软土地基刚性桩复合地基动力离心模型试验

采用离心机-振动台系统对饱和软土地基中连续地震作用下上部结构-性桩复合地基体系的抗震问题开展试验研究。试验分析了结构和基础模型在水平输入地震作用下的加速度、位移以及桩身应变等响应规律。结果表明,基础板与桩顶之间设置砂垫层利于削弱传递到上部结构的水平地震力作用,发生较大地震时能有效减小上部结构的加速度响应;地震结束时基础瞬时沉降随地震强度增加而增大,但震后长期再固结沉降随地震强度变化不大;受周围土体地震软化行为影响,群桩荷载分担比例在震后有所降低;桩身峰值弯矩沿桩长分布形式明显不同于传统桩基础,且弯矩峰值较常规桩基减小不少。     

考虑不同桩长影响的变电站配电楼地震反应分析

从变电站桩基-筏板-配电楼结构耦合体系出发,采用PLAXIS 3D建立桩筏基础-地基-上部结构三维有限元整体模型,其中,土体非线性力学行为采用考虑小应变特性的双曲线型弹塑性(HSS)模型模拟,动力计算中采用自由场边界(模型四周)和柔性底部边界(模型底部)来模拟无限地基。通过整体模型动力时程分析,研究了3条典型地震波及其不同加速度峰值情况下长桩和短桩设计方案对应的上部结构及桩筏基础动力响应特性。结果表明：变电站配电楼虽然层数较低,在地震作用下楼顶仍然表现出一定的放大效应;考虑结构后的地表水平加速度峰值总体上高于自由场地的情况,距结构30m范围内地表水平加速度反应相对较大;桩长在一定范围内变化对上部结构的振动响应影响不大;上部结构的水平加速度峰值随输入地震动加速度峰值增加而增大,地下室底板中部弯矩极值对地震动加速度峰值及不同地震波波形均不敏感。     

CDM格栅复合黏土地基地震反应离心试验研究

近期国际震害调查统计发现CDM复合地基减灾性能普遍优于预期,提升其地震响应特征及规律认识对于发展适用抗震设计方法十分重要。介绍2组CDM格栅复合黏土地基动力离心模型试验,包含1个未处理地基、3个采用原位TRD工法制作的端承型和悬浮型复合地基,分析加速度峰值放大系数、反应谱比、地表沉降、剪应力–剪应变等特征及变化。结果表明:端承型复合地基加速度反应基本呈线性且放大,平均峰值放大约1.4倍,悬浮型地基下层土体及软化对局部场地放大效应、PGA具有较强约束作用,并在高频地震中出现减震现象;各复合地基墙体沉降均规律性发生于震后再固结过程,而端承型地基墙体与墙侧土体沉降差异较大,表明产生较大负摩阻力,悬浮型地基墙体与墙侧土体沉降则高度吻合;同一深度反演求解得剪应力–剪应变响应特征,较好地验证了地表加速度分析结果,并反映了不同频率地震下土–结作用(SSI),分别可使墙侧土体剪应变的发展受到约束和牵引作用,合理解释了高频地震过程中端承型地基墙侧土体的规律沉降现象。     

刚性桩复合地基体系中褥垫层减震效应研究

基于上海7度设防烈度规范标准反应谱生成人工地震波，选取一软土场地中的10层混凝土框架结构为例，利用通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS进行刚性桩复合地基-筏板基础-上部结构体系和桩筏基础-上部结构体系的建模及动力时程分析，对比在6度、8度罕遇地震作用下主要受力构件（桩体和上部结构）的动力响应，归纳刚性桩复合地基体系的抗震特点。结果表明，复合地基体系中，褥垫层表现出较好的减震作用，桩基内力包络值明显减小，而位移仅略有增加；上部结构水平加速度、水平位移、层间位移及内力响应均明显减少。可见设置褥垫层的抗震性能优于不设置褥垫层的情况，且大震效果更优。     

变刚度桩筏基础变形特性试验研究

分别以天然地基筏板和4组变刚度桩筏基础模型对比试验为基础,分析基桩平面布置、几何尺寸与基础沉降的关系,从而为桩筏基础变刚度调平概念设计提供试验依据。试验研究表明：与上部结构共同作用的桩筏基础,总体上其沉降分布表现为中心区域沉降较大而边角位置沉降较小;筏下均匀布桩较之天然地基,基础沉降量的最大值大约减少70%;基础中心区域桩长增加1倍或者桩数增加1／3,沉降量的最大值约减少50%;上部结构与核心筒下局部加大基桩几何尺寸和适当增加桩数能够有效地减少沉降量的最大值以及沉降差,从而达到调平的效果;筏下布桩有助于减少基础周边的地表沉降,可使其影响局限于1／4基础宽度范围之内。图11表3参12     

土性对土–桩–核岛结构动力相互作用影响的试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

为了深入研究不同地基土层性质对于土–桩–核岛结构体系抗震性能的影响和相关桩基的震害机制,配制3种不同硬度的地基土模型分别进行振动台试验,并对试验宏观现象和试验数据进行分析对比。试验结果表明:地基土硬度对于地震荷载作用下“土–桩–上部结构”相互作用体系具有重要影响,随着地基土硬度的减小,土结分离现象更加明显,桩基的震害现象也更加严重;由于上部结构较大的惯性力作用,地基土硬度较小时,基桩不仅在桩头处出现破坏,在5~6倍桩径深度处桩身也出现了开裂和折断的破坏现象;为保证核电工程基础的地震安全性,建议加固或选择剪切波速大于300 m/s的土层作为地基。     

饱和黏土中热交换桩承载力特性模型试验研究

在28℃,28℃→55℃,28℃→55℃→28℃三种工况下,开展宁波饱和黏土中热交换桩承载力特性模型试验研究,先对桩土加热(降温),再进行静载荷试验,测定土体的温度和孔隙水压力、地表沉降及桩顶位移、桩身轴力和荷载–沉降试验数据,研究土体的热固结过程及桩负摩阻力的形成机制;其次,以模型试验为原型,利用Abaqus软件建立了考虑热流固耦合作用的桩–土有限元模型,将计算结果与试验结果进行对比验证,进而讨论温度对桩身轴力和桩侧摩阻力的影响,结果表明:加热升温后,桩、土发生膨胀变形,土中出现超静孔隙水压力;随着孔压的消散,土体发生热固结现象,且其固结沉降量大于桩体沉降量,地基最终表现为沉降变形,而桩侧出现下拉荷载,产生负摩阻力;随温度的升高,沿深度方向,桩身轴力衰减,热固结后土体的强度有所提高,桩侧摩阻力增大,单桩极限承载力随温度的升高而增大。     

减沉桩基变形控制机理的案例分析

桩数沉降关系是按变形控制设计桩基础(减少沉降桩基础设计)的重要依据,受荷载大小、桩位布置和场地类别等多个因素共同影响。结合某工程现场实测数据,运用近似数值方法和平面应变有限元方法对2幢采用不同桩数的多层住宅桩筏基础进行计算分析,研究不同桩间距对地基压缩变形、基础内力和土体应力应变分布的影响,对桩数减少一半时基础沉降几乎没有变化这一问题给出合理解释。结果表明,作用于基础顶面的荷载水平越低,桩侧与桩端土层可压缩性差异越小,基础沉降量对桩数变化越不敏感。对于深厚软土地基中的低承台群桩基础,按变形控制进行桩基设计,能最大程度地节约基础用桩量,可获得十分显著的经济效益。     

挤密砂桩加固软弱地基数值模拟分析

为研究挤密砂桩对深厚软弱地基的加固效果，以西南地区的深厚软塑粉质黏土地基为研究对象，利用MIDAS GTS软件，从固结沉降、超孔隙水压力、桩土应力比等角度对挤密砂桩加固原深厚软塑粉质黏土地基的加固效果开展数值模拟研究。结果显示挤密砂桩既可起到承受上部负荷的作用，对原有软弱地基的排水固结也具有一定的加速效果。已加固的地基完成排水固结后，沉降表现明显，从中心部位开始，沉降区域逐渐收缩到路基两侧，形成U形收缩趋势。孔隙水压力左右两侧呈对称分布。挤密砂桩加固区的土体应力明显高于附近未加固处理的土体，加固区总沉降量明显，可通过砂桩计算土体沉降量。静置365d后，地基的固结沉降工作基本完成，此时对行车基本没有影响。研究成果以期为挤密砂桩加固软弱地基的设计及施工提供理论参考与指导。     

液化地基上隔震结构群桩与土动力相互作用振动台模型试验研究

开展了液化场地–桩–隔震层–上部结构动力相互作用体系的大型振动台模型试验,再现饱和砂土地基液化诱发的地基震陷震害,详细阐述了隔震结构群桩基础与地基的地震响应特征和饱和土体孔压发展规律。试验结果表明：隔震结构群桩基础的角桩桩身应变幅值明显高于中间桩,中间桩顶部应变幅值又明显高于角桩;隔震结构地基液化后上部结构摇摆和基础转动反应急剧增加,进而导致群桩基础桩顶弯矩急剧增加,使得桩身最大弯矩幅值由地基液化前的桩身中上部转移到地基液化后的桩顶位移,同时隔震结构下部桩顶弯矩幅值比桩身弯矩幅值也要大得多,充分说明在土–桩–隔震层–上部结构的动力相互作用下桩顶更易造成严重的地震破坏。     

Seismic behavior of piled raft with ground improvement supporting a base-isolated building on soft ground in Tokyo

The static and seismic behavior of a piled raft foundation, supporting a 12-story base-isolated building in Tokyo, is investigated by monitoring the soil–foundation–structure system. Since the building is located on loose silty sand, underlain by soft cohesive soil, a piled raft with grid-form deep cement mixing walls was employed to cope with the liquefiable sand as well as to improve the bearing capacity of the raft foundation. To confirm the validity of the foundation design, field measurements were carried out on the ground settlements, the pile loads, the contact pressure and the pore-water pressure beneath the raft from the beginning of the construction to 43 months after the end of the construction.On March 11, 2011, 30 months after the end of the construction, the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake struck the building site. The seismic response of the ground and the foundation–structure system was successfully recorded during the earthquake, and a peak horizontal ground acceleration of 1.75 m/s² was observed at the site of the building. Based on static and dynamic measurement results, it was found that there was little change in the foundation settlement and the load sharing between the raft and the piles before and after the earthquake. It was also found that the horizontal accelerations of the superstructure were reduced to approximately 30% of those of the ground near the ground surface by the input losses due to the kinematic soil–foundation interaction in addition to the base isolation system.Consequently, the piled raft with grid-form deep cement mixing walls was found to be quite stable in the soft ground during and after the earthquake.     

成层软土地区高层建筑PHC管桩抗震性能研究#br#

以天津成层软土地质条件下采用桩筏基础的高层建筑为背景,利用有限元方法建立上部结构-桩-土相互作用模型,对PHC管桩在地震荷载下的内力进行研究。研究表明,桩筏基础在地震荷载作用下,角桩将产生较大的内力,减少承台对管桩转动自由度的约束可有效改善其抗震性能。有地下室的结构在地震荷载下的桩顶内力将小于无地下室的结构,但其影响范围在桩顶以下10倍桩径范围内,此外,桩顶周围软弱土层的存在也会对桩顶内力产生较大影响,因此在进行设计时,应充分考虑地下室和桩顶周围软弱土层的综合作用,仅考虑地下室的影响可能会使管桩在地震荷载下处于不利的受力状态,改良桩顶周围土体的性质可明显降低地震荷载作用下的管桩顶部内力。     

桩筏基础相互作用非线性简化分析

提出一种桩筏基础相互作用的简化分析方法。对筏板和土体的接触面进行单元离散,在单桩弹塑性分析的基础上,分析了桩–桩、桩–土、土–土的相互作用关系。推导了桩土体系的刚度矩阵,得到刚性筏板群桩基础的竖向荷载沉降关系,桩的轴力沿深度的分布和桩、筏板各自分担的荷载。无需对桩和土体沿深度方向进行单元离散,简化了计算过程。由于考虑了土体的非均匀性和桩土相互作用的非线性特性,计算模型更好地反映了土体的实际性状。与有限元、边界元计算值以及实际工程实测值进行对比分析,验证了本文方法的正确性,并可应用于实际工程问题的分析。     

穿越软土层嵌岩桩筏基础沉降特征与计算方法

结合某双塔高层建筑核心区桩筏基础和核心区外独立承台桩基础沉降变形监测资料,分析了嵌岩桩筏基础的沉降特征。结果表明,双塔核心区嵌岩桩筏基础沉降变形的整体性较好,沉降随施工加载过程增长较为稳定,而核心区外嵌岩桩基础的沉降对主楼施工和环境条件(如地下水)较为敏感,施工中出现了桩体上浮现象。根据桩顶荷载计算的嵌岩桩桩身压缩量与实测沉降相比,实测值远大于计算值。考虑嵌岩桩施工和桩筏基础工作特点,提出了穿越软土层的嵌岩桩筏基础沉降的两个主要影响因素:沉渣效应和桩侧负摩阻。在此基础上,提出了考虑沉渣和桩侧阻影响的桩筏基础沉降估算方法,并通过本工程及文献中的工程实测对提出公式的适用性进行了检验。     

极限荷载下桩筏基础共同作用性状的室内模型试验研究

利用自制模型槽,通过设计系列单桩带台与群桩的桩筏基础模型试验,研究了极限荷载下桩–筏板–地基土的应力与变形性状。试验结果表明,常规桩距桩筏基础极限荷载下表现出实体深基础性状;而大桩距桩筏基础,基桩先于板下土体达到承载力极限状态,后续荷载基本由板下土体分担,验证了塑性支承桩理论。加载过程中,桩–土的荷载分担比不断变化,6d及以上桩距时,桩达到极限荷载后即趋于稳定。利用桩的极限承载力的桩筏基础设计,应考虑极限荷载与工作荷载下桩–土荷载分担比的不同性状差别。桩间距越大,桩对土体的侧向位移的"遮帘作用"逐渐弱化,板下土体的位移特征趋于天然地基的特征,桩端平面以下土体应力受板下土体分担荷载的影响越明显,6倍桩距可视为常规桩基与复合桩基的分界点。     

Seismic response analysis of piled raft with grid-form deep mixing walls under strong earthquakes with performance-based design concerns

A seismic response analysis of a piled raft foundation combined with cement deep mixing walls (DMWs), supporting a 12-story base-isolated building under strong earthquakes, was conducted using a three-dimensional finite element model. To evaluate the induced internal stresses in the DMWs against their capacity, a nonlinear elastic model with tensile and shear criteria was applied for the stabilized soil. In order to verify the deformation parameters of the DMWs and the soil, a numerical simulation was carried out using the moderate earthquake motion recorded during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. As the strong earthquake motion, Level 2 earthquakes with a mean return period of approximately 500?years were generated using two sets of phase data. Four numerical cases were conducted considering the effects of the presence of the DMWs on the seismic response of the piled raft system. Based on the dynamic analysis results, it is seen that the bending moments near the pile head were decreased significantly by the DMWs. This occurred because the amplification of the lateral ground displacements below the raft was restrained by the DMWs, and the shear force acting at the pile head was very small because the lateral external force acting at the bottom of the raft was carried mostly by the DMWs. It is also seen that the amplification of the acceleration response spectra of the raft with DMWs was substantially lower than that of the raft without DMWs in long periods of 1–2?s. This is probably due to the difference in the kinematic interaction effects between the foundation and the soft soil. Tensile and shear failure occurred in the DMWs, and the extent of the tensile failure was dominant. Nevertheless, it was found that the grid-form DMWs were quite effective for reducing the sectional force of the piles to an acceptable level, even if such partial failure occurred. The DMWs could be designed more rationally by following the principles of a performance-based design (PBD), because minor damage to DMWs can be tolerated under strong earthquakes provided that the required foundation performance has been satisfied.     

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level, the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pile–soil–raft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.     

Centrifuge model tests on piled raft foundation in sand subjected to lateral and moment loads

Piled raft foundation has been widely recognized as a rational and economical foundation system with the combined effects of raft and piles. However, the behavior of laterally loaded piled raft foundation has not been well understood due to the complicated interaction of raft–ground–piles. A series of static horizontal loading tests were carried out on three types of foundation models, i.e., piled raft, pile group and raft alone models, on sand using a geotechnical centrifuge. In this paper, the influences of relatively large moment load and rotation on the overall performance of laterally loaded piled raft foundation were examined. From the centrifuge model tests, it is found that the vertical displacement due to horizontal loads is different between piled raft and pile group foundation, and this vertical displacement has significant influences on the performance of laterally loaded piled raft foundation. The horizontal resistance of the pile part in the piled raft foundation is higher than those observed in the pile group foundation due to raft base contact pressure. The vertical displacement of the foundation due to the horizontal loads affects the vertical resistances of piles, which results in the different mobilization of moment resistances between the piled raft and pile group foundations.     

Large‐scale shaking table test on pile‐soil‐structure interaction on soft soils

The two large‐scale shaking table tests of tall buildings on soft soils in pile group foundations are performed to capture the effect of the seismic pile‐soil‐structure interaction (PSSI) on the dynamic responses of the pile, soil, and structure. The two different model conditions are observed, including a fixed‐base structure and a structure supported by 3‐by‐3 pile group foundation in soft soil, representing the situations excluding the soil‐structure interaction (SSI) and considering the SSI, respectively. In the tests, the superstructure is a tall building with 12‐story reinforced concrete frame. The pile‐soil‐structure system rests in a shear laminar soil container, which is designed to minimize the boundary effects during shaking table tests. The two models are subjected to various intensity seismic excitations of Shanghai bedrock waves, 1995 Kobe earthquake, and 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake events. According to the experimental and analytical results, SSI systems have longer natural periods than the fixed‐base structure. In addition, soft soil has amplification effect under smaller seismic excitations and isolation effects under larger earthquake intensities. The strain amplitude at the top of pile is large, and the strain at the middle and tip is relatively small. Whereas the contact pressure is small at the top of pile and large at the middle and tip. From the dynamic responses of the superstructure, it is found that the PSSI amplifies the peak displacements and interstory drifts of the structures supported by pile group foundations by comparing with the fixed‐base structure. Whereas the peak acceleration and interstory shear force of the structure are reduced considering seismic PSSI. The results show that the seismic SSI is not always favorable, however, it may increase certain dynamic responses of the structure. Consequently, the seismic SSI should be considered reasonably, providing insight towards the rational seismic design of buildings rested on soft soils.