竖向应力作用下GCL的膨胀特性和渗透性能

近年来,土工织物膨润土垫(GCL)被越来越多地应用到各种防渗工程之中,它的防渗有效性也成为了设计人员和研究人员所关注的焦点。GCL的防渗有效性包括渗透性能、吸附能力和内部剪切强度三个方面。通过水化膨胀试验和渗透试验研究了GCL在竖向应力作用下的膨胀特性和渗透性能,并分析了正应力和加压水化顺序的影响。试验结果表明:(1)随着竖向应力的增大,GCL的膨胀量不断减小,而GCL的渗透系数则出现先减小后略有增大的规律;(2)水化加压顺序对GCL的膨胀量和渗透系数均有影响;(3)在实际工程应用中,GCL铺设完成后在堆载之前最好完全水化,这样能够大大提高GCL的防渗有效性。     

利用膨润土的膨胀和稠度特性对GCL渗透系数进行预测的试验研究

以土工合成粘土衬垫(Geosynthetic Clay Liner,GCL)在尾矿库防渗层中的应用为背景,研究不同浓度重金属离子(Cu和Zn)作用下,膨润土的自由膨胀量、液限及GCL渗透系数的变化规律,并分析它们之间的对应关系。试验结果显示,当重金属离子浓度在0.01mol/L到0.1mol/L之间递增时,膨润土的自由膨胀量和液限会随着重金属离子浓度的增大而大幅度减小,但当重金属离子浓度从0.1mol/L增加到0.5mol/L时,膨润土的自由膨胀量和液限则只有微小变化。在渗透试验中,当渗透溶液中重金属离子浓度小于0.01mol/L时,GCL的渗透系数能够保持稳定;但当重金属离子浓度大于0.02mol/L后,GCL的渗透系数会随着渗透溶液中重金属离子的浓度增加而不断升高。研究结果表明,当尾矿库渗滤液中重金属离子浓度大于0.02mol/L时,GCL的渗透系数与膨润土的自由膨胀量和液限之间具有良好的数学对应关系,可以利用自由膨胀量和液限对渗透系数进行预测。     

赤泥渗滤液对改性GCL防渗性能的影响

旨在评价商用土工合成材料黏土衬垫(GCL)用于阻隔赤泥渗滤液的有效性。赤泥渗滤液作用下GCL的防渗特性是评价其防污性能的关键因素。以商用改性GCL中膨润土为研究对象,通过自由膨胀试验,研究了4种赤泥渗滤液中膨润土的自由膨胀指数。以商用改性GCL为研究对象,通过改进滤失试验,研究了4种赤泥渗滤液作为渗透液作用下GCL渗透系数的变化规律,评价了预水化作用对渗透系数的影响。研究还采用清洁自来水作为GCL的渗透液作为对照。结果表明,随着离子强度的增加,改性GCL中的膨润土自由膨胀指数随之减小。预水化处理改性GCL的渗透系数相较于未预水化处理试样降低了5倍左右。在实际工程应用中,建议采用自来水预水化处理GCL,以此充分发挥其防渗性能。随着改进滤失试验中施加气压的增大,不同赤泥渗滤液作用下的改性GCL渗透系数均下降。随着离子强度和一价二价离子摩尔数比的增加,改性GCL的渗透系数随之增大。随着膨润土自由膨胀指数的增加,改性GCL的渗透系数随之减小。与自来水渗透情况相比,赤泥渗滤液渗透作用下,改性GCL渗透系数增大4.35~12.0倍。     

CaCl_2作用下PAC改良膨润土滤饼的渗透特性研究

膨润土在盐溶液作用下化学相容性降低,严重影响膨润土系隔离墙的防渗性能。PB为提高膨润土在盐溶液作用下的防渗性能,通过将2%的聚阴离子纤维素(PAC)与钠化膨润土(CB)直接拌合,制备一种聚合物改良膨润土(PB)。基于改进滤失试验测试不同压力下受CaCl_2溶液和蒸馏水作用的PB滤饼渗透系数(分别为kc和kw)。结果表明,随CaCl_2浓度增大,PB试样的滤失液体积和滤饼渗透系数增大,但PB试样滤失液体积始终小于规范限值(25m L)。在试验溶液浓度范围内,PB滤饼渗透系数小于未经改良的CB滤饼渗透系数。相同有效应力作用下,随CaCl_2浓度增大,PB滤饼含水率w降低,导致孔隙比虽减小,PB但渗透系数增大;而有效应力的增长可抵消一部分化学溶液对滤饼渗透系数的影响。当CaCl_2浓度≤60 m M时,PB的kc/kw10,其渗透系数无明显增长,表明采用PAC对膨润土进行改良,可有效提高盐溶液作用下膨润土滤饼的防渗性能。     

GCL膨润土衬垫膨胀量对渗透性能的影响

GCL膨润土衬垫有很好的吸水膨胀性能,作为防渗材料被广泛应用在环境工程和水利工程。在上覆荷载作用下,GCL膨润土衬垫的膨胀量会受到影响。采用膨胀试验和渗透试验研究上覆荷载与膨胀量之间的关系,以及膨胀量对渗透系数的影响。结果表明,随着上覆荷载的增加,GCL膨润土衬垫膨胀量明显减小,荷载超过1000 k Pa后几乎不会发生膨胀现象。GCL膨润土衬垫膨胀量大,防渗性能低,膨胀量达到12 mm时渗透系数增大1个数量级。根据拟合得到的膨胀量与上覆荷载、膨胀量与渗透系数的关系式,计算了不同堆载高度下的膨胀量和渗透系数,GCL膨润土衬垫上部铺设0.2 m的砂土,能大大提高安全性。     

基于半动态淋滤试验的水泥固化铅污染黏土溶出特性研究

通过半动态淋滤试验,研究淋滤液pH分别为2,4,7时水泥固化铅污染土的溶出特性,以定量评价水泥固化铅污染土的环境安全特性。结果表明,当淋滤液初始pH为2时,试样中累积铅溶出质量约为pH为4和7时的47～106倍；而pH为4和7时累积铅溶出质量差别不明显。试样水泥掺量由12%提高到18%时,试样累积铅溶出质量降低了28%～68%,表明增大水泥掺量有利于铅的固定。通过对试验结果的理论分析,求算得出了铅扩散系数D_e；淋滤液初始pH=4,7时D_e很接近；而淋滤液初始pH=2时,D_e比pH=4或7时的D_e高约3,4个数量级；当水泥掺量由12%提高到18%时,试样D_e降低了约17%～99%。上述研究结果表明,强酸性淋滤液和水泥掺量明显影响固化污染土中铅溶出量和扩散系数。     

冻融-干湿循环作用下土工合成黏土衬垫防渗性能变化规律

土工合成黏土衬垫(Geosynthetic Clay Liners,GCL)是废弃物处置场底部衬垫系统和上部覆盖系统建设中经常使用的一种材料。由于气候的周期性变化对GCL的防渗性能会造成一定的影响,分析了冻融循环和干湿循环作用下GCL渗透系数变化的内在机制及规律。膨润土黏土粒径及双电层变化是影响GCL渗透系数改变的主要原因,冻融循环对GCL防渗性能的影响较小,而干湿循环对GCL渗透系数的影响较大。     

酸雨环境下磷酸镁水泥固化锌污染土溶出特性研究

通过对磷酸镁水泥(简称MPC)固化锌污染土进行半动态淋滤试验,以研究酸雨作用下重金属的溶出特性,通过更新淋滤液试验组的浸出液电导率和pH的测试来再次印证Zn~(2+)在半动态淋滤试验中的淋滤特性,并添加普通硅酸盐水泥(简称CEMI)固化土试验组进行对比。通过对MPC固化锌污染土半动态淋滤后浸出液中锌离子浓度的测试,分析淋滤液初始pH值、固化剂类型对MPC固化污染土累积锌溶出特性的影响规律。试验结果表明,CEMI组试样累积锌溶出质量大于MPC组试样;初始淋滤液pH=2时的试样表面溶出锌总量普遍高于pH为4和7,而pH=4和7时的试样表面溶出锌总量比较接近;采用更新淋滤液方式的3组试样溶出的Zn~(2+)量均大于不更新淋滤组;氧化镁与磷酸盐的比值(M/P)为6∶1的试样固化效果优于M/P为3∶1的试样。通过试验数据计算分析,得到了有效扩散系数De;锌的De会随酸雨初始pH的下降而增大,淋滤液初始pH=2时的锌的De普遍大于pH=4,7时的De几个数量级。研究结果表明,酸雨作用下影响磷酸镁水泥固化锌污染土溶出特性的主要因素为水泥固化剂的种类以及酸雨的pH值。     

GCL对铜离子吸附和隔离性能试验研究

采用蒸馏水和0.01 mol/L铜离子溶液分别水化钠基膨润土防水毯(以下简称GCL)进行渗透试验,并用0.01 mol/L铜离子溶液代替蒸馏水测试GCL渗透系数和渗滤液中铜离子浓度;分析了不同水化处理对GCL吸附铜离子和防渗性能的影响。结果表明:不同水化方式预水化的GCL对铜离子都具有优异过滤效果,两种水化方法对铜离子过滤能力都达到99%以上;相比于0.01 mol/L铜离子溶液直接水化,蒸馏水预水化后GCL吸附性能较好,但防渗性能随着时间的增加而变差。     

Ca~(2+)浓度对膨润土掺砂混合土渗透性能的影响

垃圾填埋场底部铺设含黏土或膨润土掺砂混合土的防渗系统,防止渗滤液流入地下污染周边环境。采用模型试验研究Ca~(2+)离子浓度和基础局部沉降对膨润土掺砂混合土渗透特性的影响。试验结果表明Ca~(2+)浓度对膨润土掺砂混合土的渗透性能有较大影响,渗透液中Ca~(2+)浓度超过一定值后混合土渗漏;Ca~(2+)离子浓度与发生渗透时间之间有很大关系,浓度越高发生渗透的时间越短;同样沉降量条件下,含Ca~(2+)离子溶液渗透的混合土均发生渗漏,而用蒸馏水作渗透液的没有出现渗漏;钠基膨润土遇Ca~(2+)离子溶液后,当Ca~(2+)离子浓度大于两倍Na+就会发生离子交换,钠基膨润土转化为钙基膨润土,混合土的防渗性能下降。因此开展Ca~(2+)离子浓度对膨润土掺砂混合土渗透特性的研究具有较好的理论和实际意义。     

Hydraulic conductivity of bentonite-polymer geosynthetic clay liners to coal combustion product leachates

Hydraulic conductivity of seven geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) to synthetic coal combustion product (CCP) leachates were evaluated in this study. The leachates are chemically representative of typical and worst scenarios observed in CCP landfills. The ionic strength (I) of the synthetic CCP leachates ranged from 50 mM to 4676 mM (TCCP-50, LRMD-96, TFGDS-473, LR-2577, HI-3179 and HR-4676). One of the GCLs contained conventional sodium bentonite (Na–B) and the other six contained bentonite-polymer (B–P) mixture with polymer loadings ranging from 0.5% to 12.7%. Hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted at an effective confining stress of 20 kPa. The hydraulic conductivity of the Na–B GCLs were >1 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s when permeated with all six CCP leachates, whereas the B–P GCLs with sufficient polymer loading maintained low hydraulic conductivity to synthetic CCP leachates. All the B–P GCLs showed low hydraulic conductivity (<1 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s) to low ionic strength leachates (TCCP-50, I = 50 mM and LRMD-96, I = 96 mM). B–P GCLs with P > 5% showed low hydraulic conductivity (<1 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s) up to HI-3179 leachates. These results suggest that B–P GCLs with sufficient polymer loading can be used to manage aggressive CCP leachates.     

Hydraulic Conductivity of Nonprehydrated Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with Inorganic Solutions and Waste Leachates

To investigate systematically the effects of electrolytic solutions on the barrier performance of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), a long-term hydraulic conductivity test for 3 years at longest was conducted on a nonprehydrated GCL permeated with inorganic chemical solutions. The hydraulic conductivity test for waste leachates was also conducted. The results of the test show that the hydraulic conductivity of GCLs significantly correlates with the swelling capacity of bentonite contained in GCLs. GCLs have excellent barrier performance of k<1.0×10^-8 cm/s when the free swell is larger than 15 mL/2 g-solid regardless of the type and concentration of the permeant solution. In addition, when the results of the hydraulic conductivity test with chemical inorganic solutions were compared to those with waste leachates, the hydraulic conductivity of GCL permeated with chemical solution was almost the same within the electric conductivity of 0-25 S/m as that permeated with waste leachate having similar electric conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity of GCLs to be used in landfill bottom liners can be estimated by the hydraulic conductivity values obtained from the experiment using chemical solutions having the similar electric conductivity values, if the chemical solution had the electric conductivity within=25 S/m.     

Effects of Water Content Distribution on Hydraulic Conductivity of Prehydrated GCLS against Calcium Chloride Solutions

When geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are applied as bottom liners at waste containment facilities, they are naturally prehydrated by absorbing moisture in the underlying base layers. In order to evaluate the effects of cations contained in waste leachates, this study investigated the effects of the water content distribution of the GCLs prehydrated with actual soils on their hydraulic conductivities against CaCl₂ solutions. The “prehydration tests”, which were conducted prior to the hydraulic conductivity tests, showed that the water content distribution of the prehydrated GCLs depends on the properties of the GCLs and the base layers. In particular, drastic differences between GCLs with powdered bentonite and GCLs with granular bentonite were observed in the prehydration water content and its distribution. Prehydrated GCLs with powdered bentonite had a higher water content and a more homogenous distribution than those with granular bentonite. The hydraulic conductivity tests showed that most of the prehydrated GCLs exhibit a low hydraulic conductivity of k?1.0×10^-8 cm/s against CaCl₂ solutions with 0.1-0.5 M. However, GCLs with granular bentonite may be difficult to homogeneously prehydrate and exhibit an unstable hydraulic conductivity, which varies from k=2.9×10^-9 cm/s to k=1.5×10^-6 cm/s. The homogeneity of the water content distribution has been considered an important factor to obtain a required barrier performance under prehydration conditions, which are naturally generated in actual sites.     

低固结压力下土–膨润土防渗墙填料渗透和扩散系数测试

渗透和扩散是污染物在防渗屏障中迁移的重要方式,当前对低固结压力下土–膨润土防渗墙渗透系数和扩散系数测试是否必须采用柔性壁渗透仪、是否必须对试样进行固结尚无统一看法。按土–膨润土防渗墙施工工艺制备填料,使用柔性壁渗透仪测试了30,50和100 k Pa有效固结压力下填料渗透系数,进行刚性壁土柱渗透–扩散试验测试了10 k Pa固结压力下填料渗透系数和扩散系数,基于加速沥出试验原理提出快速测定高塌落度填料有效扩散系数的透析试验方法。柔性壁渗透试验结果表明,填料流入和流出渗透系数均随水力梯度增大而增大,存在起始水力梯度,柔性壁渗透试验的起始水力梯度在6.82~8,随固结压力由30 k Pa增至100 k Pa,渗透系数由5.21×10~(-8)降至3.78×10~(-8) cm/s。10 k Pa固结压力下,刚性壁渗透–扩散试验测得起始水力梯度为5.67,渗透系数为7.14×10~(-8) cm/s,试验不存在侧壁渗漏,填料中Cl~-有效扩散系数为3.12×10~(-6) cm~2/s。透析试验填料未经固结,测得有效扩散系数为4.45×10~(-6) cm~2/s。掺入6.02%膨润土后,粉土渗透系数降低约4个数量级,有效扩散系数仅降低约一半,扩散将是膨润土系防渗墙中污染物迁移的主要方式。     

Chemical interaction and hydraulic performance of geosynthetic clay liners isothermally hydrated from silty sand subgrade

The effects of the silt aggregation, compaction density, and water content of the subgrade on the hydration of five different geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) products is reported based on a series of laboratory column experiments conducted over a six-year period. GCLs meeting typical specifications in terms of minimum hydraulic conductivity and swell index are hydrated to equilibrium from the same subgrade soil with sufficient cations to cause cation exchange during hydration. It is then shown that the GCL bentonite granularity and GCL structure can have a significant (~four orders of magnitude) effect on hydraulic conductivity under the same test conditions (from 8 × 10⁻¹² m/s for one GCL to 6 × 10⁻⁸ m/s for another GCL product). The effect of subgrade water content on the hydraulic performance of GCLs are not self-evident and quite dependent on the bentonite granularity, GCL structure, and permeant. Varying the subgrade water content from 5 to 16% and allowing the GCL to hydrate to equilibrium before permeation led to up to 5-fold difference in hydraulic conductivity when permeated with tap water and up to 60-fold difference when the same product is permeated with synthetic municipal solid waste leachate. When permeated with synthetic leachate, increasing stress from 70 kPa to 150 kPa led to a slight (average 37%; maximum 2.7-fold) decrease in hydraulic conductivity due to a decrease in bulk void ratio. It is shown that hydraulic conductivity is lower for GCLs with a scrim-reinforced geotextile, and/or with finer bentonite. It is shown that selecting a GCL based on the initial hydraulic conductivity and swell index in a manufacturers product sheet provides no assurance of good performance in field applications and it is recommended that designers pay more attention to selection of a GCL and preparation of the subgrade for important projects.     

Effect of wet-dry cycles on standard & polymer-amended GCLs in covers subjected to flow over the GCL

The performance of five different GCLs (two GCLs with standard sodium bentonite and three GCLs with polymer enhanced bentonite) subjected to three different climatic modes of wet-dry cycles simulating conditions to which a GCL might expose in cover systems over a prolonged time is reported. The wetting cycles lasted for 8 h, while the drying cycles varied between 16 h, seven days, and 14 days. It is shown that after around a year of accelerated aging, the hydraulic conductivity of the aged GCLs increased notably when permeated with tap water at an applied effective stress of 15 kPa for a range of heads (0.07, 0.14, 0.21, 0.49, and 1.2 m). The combined effects of the number and the duration of the wet-dry cycles, the GCL's mass per unit area, the carrier geotextile, the size and the number of the needle punch bundles, and the thermal treatment to bond the needle-punch bundles to the carrier geotextile are discussed. The poor hydraulic performance of the polymer-amended/modified bentonite GCLs is discussed.     

Effect of added polymer on the desiccation and healing of a geosynthetic clay liner subject to thermal gradients

The desiccation and subsequent hydraulic conductivity of both a standard (GCL_A) and polymer-enhanced (GCL_B) Na-bentonite GCL hydrated from a well-graded sandy subsoil under 20 kPa, then subjected to a thermal gradient, and finally rehydrated and permeated with distilled water or 0.325 mol/L Na⁺ synthetic brine are reported.With moderate temperature of 40 °C applied to the top of the liner, GCL_B experienced less cracking than GCL_A, but this advantage disappeared when temperatures increased. Both desiccated specimens of GCL_A and B showed significant self-healing when permeated with distilled water and their hydraulic conductivities quickly reduced to around 10⁻¹¹ m/s at 20 kPa upon rehydration. However, when GCL_B desiccated specimens were permeated with the synthetic brine, their hydraulic conductivities were found to be one to two orders of magnitude higher than corresponding values obtained with distilled water. On the other hand, GCL_A (with no polymer treatment) maintained its hydraulic conductivities at the same level obtained with distilled water. It is concluded that caution should be exercised in using polymer-bentonite in applications in which GCLs are subjected to significant thermal gradients unless there is data to show they are resistant to thermal effects.