可持续设计视角下新能源充电系统设计策略研究

目的 以可持续设计的有关理论作为指导,以木马设计集团的新能源充电桩产品设计为样例,降低产品使用过程中的人为损耗,为共享汽车的充电问题提出智慧化解决方案。方法 首先,以“DfS”(Design for Sustainability)方法为指导,通过用户访谈构建动态用户画像,挖掘传统充电桩各阶段存在的痛点,并从可持续设计的视角建立新能源充电产品服务系统的理论框架;其次,通过定性及定量的方法挖掘用户显性与隐性需求,总结新能源充电系统的设计策略;最后,利用该策略指导设计新能源充电系统,并利用可持续性晴雨表进行设计验证。结果 提出可持续设计视角下新能源充电系统的设计原则;基于用户需求设计出自动化新能源充电系统,解决传统手动充电带来的过程繁琐的问题。结论 新能源充电系统设计策略的构建能够推动自动化、智能化、网联化和共享化深度融合,实现城市交通体系智慧化发展。     

EXPERT SYSTEM FOR PRODUCT MANUFACTURABILITY AND COST EVALUATION

Product design is an important stage in the product development cycle. A large proportion of a product's cost is governed by product design. Every effort should be made to ensure a product is “rightly designed for manufacture” at the design stage in order to avoid unnecessary expenditure of time and money in production resulting from a need for redesign. An evaluation tool in the form of an expert system has been developed for product designers to assess manufacturability of product designs. This paper describes the mode of operation in the development of the expert system from which manufacturing information such as selection of processes and materials, and estimation of costs can be obtained. The system enables product designers to evaluate product design alternatives by comparing the analyzed results to come up with the optimum design which best satisfies the requirements. The developed system runs on the PC platform.     

Expert System for Product Manufacturability and Cost Evaluation

Product design is an important stage in the product development cycle. A large proportion of a product's cost is governed by product design. Every effort should be made to ensure a product is “rightly designed for manufacture” at the design stage in order to avoid unnecessary expenditure of time and money in production resulting from a need for redesign. An evaluation tool in the form of an expert system has been developed for product designers to assess manufacturability of product designs. This paper describes the mode of operation in the development of the expert system from which manufacturing information such as selection of processes and materials, and estimation of cost can be obtained. The system enables product designers to evaluate product design alternatives by comparing the analyzed results to come up with the optimum design that best satisfies the requirements. The developed system runs on the PC platform.     

基于扩展QFD模型的包装机械质量成本分析

在QFD质量屋基础上提出扩展QFD模型,引入质量保证成本评价指标、质量损失成本评价指标及技术要求综合评价指标,对顾客需求转化而成的技术需求进行成本分析,为包装机械产品开发及设计人员选择和确定实际的技术特征提供科学的依据.包装机设计的应用实例表明,利用扩展的QFD模型能够快速、有效的进行产品质量成本分析.     

可循环快递包装设计

目的探究可循环快递包装的设计准则,达到共享快递、绿色快递的目标。方法通过对现有的国家行业标准以及共享单车模式的相关分析,结合热力学第二定律的熵增理论明确共享化的优点,再通过人因工程学对产品交互进行分析,导出相关可循环快递共享化的基础设计要求。结果设计出一款可循环快递包装箱,在可循环的基础上从人机交互方面进行改良,实现了快递包装的绿色环保。结论通过对产品标准化、尺寸体系化、交互人性化以及组合模块化的研究,设计出了可循环快递包装箱,在一定程度上又可称之为共享化快递。     

基于绿色模块化理念的共享快递包装设计

目的 针对网购市场快速增长情况下快递包装污染浪费严重、储存运输不便、市面上已有共享快递包装回收系统不环保等问题,从绿色和模块化设计角度出发,针对网购商品运输和投递中存在的问题,对快递包装进行探究,设计一款适应现代快递行情、符合绿色可循环、方便中转装卸等要求的共享快递运输包装,并提供一套相适应的物流服务流程.从功能需求与用户体验层面出发,提出关注包装结构保护性和用户体验趣味性设计理念.方法 以模块化设计为基础,依据我国目前快递运输情况,分析现有共享快递包装结构和服务流程等问题,对网购商品的共享快递包装进行改良设计.结论 设计了一款基于绿色模块化理念的共享快递运输包装.通过快递盒体的重复使用和充气式气囊的填充,解决了快递包装浪费污染等问题,增加了电子锁和包装外面卡槽设计,提升了商品在运输中的安全性,解决了共享快递包装回收与快递柜超时占用等社会问题,为同类产品设计提供了新思路.     

智慧景区共享电车的产品服务系统设计

目的 在人工智能技术的推动下,研究智慧景区共享电车产品服务系统的设计策略和具体实施方案.方法 将产品服务系统设计的方法运用到分析和设计的全过程中.通过分析用户需求与行为特征,建立目标用户角色模型,绘制用户体验地图梳理服务系统中的触点,分析局限性和识别机会点,制定智慧景区共享电车产品服务系统的设计策略.方案设计围绕设计信息架构、建立服务系统模型和绘制服务蓝图展开,进行共享电车产品服务系统的原型设计,并运用可用性测试对系统的用户体验进行评估.结论 可用性测试结果表明系统的用户体验良好,有助于进一步指导升级迭代设计.对智慧景区如何设计共享电车产品服务系统做出了有益指导,对其他服务场景下的共享电车设计也具有借鉴意义.     

Optimal concurrent product design and process planning based on the requirements of individual customers in one-of-a-kind production

One-of-a-kind production is a new manufacturing paradigm for producing customised products based on the requirements of individual customers while maintaining the quality and efficiency of mass production. This research addresses the issues in optimal concurrent product design and process planning based on the requirements of individual customers. In this work, a hybrid AND-OR graph is developed to model the variations of design configurations/parameters and manufacturing processes/parameters in a generic product family. Since different design configurations and parameters can be created from the same customer requirements, and each design can be further achieved through alternative manufacturing processes and parameters, co-evolutionary genetic programming and numerical optimisation are employed to identify the optimal product design configuration/parameters and manufacturing process/parameters. A case study is introduced to identify the optimal design configuration/parameters and manufacturing process/parameters of custom window products of an industrial company to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method.     

Normalisation models for prioritising design requirements for quality function deployment processes

The prioritisation of design requirements is critical for determining resource allocation in the new product design stage through the quality function deployment (QFD) planning processes. To prioritise design requirements, normalisation models are usually used to perform aggregation and normalisation functions. Recognising the weakness of the Wasserman normalisation model from both theoretical and practical viewpoints, this paper proposes an improved normalisation model for the aggregation and normalisation functions. It is verified that the proposed model satisfies Lyman’s normalisation requirement and avoids the problem of Wasserman’s normalisation model. In addition, a normalisation model that takes into account the correlation among customer requirements is also developed to complete a generalised normalisation model for QFD planning processes. A product design case is presented to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed normalisation models.     

基于STEP的CAx信息管理与系统集成的研究

结合制造业实施CIMS的整体设计要求，提出了基于STEP集成技术设计新型CAx信息管理与集成系统（CAx-IMIS)的基本构架，全面分析了这一系统应具备的基本功能，以Pro/E工具软件为基础，建立、管理零件信息模型，基于SDAI生成STEP中性文件实现数据交换的基本思路，探讨了在产品全生命周期内产品数据在CAx系统间的交换与共享。     

基于功能配置下共享快递包装模块化设计研究

目的 基于模块化功能配置,探索共享快递包装从功能分解、创意重组到替换重构的迭代过程,创新共享快递包装设计方法,设计一种多功能共享快递包装,以此满足不同产品的功能需求,迎合消费多元化发展。方法 在问题导向视角下,通过共享快递包装现状,探讨功能配置应用在共享快递包装设计中的可行性。在设计过程中,对共享快递包装进行功能需求转换,分析共享快递包装功能,划分层级模块,借助图形化方式,展开功能模块组合、分解示意,创新性地提出共享快递包装设计新形式,并以共享快递包装设计实践进行验证,证明基于功能配置下共享快递包装设计方法的有效性。结论 在包装概念设计阶段,将模块化功能配置应用到共享快递包装设计中,厘清了共享快递出现的问题,引导了共享快递包装的设计路径,为共享快递包装提供了创意设计参考,有助于共享快递可持续发展。     

A Variation-Based Method for Product Family Design

Product family design entails all of the challenges of product design while adding the complexity of coordinating the design of multiple products in an effort to maximize commonality across a set of products without compromising their individual performance. This paper presents the Variation-Based Platform Design Method (VBPDM) for product family design, which aims to satisfy a range of performance requirements using the smallest variation of the product designs in the family. In the first stage of the VBPDM, the product platform around which the product family is to be developed is identified. The product platform is common to all of the products in the family and represents the maximum standardization possible considering the variety of performance requirements that must be satisfied. To satisfy the range of performance requirements for the product family, a ranged set of solutions is found using variation-based modeling. A compromise Decision Support Problem (DSP) is formulated to solve the tradeoff between satisfying the variety requirement and maximizing platform commonality. Platform commonality is achieved by introducing a commonality goal that seeks to minimize the deviation of the input design variables while satisfying the range of performance requirements. Those design variables that show small deviations are held constant to form the product platform. In the second stage of the VBPDM, each individual product is designed around the common platform such that the functional requirements for each product in the family are best satisfied. As an example, the proposed method is used to develop a family of universal electric motors designed to meet a range of torque requirements. The results are compared against previous work on the same example.     

Decentralized multi-product multi-stage systems with backorders

A multi-stage production/inventory system with decentralized two-card kanban control policies producing multiple product types is considered. The system involves one-at-a-time processing at each stage, finite target levels in the buffers and batch transfers between production stages. The demand process for each product is assumed to be Poisson and excess demand is backordered. Products have a priority structure and the processor at each stage is shared according to a switching rule. Our objective is to obtain steady-state performance measures such as the average inventory and service levels for each product type. We propose an approximation algorithm based on: (i) characterization of the delay by a product type before receiving the processor's attention at each stage; and (ii) creation of subsystems for all the storage activity and phase-type modeling of the remaining system's behavior. Numerical examples are presented to show the accuracy of the method and its potential use in system design.     

Rapid one-of-a-kind product development via the Internet: a literature review of the state-of-the-art and a proposed platform

The historical background of Internet-based product design and manufacturing systems for rapid development of one-of-a-kind (OKP) products is systematically reviewed. By reviewing the existing OKP systems and recent approaches of Internet-based design and manufacturing systems, the requirements for the next generation of OKP systems and the current techniques that can be used to implement Internet-based product design and manufacturing systems for the rapid production of OKP products will be discussed. The problems that emerged from recent developments are reviewed and sorted. The future trends of Internet-based collaborative design, decision support, manufacturing support, supply chain management, workflow management, Internet techniques for product design and manufacturing, product modelling, STEP-based data environment, concurrent engineering, etc., will also be discussed. The reviewed state-of-the-art approaches are used directly or indirectly as references for the development of a new generation OKP systems. A reference system structure for building an Internet-based integrated product development system is then proposed to facilitate rapid development of OKP products.     

Supporting product architecture design using computational design synthesis with network structure constraints

A product’s architecture can affect many aspects of product and process quality, from technical performance to the design effort required, production costs and satisfaction of later lifecycle requirements. This paper explores how computational tools can augment creative methods in product architecture design. Based on an empirical study aiming to understand the context of product architecture design, a new computational method is proposed to support this activity. In the method, product architectures—networks of components linked by connections—can be synthesised using constraints on the structure of the network to define the set of ‘realisable’ architectures for a product. An example illustrates how the method might be used on a real design problem, including the construction of an appropriate set of network structure constraints and the identification of promising architectures from the synthesis results. Preliminary evaluation of the method’s usability, assessed through a laboratory experiment, and its utility, assessed through application to a real historical design problem, supported by initial validation by an engineer from the case study company, suggests that the method has value for engineering design practice.     

Modeling methods for a flexible computer-aided embodiment design system

The investigation and implementation of product modeling methods are two of the most important research objectives in the field of computer-aided engineering design. Commercial product modeling systems go beyond geometric modeling systems in that they are adapted to user requirements through the addition of systems that aid in the generation of engineering models and methods. The embodiment design of a mechanical energy storage system serves as an example of future continuous and flexible computer-aided design (CAD). This example is implemented with GEKO, a user system for the layout of design elements. GEKO is coupled with a commercial geometric modeler (CATIA) and uses several programming interfaces.     

A model for synchronous collaborative design using CAD and database management

Collaborative design is currently supported through the integration of graphical representations with relational databases and the distribution of data and applications across local and wide area networks. Recent developments in computer support for synchronous collaboration have led to the development of multi-user drawing boards and video conferencing software for remote meetings. The extension of CAD for use in a collaborative design session changes the focus of collaborative design from a distribution of data to a shared workspace. Combining CAD with the concept of multi-user software introduces issues of shared visualisation and shared decision making. A model for the integration of CAD and database management in a collaborative design session is presented within a client server architecture, and an implementation of this model using AutoCAD as the shared CAD system is described.     

企业产品标准自我声明制度及其法律属性探讨

标准化法改革的背景下,国务院提出逐步取消企业产品标准备案制度,建立企业产品和服务标准自我声明公开和监督制度.现行试点和标准化法草案设计的相关规则,仍将自我声明定性为企业的法定义务,实质上维持了现行备案制的核心,将导致向自我声明制改革目标的偏离;应将产品标准自我声明设定为企业拥有的权利,企业可以自由选择是否声明,如何进行声明.企业一旦公开作出声明,便产生了向消费者保证其产品符合其公开承诺的标准之义务,同时也为质量监督部门监管其产品提供重要依据.     

Online design reuse tool for the support of the generation,embodiment and detailed design of products

Design reuse is becoming a widely accepted strategy to meet the increasingly fierce competition and highly diversified customer needs in product development. In this research, an integrated and systematic framework to computerize the design reuse process was formulated and a prototype online design reuse system was implemented. This system embodies the evolutionary process of design reuse and supports design reuse from the original requirements through the concept and embodiment stage to achieve a final detailed design. The prototype system retrieves products using multi-indices and a stepwise winnowing method. The advanced-search module of the system solves a design problem using two intelligent search methods to retrieve reusable products. Finally, the system can adapt these retrieved products to generate a new design. The design reuse framework is based on related design methodologies such as function taxonomy, product family, etc. Genetic algorithms and case-based reasoning are adopted in this system to achieve an intelligent search. The variant design method is used in detailed design reuse.     

基于价值工程的可适应性评价方法

可适应设计是为适应用户需求不断变化、降低资源消耗而提出的一种新的设计方法,对产品的可适应性进行评价是其关键技术之一.在分析可适应设计原则及实现途径的基础上,给出了一种基于价值工程的产品可适应性的评价方法.该方法将产品的资源消耗总量、产品性能以及用户的使用环境等因素综合考虑,将用户使用产品后获得的效益与在完成这一系列任务时所消耗的资源量的比值作为评价产品可适应性的指标.通过该方法,可以选择使用户在产品的全生命周期内资源消耗量最少的产品设计方案.最后,将该可适应性评价方法用于高效圆柱齿轮机床的设计中,验证了该方法的有效性.