil-pile interface and soil springs, which are determined at each load step. From this solution scheme, an equivalent stiffness of the soil-pile-interface system of each pile element is calculated from the bottom element to the top element while torque and angle of twist are calculated from the top to the bottom elements. The solution gives the distribution of the angle of twist and torque along the pile, and the equivalent stiffness of the soil-pile system and torque-angle of twist curves at any depth. The solution method can be easily applied to the practice field in nonlinear analysis and in designing a single pile under torque in layered soils. The analysis results using the new solution scheme compared well with the results from other analytical methods studied by previous researchers. The proposed method is also used to predict the behavior of two full-scale piles under torques. The predictions are in good to excellent agreement with measurements.     

基于桩侧广义剪切模型的大直径超长灌注桩承载变形计算方法

大直径超长灌注桩桩身变形较大,桩侧与土体易出现明显的界面滑移,传统剪切位移法难以适合其承载变形计算。基于大直径超长灌注桩桩–土剪切作用性状及桩侧摩阻力发挥特点,采用剪切位移和剪切滑移两阶段法描述其桩侧摩阻力发挥过程,形成桩侧广义剪切模型;在此基础上,采用传递矩阵增量方式建立大直径超长灌注桩承载变形计算方法,并给出计算参数的取值。该方法考虑了桩侧摩阻力发挥的非线性、桩端承载的非线性及桩身材料的非线性,并考虑了桩–土滑移后桩侧摩阻力软化特性及桩端后注浆对桩端承载性状的影响。工程实例计算结果与现场试桩实测值较为吻合,表明基于桩侧广义剪切模型建立的大直径超长灌注桩承载变形计算方法具有合理性与可行性。     

竖向受荷PCC桩宏细观工作性状研究

 采用可视化模型试验及离散元数值仿真方法,对竖向受荷现浇混凝土大直径薄壁管桩(简称PCC桩)桩土传力特性、位移场发展规律及破坏性状进行深入研究。研究结果表明：PCC桩荷载–沉降曲线呈缓变型,桩外侧摩阻力高于内侧摩阻力,内侧摩阻力发展滞后于外侧摩阻力,桩外侧摩阻力在桩身上段发挥较充分,内侧摩阻力在桩身下段发挥较充分,桩内侧摩阻力及端阻力控制PCC桩后期承载力;桩外侧土体以斜向下的剪切变形为主,其影响范围约为2D;内侧以竖向压缩变形为主,加载初期与桩同步变形,加载后期桩内侧下部土体与桩之间相对位移明显大于桩内侧上部土体;桩端土体可分为圆锥形竖向压缩区及侧向变形区,其在深度方向的影响范围达到4D,桩端土变形模式在平面上呈扇形;接触力链的分布与侧阻力沿桩长分布特征基本保持一致,而桩端土孔隙率的变化则从细观角度反映侧阻先于端阻发挥。研究成果对于进一步明确PCC桩与土相互作用的内在机制具有意义。     

Efficient solution for a single pile under torsion

This paper presents a simple and more efficient solution mechanism for solving the linear response of a single pile with a circular cross section under torque in “n” multilayered soils. The pile-soil system is modeled by a series of independent springs distributed along the pile shaft with each spring representing an individual layer of soil. The properties of each soil layer are assumed constant with the allowance for variation from layer to layer. The method is based on the energy principles and variational approach initially proposed by Vallabhan and Mustafa (1996) for a single pile under a vertical load, developed by Guo and Lee (2001) for a single pile under a lateral load, and developed by Zhang (2010) and Misra et al. (2013) for a pile under torque. With the proposed iterative solution scheme, the equivalent stiffness of a soil-pile system of individual pile segments is calculated from the bottom element to the top element, while torque and the angles of twist are calculated from the top element to the bottom element of the pile without having to simultaneously solve a large number of equations. The solution provides: (1) the distribution of the angles of twist, (2) the distribution of torque along the pile and (3) the equivalent stiffness of the pile-soil system. A comparison of the results of the analysis using the proposed new solution mechanism with those of existing analytical solutions and a three-dimensional finite element analysis shows that the proposed method is much more efficient.     

海洋高桩基础水平单调及循环加载现场试验

开展了海洋软黏土中 2 根大直径高桩基础的现场水平单调和循环加载试验,实测获得了桩顶荷载 – 位移关系、桩身变形和桩身弯矩及桩侧土压力和孔隙水压力,揭示了水平单调和循环荷载作用下桩土相互作用规律及桩基水平位移和桩身弯矩发展规律。利用实测桩身水平位移推算了桩周土反力,在此基础上提出了相应的双曲线型 p – y 曲线,通过引进 Poulos 循环弱化模型建立了水平循环荷载作用下的桩基双曲线型 p – y 曲线分析模型,水平单调及循环荷载作用下桩顶荷载 – 位移关系、桩身变形和桩身弯矩及桩侧土压力等计算结果与实测值均吻合良好。通过现场试验发现规范 p – y 曲线法计算结果偏保守的主要原因是所采用的 p – y 曲线的刚度偏小;不同时段的循环荷载对桩基循环累积变形有叠加效应。 建议设计中应考虑桩基全寿命服役期内所承受的所有循环荷载的影响, 对于重要工程应开展相应的现场水平加载试验,实测桩身水平位移或桩身弯矩,进而利用所推算的桩周土反力来分析桩基受力变形及承载力。