具有产品再制造的闭环供应链动态运作模型

考虑了一类同时具有再分销、再制造和再利用的闭环供应链,并建立了其动态运作模型.供应链由一个制造商和一个供应商组成,废旧产品的回收及对废旧产品的再处理均由制造商完成.采用离散概率分布描述最终产品废旧的可能性,闭环供应链的运作是动态的且满足诸如供应链成员之间协调、各成员运作收益最大等多个目标.设计了一个数值算例验证模型的有效性,并就回收率对闭环供应链的运作性能的影响进行了分析.结果表明,闭环供应链的整体运作性能随着回收率的增大而增加.     

产品回收再利用率对闭环供应链利润的影响

针对由单个制造商和单个零售商组成的二级闭环供应链系统,制造商委托零售商回收旧产品,然后制造商生产新产品和再制造产品,零售商销售产品.采用stackelberg博弈方法,对制造商占主导的正向供应链和闭环供应链的利润进行了比较,分析了回收再利用率对闭环供应链利润的影响.研究结果表明:在产品存在最低或强制回收要求的前提下,当其他参数不变时,回收再利用率满足一定的阈值,并且回收再利用率越大,制造商实施闭环供应链管理就越有利.     

The impact of third-party remanufacturing on the forward supply chain: a blessing or a curse?

It is widely agreed that the entry of third-party remanufacturers (TPRs) hurts original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) because remanufacturing cannibalises the new product sales. In this paper, motivated by the practice of mobile phone remanufacturing, we develop a game theoretical model to revisit the impact of third-party remanufacturing on a forward supply chain in which one OEM purchases critical components from one dominant supplier. The OEM may operate the remanufacturing business as cost-efficient as the TPR. Our analytical results show that regardless of the OEM’s remanufacturing capability, third-party remanufacturing could be beneficial to the OEM in that the supplier would lower the wholesale price as a response to the entry of the TPR; in addition, compared with the case without remanufacturing, third-party remanufacturing is always detrimental to the supplier, but the supplier should not always attempt to deter the entry of the TPR because third-party remanufacturing could be less detrimental than the OEM’s in-house remanufacturing. Under certain conditions, the two players in the forward supply chain both prefer third-party remanufacturing over in-house remanufacturing. The key intuition driving this finding is that third-party remanufacturing makes the OEM and the supplier allied; while in-house remanufacturing makes them against each other.     

具有政府回收约束的闭环供应链回收再制造决策模型

在回收和再制造的闭环供应链中,一个第三方替制造方从用户中买回废旧产品。为了激励废旧产品的回收再制造,政府对制造商设定一个最低回收率,并且对制造商的回收进行奖惩;同时考虑第三方的回收努力,建立了基于第三方负责回收的多级再制造闭环供应链模型,设计了政府与制造商之间的奖惩函数;讨论比较了制造商不回收废旧产品、没有政府奖惩时回收再制造废旧产品和考虑政府约束时回收再制造废旧产品等3种情形下的最优策略,并且分析了参数变化对回收率和供应链成员企业收益的影响;结合国内某家电制造商废旧家电回收再制造的运作情况进行了仿真计算与分析。     

基于政府回收处理基金的O2O在线回收企业回收再售策略研究

研究品牌优势对回收商生产模式选择的影响机制,并基于三方博弈模型,运用KKT条件等方法分析不同品牌优势下,回收商选择再制造或翻新的决策条件和利益分配结果。结果表明,在品牌优势较低的情况下,回收商的生产模式选择会依赖回收成本。当回收成本较低时,全部翻新是回收商最优策略,但这会损害品牌制造商和品牌零售商的利益;当回收成本适中时,回收商倾向于部分翻新,此时品牌零售商可以从中获益,但品牌制造商会受到冲击;当回收成本较高时,回收商翻新威胁小,品牌制造商和品牌零售商都会默认接受这一结果。在品牌优势较高的情况下,回收商和品牌制造商有动机达成再制造协议,实现双方的共赢,但品牌零售商会极力反对这一协议。此外,合作再制造模式并不一定能带来更高的消费者剩余,在一定条件下,翻新竞争模式下消费者剩余可能会超过合作再制造模式下的水平。

     

考虑品牌优势的回收商生产模式研究：再制造或翻新

研究品牌优势对回收商生产模式选择的影响机制,并基于三方博弈模型,运用KKT条件等方法分析不同品牌优势下,回收商选择再制造或翻新的决策条件和利益分配结果。结果表明,在品牌优势较低的情况下,回收商的生产模式选择会依赖回收成本。当回收成本较低时,全部翻新是回收商最优策略,但这会损害品牌制造商和品牌零售商的利益;当回收成本适中时,回收商倾向于部分翻新,此时品牌零售商可以从中获益,但品牌制造商会受到冲击;当回收成本较高时,回收商翻新威胁小,品牌制造商和品牌零售商都会默认接受这一结果。在品牌优势较高的情况下,回收商和品牌制造商有动机达成再制造协议,实现双方的共赢,但品牌零售商会极力反对这一协议。此外,合作再制造模式并不一定能带来更高的消费者剩余,在一定条件下,翻新竞争模式下消费者剩余可能会超过合作再制造模式下的水平。     

Process plan selection based on product mix and production volume

Most shops currently maintain a single process plan for each part type manufactured by the shop even when multiple process plans are feasible to produce the part. The use of a static process plan for a part regardless of the product mix and volume robs the shop of production flexibility and efficiency. In this paper, given that multiple process plans for a part exist, a method to determine the best process plan to implement for a part type in a given production scenario defined by a known product mix and volume is addressed. The method selects a set of process plans to implement based on minimizing total material handling and machining time for the part mix and volume. The problem is modelled mathematically and solved using a heuristic algorithm. Experimental results to describe the performance of the algorithm are presented for different production scenarios, problem sizes, and solution strategies.     

Optimal collection and remanufacturing decisions in reverse supply chains with collector’s imperfect sorting

We consider a reverse supply chain comprising two independent companies: the collector and the remanufacturer. The collector is responsible for sorting the collected used products and then transporting the ‘remanufacturable’ items to the remanufacturer. As sorting is not perfectly accurate, the misclassification errors affect the optimal decisions in the reverse supply chain. We focus on the optimal collection quantity for the collector and the optimal order quantity for the remanufacturer using game theory under both deterministic and uncertain demand. We characterise the optimal solution and show that under certain conditions, the remanufacturer should allow the collector to transport more ‘remanufacturables’ than the order quantity. We then examine the case where both the collector and the remanufacturer belong to a single company with centralised decision-making and compare the optimal collection quantities under both structures of the reverse supply chain.     

政府奖励条件下基于再制造的闭环供应链模式

废旧产品回收再制造的经济价值和环保作用已得到广泛的共识,许多国家的政府出台回收再制造奖励政策。制造商通过闭环供应链对废旧产品回收再制造,可以选择的模式有3种：制造商负责回收,零售商负责回收,第三方负责回收。在构建了政府奖励条件下基于再制造的闭环供应链模式的基础上,通过建立数学模型对3种模式进行了具体的研究和比较,并分析了政府奖励对不同模式的影响。     

面向再制造的废旧产品回收渠道模式研究

研究了一个由制造商、销售商和第三方回收机构组成的再制造闭环供应链,提出并探讨回收废旧产品的3种混合回收渠道模式,构建了相关收益函数模型,利用Stackelberg主从博弈模型,以制造商向其他方收取的回购价为自变量,选取整个闭环供应链体系下的废旧产品回收率、制造商利润以及整个闭环供应链的利润和零售商销售的零售产品价格等指标作为可比对象,推导出其相关指标关于回购价的目标函数,在其他条件不变的情况下进行对比分析。结论显示制造商与零售商混合回收渠道模式最佳。然后通过具体算例分析对结论进行了进一步证明和现实意义解释。文章研究意义在于帮助处在循环产业链的企业如何选择回收渠道模式,作出最有利于企业利益的决策模式。     

随机弹性需求下的再制造闭环供应链的协调机制研究

在价格敏感型随机需求的闭环供应链中,分析了以制造商为Stackelberg领导的集中式决策与3种分散式回收模式（制造商回收、零售商回收和第三方回收）下的定价策略和系统利润。首先从集中式决策出发得到闭环供应链协调的一阶必要条件,在分散决策中证明了完全退货与回馈惩罚混合契约能使分散式闭环供应链达到完美协调,实现供应链成员的共赢,通过协调时利润的比较表明制造商不会选择第三方回收模式,最后证明了协调的充分性和有效性,并给出了一个算例验证了上述结论。     

The boomerang returns? Accounting for the impact of uncertainties on the dynamics of remanufacturing systems

Recent years have witnessed companies abandon traditional open-loop supply chain structures in favour of closed-loop variants, in a bid to mitigate environmental impacts and exploit economic opportunities. Central to the closed-loop paradigm is remanufacturing: the restoration of used products to useful life. While this operational model has huge potential to extend product life-cycles, the collection and recovery processes diminish the effectiveness of existing control mechanisms for open-loop systems. We systematically review the literature in the field of closed-loop supply chain dynamics, which explores the time-varying interactions of material and information flows in the different elements of remanufacturing supply chains. We supplement this with further reviews of what we call the three ‘pillars’ of such systems, i.e. forecasting, collection, and inventory and production control. This provides us with an interdisciplinary lens to investigate how a ‘boomerang’ effect (i.e. sale, consumption, and return processes) impacts on the behaviour of the closed-loop system and to understand how it can be controlled. To facilitate this, we contrast closed-loop supply chain dynamics research to the well-developed research in each pillar; explore how different disciplines have accommodated the supply, process, demand, and control uncertainties; and provide insights for future research on the dynamics of remanufacturing systems.     

Solving closed-loop supply chain problems using game theoretic particle swarm optimisation

In this paper, we propose a closed-loop supply chain network configuration model and a solution methodology that aim to address several research gaps in the literature. The proposed solution methodology employs a novel metaheuristic algorithm, along with the popular gradient descent search method, to aid location-allocation and pricing-inventory decisions in a two-stage process. In the first stage, we use an improved version of the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm, which we call improved PSO (IPSO), to solve the location-allocation problem (LAP). The IPSO algorithm is developed by introducing mutation to avoid premature convergence and embedding an evolutionary game-based procedure known as replicator dynamics to increase the rate of convergence. The results obtained through the application of IPSO are used as input in the second stage to solve the inventory-pricing problem. In this stage, we use the gradient descent search method to determine the selling price of new products and the buy-back price of returned products, as well as inventory cycle times for both product types. Numerical evaluations undertaken using problem instances of different scales confirm that the proposed IPSO algorithm performs better than the comparable traditional PSO, simulated annealing (SA) and genetic algorithm (GA) methods.     

供应链上的不确定因素与库存

的生产系统中有大量不必要的库存,这些库存存在很大程度上是由于供应链上的不确定因素造成的。供应链管理通过对代价 给与需求信息的集成使库存的结构发生了变化,同时也改变了生产管理水平与库存水平的相互关系。     

考虑回收品质量可控的再制造闭环供应链决策

研究回收品质量可控背景下的再制造闭环供应链决策问题。考虑质量投入与奖励函数2种控制变量对再制造过程中回收品质量的影响,构建集中决策与分散决策下制造商主导的Stackelberg博弈模型,采用逆向求解法求解2种决策条件下的模型最优解,并利用数值模拟分析回收品质量对各参数的影响。研究表明,相较于分散决策,联合决策具有更高的经济性收益性与风险敏感性;不论是分散决策或是联合决策,回收价、供应链企业利润等都与回收品质量呈正相关;消费者强烈的绿色偏好与回收价格偏好能够对供应链利润产生积极影响。