循环荷载下堆石料应力变形特性研究

基于不同堆石料的多组大型静、动三轴试验,揭示了堆石料的特殊应力变形特性。试验发现,基于Rowe应力剪胀理论所建立的堆石料本构模型将明显低估堆石料的剪缩特性。堆石料的破坏和剪胀线在p-q面上并不是一条直线,剪胀线Md向左上方翘曲,而破坏线Mf则向右下方微曲,随着应力水平的提高,剪胀线Md逐渐接近甚至超过破坏线Mf。动应力和围压之比越大,堆石料的永久剪切和体积变形越大;随着固结应力比的增大,堆石料的永久剪切变形增大,体积变形减小;循环荷载的前几周,堆石料的永久剪切和体积变形的增加较标准砂大,随着循环荷载周数增加,堆石料硬化现象也较标准砂明显。在振动过程中,不论是何种岩质和级配的堆石料一直表现为体积收缩,未出现剪胀;堆石料在固结、静力三轴剪切和振动三轴试验过程中均产生明显的颗粒破碎,颗粒破碎率的大小与堆石料的母岩、级配以及围压等因素相关。围压增大,静力三轴剪切引起的颗粒破碎率随之增大,而单纯由振动三轴试验引起的颗粒破碎率则相应降低。堆石料的颗粒破碎,使其剪胀性降低,剪缩性增大,堆石料所表现出的特殊破坏和剪胀规律显然与其颗粒破碎密切相关。堆石料筑坝材料经先期循环荷载作用后,再次经受循环荷载作用时,其抵抗变形能力明显提高。     

循环荷载作用下堆石料的颗粒破碎特性

通过大型动力三轴试验,研究了循环荷载作用下堆石料的颗粒破碎特性及其影响因素,首次根据堆石颗粒在混合料中所发挥的作用以及堆石料发生颗粒破碎后不同粒径范围颗粒含量的变化量,将堆石料的颗粒破碎形式划分为棱角破碎和骨架破碎。进而,基于堆石料发生颗粒破碎前后级配的分形维数定义了堆石料的颗粒破碎率,建立了循环荷载作用下堆石料颗粒破碎率与其动剪应变及体积应变关系表达式。     

人工模拟堆石料颗粒破碎应变的三轴试验研究

高应力作用下堆石料的颗粒破碎严重,其对堆石体变形的影响不可忽视。采用水泥净浆浇筑不同粒径和不同强度椭球颗粒的方法,探讨了一种人工模拟堆石料的制备方法。通过系列的三轴试验研究了不同破碎率情况下模拟堆石料应力变形和破碎体应变的特性。结果表明,试验中相对破碎率同颗粒强度和围压力的相对大小直接相关。颗粒破碎对堆石体的应力应变特性具有十分重要的影响。堆石体的破碎体应变均为正值,且随轴向应变的增加而增大,两者近似呈双曲线关系。破碎体应变和破碎率之间存在近似的幂函数关系。     

考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料剪胀特性研究

针对某高堆石坝的筑坝堆石料开展大型三轴排水剪切试验,研究堆石料在不同孔隙比及不同应力状态下的颗粒破碎与剪胀特性关系,结果表明,不同孔隙比堆石料在低围压下都表现出剪胀,但随围压增大,堆石料的剪胀现象均逐渐消失并转为剪缩.提出了破坏剪胀率概念,用以描述堆石料颗粒破碎与其剪胀特性的关系,试验发现,随着堆石料颗粒破碎率增加,破...     

循环荷载作用下结构性软土微结构演化特性试验研究

 为探讨动荷载作用下结构性软土微结构演化特征,对天津滨海新区典型结构性软土进行动力三轴试验,并对特定循环振次下土样进行微结构制样及电镜扫描,重点研究不同动应力比、不同振次以及不同围压下,循环荷载作用对软土微结构演化的影响。试验与测试结果表明：随动应力比、振次以及围压的增加,颗粒数量和孔隙数量增加,而颗粒等效直径、颗粒形态比、孔隙等效直径、孔隙形态比减小。当动应力幅值小于临界幅值时,微观结构随振次增加很快趋于稳定,当动应力幅值大于或等于临界幅值时,微观结构随振次增加持续处于变化中。循环荷载作用过程中,当围压分别在土体固结结构屈服应力前后取值时,微观结构参数值存在明显变化,不同微结构参数值与振次均呈对数关系,相关性较好。     

堆石混合料临界状态与颗粒破碎特性

文章开展了5组不同混合比的堆石料的大型三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究了随混合比变化堆石混合料颗粒破碎率与临界状态应力比的变化规律。试验结果表明：(1)随弱风化料占比增加,堆石料的峰值强度及临界状态强度均提高,剪胀程度增大。(2)Hardin相对破碎率较好地描述了堆石混合料的颗粒破碎规律,破碎率越大,p′-q平面上临界状态线表现出越明显的下弯。(3)峰值状态内摩擦角随Hardin相对破碎率的增加总体呈线性减小;临界内摩擦角随Hardin相对破碎率Br的增加开始缓慢减小,而后快速减小,最后趋于平稳。     

波浪循环荷载作用下滨海软土水平向动力特性试验研究

为研究海上风电桩基在波浪荷载作用下,产生水平向循环荷载对桩基周围土体动力特性的影响,以唐山地区滨海软土为研究对象,通过室内动三轴试验,研究不同围压、动应力幅值和振动次数条件下对软土水平向动力特性的影响。结果表明:软土水平向动强度随围压增加而增加,随振动次数增加而减小;动应力幅值增大,破坏振次减小;水平向动应变εd随振动次数增加变大,且动应力幅值越大,增速越明显,变化规律遵循Monismith模型;动应力幅值改变时,软土水平向动模量变化明显,当围压减小,动弹性模量减小;曹妃甸软土水平向间具有明显的结构性,不同围压条件下,随动应力幅值增加动阻尼比均表现增大趋势。     

考虑细观单粒强度的堆石料破碎特性研究

颗粒破碎是影响堆石料力学性质的主要因素之一,但由于测试手段的限制,荷载作用过程中堆石的颗粒破碎难以实时度量,因而影响堆石料力学特性的深入研究。通过单粒强度试验,发现同一粒组的堆石料单粒强度较好地服从Weibull分布,而破碎后颗粒的粒径级配曲线基本服从分形分布。在此基础上,推求了堆石料三轴试验过程中级配的演化过程,给出了颗粒破碎的实时预测方法,与三轴试验结果比较,验证了本文方法的有效性。     

基于灰色理论的加筋砾性土累积应变及动力特性分析

为探究加筋砾性土在循环荷载作用下的累积应变及动力特性,选取不同围压、动应力幅值和加筋层数工况下对加筋砾性土试样进行固结不排水动三轴试验,采用灰色关联分析(GRA)方法,分别研究加筋砾性土的累积轴向塑性应变、回弹模量与影响因素围压、动应力幅值和加筋层数之间的关联度大小.研究表明:加筋砾性土的累积塑性应变随振次的发展趋势符...     

复杂应力路径下堆石料的颗粒破碎特性研究

针对堆石料进行了一系列等向压缩、常规三轴和复杂应力路径试验,采用相对颗粒破碎率为度量研究了多种应力路径条件下堆石料的颗粒破碎特性。对不同应力路径下试验过程中的塑性功进行了对比,分析了颗粒破碎与平均应力p、广义剪应力q所做塑性功之间的关系,研究了不同应力路径下三轴试验颗粒破碎的差异和原因。结果表明:模拟心墙土石坝填筑和蓄水应力路径下的颗粒破碎远小于常规三轴试验。多种应力路径下塑性功与相对颗粒破碎率之间存在明显的相关性,并可用幂函数较好拟合。不同应力路径下塑性功分量之间差异明显。常规三轴试验中广义剪应力q所做功占总塑性功的主要部分,不同复杂应力路径试验p,q所做塑性功占比差异较大。     

堆石蠕变与颗粒破碎特性三轴试验

为分析堆石的蠕变规律和研究颗粒破碎与蠕变的关系,对某堆石料进行了不同应力水平和围压下的大型三轴排水蠕变试验.蠕变试验后通过筛分试验测量了堆石的颗粒破碎程度.结果表明堆石的蠕变变形与应力水平和围压有关;轴向蠕变和体积蠕变随应力水平的增大而增大,应力水平相同时则随围压增大而增大.堆石的应变-时间关系可用幂函数表示,轴向应变...     

堆石料剪切过程中的颗粒破碎研究

颗粒破碎直接改变堆石料本身结构,影响土体的剪胀、内摩擦角、峰值强度、渗透系数和流变变形。但是,目前对于堆石料在剪切过程中的破碎规律尚不明确。通过室内固结排水三轴试验,研究了古水面板坝玄武岩堆石料在制样、固结和剪切过程中的颗粒破碎规律。研究结果表明:堆石料在制样过程中会产生较为显著的颗粒破碎现象;在等向固结过程几乎不产生颗粒破碎。低围压下,颗粒间的翻越和滑移受围压约束较弱,剪切过程中的颗粒破碎不明显。髙围压下,颗粒间的翻越和滑移受到限制,颗粒间的咬合力显著提高,随着剪切应变的增大,土体颗粒不断发生破碎。在颗粒破碎过程中,大粒径颗粒首先破碎,破碎的颗粒从大粒径逐渐向小粒径扩展。粒径在0.5 mm以下颗粒的含量始终随剪应变的增大而增多,且增长幅度随着围压的增大而增大。土体颗粒破碎同时受围压和剪切变形的影响,相同围压下剪切过程中的相对破碎参量Br和剪应变之间的关系可采用双曲线公式描述。     

考虑级配和颗粒破碎影响的堆石料临界状态研究

临界状态土力学理论在描述细颗粒土应力变形特性方面较为成功,已经成为建立许多黏土和砂土本构模型的基础。对于堆石料,在应力、密度、级配等因素影响下,其变形特性非常复杂,且高应力条件下颗粒易发生破碎,是否存在"唯一"的临界状态值得探讨。通过对不同级配、不同密度的试样在不同围压条件下的一系列大型三轴剪切试验,研究了堆石料的临界状态及其影响因素。研究发现:不同级配、不同密度、不同初始固结应力条件下,当剪应变较大时试样都趋于临界状态,临界状态的值与初始密度、初始级配、颗粒破碎有关;q–p'平面内,堆石料存在唯一的临界应力比M;在e–(p'/p_a)~ζ平面内,临界状态线基本平行,其截距可以根据初始密度和初始级配直接求得。通过对比分析各试样的临界状态,提出了考虑级配和颗粒破碎影响的堆石料临界状态数学表达式。     

Particle breakage in triaxial shear of a coral sand

This paper presents a laboratory experimental study to comprehensively investigate the characteristics of particle breakage using numerous triaxial tests on a coral sand. Coral is a highly crushable granular material which fills the gaps between more crushable and less crushable granular materials. The monotonic tests and cyclic tests were terminated at the designated axial strains and the designated cyclic numbers, respectively. The grain size distributions were measured by sieve analyses of the specimens after the triaxial tests were performed. The relative breakage and relative fractal dimension were used to quantify the particle breakage. The cause of particle breakage that increased with increasing isotropic consolidation stress was shown to be isotropic stress. An almost linear increase in particle breakage in relative breakage was found as axial strain increased, whereas the increase in particle breakage in relative fractal dimension showed upward convexity. More particle breakage occurred in denser samples. During consolidation to the identical mean effective stress, the anisotropic stress state played a bigger role in particle breakage than the isotropic stress state, but during shearing particle breakage occurred more sharply in the triaxial tests with the isotropic consolidation to the higher confining pressure. In the cyclic shearing, the particle breakage in relative breakage and relative fractal dimension increased in upward convexity as the cyclic number increased, but in upward concavity with increasing axial strain. A hyperbolic model was proposed to correlate the relative fractal dimension with the relative breakage for use with both monotonic and cyclic tests. In the monotonic tests, a hyperbolic model was proposed to correlate the particle breakage in relative breakage and relative fractal dimension with the plastic work per unit volume. It is proposed that the loading-mode-induced (i.e., monotonic loading and cyclic loading) different mechanism of particle breakage meant that this model could not be applicable in the cyclic tests. The results suggested that the hyperbolic correlation of the particle breakage in relative fractal dimension and the plastic work per unit volume is the most reliable method of interpreting the energy consumption characteristics of particle breakage. This approach takes the fractal nature of soil into consideration. A microscopic view of particle breakage is also effective for observing the evolution of particle breakage.     

Effects of particle size and confining pressure on breakage factor of rockfill materials using medium triaxial test

Rockfill dams are mostly constructed using blasted rockfill materials obtained by blasting rocks or alluvial rockfill materials collected from the riverbeds.Behaviors of rockfill materials and their characterization significantly depend on breakage factor observed during triaxial loading.In this paper,two modeled rockfill materials are investigated by using medium triaxial cell.Drained triaxial tests are conducted on various sizes of modeled rockfill materials used in the two dams,and test data are analyzed accordingly.Breakage factor of rockfill material is studied and the effects of particle size and confining pressure on breakage factor are investigated using medium triaxial cell as many researchers have already conducted investigation using large triaxial cell.     

基于离散元法的真三轴应力状态下砂土破碎行为研究

基于可破碎三维离散颗粒模型模拟了一系列常规三轴试验与真三轴试验,研究了砂土在真三轴应力状态下的破碎行为。数值调查主要关注试样的应力应变特性、级配及相对破碎率的演化。随着围压增大,颗粒破碎率增大,试样应变软化特性和剪胀性逐渐减弱,而超过临界高围压后,由于固结中颗粒大量破碎,试样剪胀性反而增强。真三轴试验中,试样偏应力比峰值均随中主应力参数b值增大而减小。由于破碎随b值增加而明显增大,试样剪胀性随b值增大而逐渐减弱。试样内摩擦角φ随围压增大而减小,其演化关系基本满足对数关系;内摩擦角随b值增大先增大后减小,Lade-Duncan准则较为适合描述其变化规律。此外,试样相对破碎率增大的速率随围压和轴向应变增大而逐渐降低,暗示试样最优终极级配的存在,且相对破碎率与试验输入能量之间存在唯一的双曲线关系。     

Particle breakage evolution of coral sand using triaxial compression tests

Particle breakage continuously changes the grading of granular materials and has a significant effect on their mechanical behaviors.Revealing the evolution pattern of particle breakage is valuable for development and validation of constitutive models for crushable materials.A series of parallel triaxial compression tests along the same loading paths but stopped at different axial strains were conducted on two coral sands with different particle sizes under drained and undrained conditions.The tested specimens were carefully sieved to investigate the intermediate accumulation of particle breakage during the loading process.The test results showed that under both drained and undrained conditions,particle breakage increases continuously with increasing axial strain but exhibits different accumulating patterns,and higher confining pressures lead to greater particle breakage.Based on the test results,the correlations between particle breakage and the stress state as well as the input energy were examined.The results demonstrated that either the stress state or input energy alone is inadequate for describing the intermediate process of particle breakage evolution.Then,based on experimental observation,a path-dependent model was proposed for particle breakage evolution,which was formulated in an incremental form and reasonably considers the effects of the past breakage history and current stress state on the breakage rate.The path-dependent model successfully reproduced the development of particle breakage during undrained triaxial compression using the parameters calibrated from the drained tests,preliminarily demonstrating its effectiveness for different stress paths.     

堆石料的颗粒破碎规律研究

粗颗粒土剪切过程中的颗粒破碎现象已被广泛认识,并且在试验和理论方面进行了大量研究。利用大型三轴仪开展了一系列不同级配、不同密度、不同围压条件下堆石料的排水剪切试验,并对试验前后的试样分别进行了颗粒分析,以探讨堆石料的颗粒破碎规律及其影响因素。试验结果表明:密度对颗粒破碎影响较小,而级配和围压的影响较大,围压越高则颗粒破碎越严重。对比试验前后的粒径分布曲线发现,颗粒破碎主要集中在粒径20 mm以上的颗粒范围内,粒径变化幅度随粒径的减小呈减小趋势。基于分形理论,建立了颗粒破碎分形维数与围压和颗粒级配之间的关系表达式,为进一步研究堆石料的强度、变形及剪胀特性提供依据。