饱和南京砂液化后循环加载的动力表观黏度分析

饱和砂土在地震作用下会发生液化变形,从而引起建立在其上的建(构)筑物发生破坏。为了对饱和砂土液化后大变形的流体特性进行研究,采用英国GDS公司的空心圆柱扭剪仪进行了饱和砂土液化后循环加载的流动性特性试验研究,在试验中循环加载直至双幅剪应变达到100%。通过对试验结果的分析,主要研究了初始静剪应力及有效围压对饱和南京砂液化后发生大变形时的流体特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:根据超孔压比确定的"零有效应力"状态末端试样其实已经进入剪胀阶段,即超孔压的反应与液化时"零有效应力"状态相比具有明显的滞后效应;初始静剪应力主要对饱和南京砂初始液化后的"零有效应力"阶段的表观黏度与剪应变率关系曲线的影响较大,反而对反向卸载段的关系曲线影响较小。同时,试验结果表明砂土液化后循环加载条件下砂土的流动性明显比单调加载条件下的流动性大的多。     

饱和砂土液化后流体本构模型研究

利用空心圆柱扭剪仪开展了饱和南京细砂液化后常速率加载试验,考虑了有效固结压力和加载速率对饱和南京细砂液化后流体特性的影响,结果表明:液化后静加载过程中剪应力与孔压比的发展具有明显的二阶段特性,且剪应力与孔压比的发展有着良好的线性相关关系,有效围压及加载速率对二者的关系有着明显影响;据此提出一种符合液化后静加载过程的率相关性及孔压相关性流体本构模型,该模型将构成饱和砂土强度的土颗粒摩阻力与土–水黏滞阻力分别表示为时变型和非时变型剪切稀化流体;最后进行了该模型的验证性试验,并将模型预测结果与其他学者研究成果对比,验证试验及对比结果均表明该模型具有较好的适用性。     

饱和南京细砂液化后大变形特性试验研究

 利用空心圆柱扭剪仪对饱和南京细砂进行液化后静力再加载试验,研究其液化后应力–应变关系及孔隙水压力(孔压)消散特性,发现饱和南京细砂液化后的应力–应变关系呈S型曲线形状、归一化消散孔压与偏应力呈线性关系,据此提出饱和南京细砂液化后的本构模型和孔压消散模型,并进行该模型的验证性试验,结果表明2个模型的预测值与试验值较为吻合;探讨初始有效围压、相对密度对饱和南京细砂液化后特性的影响,分析结果表明：初始有效围压对饱和南京细砂液化后的本构模型及孔压消散模型均有较大影响;相对密度仅对液化后的本构模型有较大的影响,而对孔压消散模型基本没有影响。     

初始剪应力对饱和粉土液化特性影响试验研究

为探寻饱和粉土的液化特性,利用GDS空心圆柱仪进行了一系列循环扭剪试验。在初始剪应力τs和循环剪应力τcy共同作用下,试样的最小剪应力τmin=τs-τcy存在3种类型:τmin0,τmin=0和τmin0。试验结果表明:当τmin≤0时,试样的孔压可以达到有效围压,其破坏模式为循环液化;当τmin0时,试样的孔压始终达不到有效围压,其破坏模式为过大的累计应变。饱和粉土的循环强度随着初始剪应力τs与初始有效平均主应力0p′之比值SSR(初始剪应力比)的增加呈现出先减小后增大变化趋势,且SSR=0.1~0.15时的循环强度最低。当SSR≤0.1时,孔压比的发展模式随着循环剪应力比的增加由"快—平稳—急剧"的增长模式向"快—平稳"的增长模式转变;当SSR0.1时,孔压比的发展呈现"快—平稳"的增长模式。     

循环何载下饱和南京细砂的孔压增量模型

等幅循环荷载的不排水三轴试验的结果表明,饱和南京细砂孔压比曲线的形状随循环周数比增大而发生规律性的变化.引入孔压增量比的概念,并定义有效动剪应力比和有效应力对数衰减率,发现孔压增量比的发展过程可分为下降段、平稳段和上升段;在平稳段和上升段,孔压增量比的累积量与有效动剪应力比的自然对数具有很好的线性关系,并推导出第N周的...     

黄土的动扭剪震陷特性试验研究

原状结构性黄土具有显著的动力易损性。地震作用下黄土的骨架结构遭到破坏,使得土骨架结构的颗粒重新排列而变得致密,土的架空孔隙结构塌陷,孔隙体积减小,宏观上表现为黄土产生震陷变形。通过西安原状黄土在不同含水率、不同固结围压条件下的动扭剪试验,表明不同含水率筒状黄土试样的轴向变形非线性累积增长,径向和环向变形近似等于零。测试分析了黄土在动扭剪过程中孔隙结构塌陷的累积体应变表征震陷性的震陷系数,以及动剪应力幅值、振次、含水率及固结围压对黄土震陷系数的影响。揭示黄土的震陷系数随动剪应力幅值、循环振次、固结围压和含水率的增大而增加,建立了黄土震陷系数与动剪应力、振次、固结围压和含水率之间的关系式,提出了黄土震陷变形预测的一种途径。     

初始静孔隙水压力对砂土静动力剪切特性影响的试验研究

选取福建标准砂和滹沱河细砂,利用空心圆柱扭剪仪开展了一系列不同初始静孔隙水压力条件下的不排水循环扭剪试验和单调扭剪试验,着重探讨初始静孔隙水压力对超静孔隙水压力发展及其不排水抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明:初始静孔隙水压力对超静孔隙水压力的发展产生显著的影响,从而影响砂土的静动力剪切特性。具体地,在不排水循环剪切过程中,初始静孔隙水压力越大,其超静孔隙水压力发展和变形发展越快;在不排水单调剪切过程中,初始静孔隙水压力越大,在砂土剪胀阶段产生负超静孔隙水压力越大,从而使砂土的强度显著提高。基于试验结果,初步探讨了初始静孔隙水压力对超静孔隙水压力及静动力剪切特性的影响机理。研究表明,研究地下水位以下土体(准饱和土)静动力剪切特性尤其是研究液化问题时,应充分考虑初始静孔隙水压力对砂土抗液化强度的影响,室内试验应根据砂土所处的地下水位深度来决定初始静孔隙水压力(反压)的大小。     

单向循环荷载作用下饱和重塑红黏土的动力特性

为探究长期循环动荷载作用下红黏土的塑性累积应变效应,对南昌地区饱和重塑红黏土进行单向加载循环三轴试验,研究了动应力比、初始孔隙率、固结围压、加载频率、排水条件对红黏土塑性累积应变和动孔压的影响。结果表明:随着动应力比的增大,红黏土变形曲线由渐稳型向破坏型过渡;当动应力比小于临界动应力比时,随着循环振次的增加,红黏土的塑性累积应变和动孔压发展曲线均表现为起始快速增长,后出现拐点,最终趋于稳定;相同的动应力比下,试样的累积应变和动孔压随初始孔隙率、固结围压的增大而增大,随加载频率的增大而减小,不排水条件下的累积应变要大于排水条件下的累积应变;塑性累积应变越大,应变发展曲线拐点出现越滞后;随着动应力比的增大,土体的软化程度也越大,但在较高的循环振次下,软化程度减弱。     

单向循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的性状研究

模拟交通荷载的作用,对珠江三角洲地区的高液限饱和软黏土和低液限饱和软黏土分别进行单向加载的循环三轴试验,研究饱和软黏土在压缩循环荷载下的轴向累积应变和累积孔压的发展情况,并充分考虑轴向循环压力大小、围压与塑性指数等因素对饱和软黏土性状的影响。试验结果表明:(1)单向循环荷载作用下,饱和黏土存在着临界循环应力,对于同一种土、不同围压下的临界循环应力,可引入临界循环应力比,用饱和黏土在各个围压下的不排水强度对临界循环应力进行归一化处理。(2)临界循环应力比的大小与饱和黏土的塑性指数有关,塑性指数越大,临界循环应力比越小。(3)循环应力大于临界循环应力时,累积轴向应变与累积孔压随循环次数变化的曲线是破坏型的。(4)循环应力小于临界循环应力时,累积轴向应变与累积孔压随循环次数变化的曲线是衰减型的,在相同的加载条件下,塑性指数大的试样累积变形和累积孔压均比塑性指数小的累积变形和累积孔压发展得快。(5)在单向循环荷载作用下,饱和黏土破坏时,孔压均没有达到围压值,只有围压的60%～70%。该研究成果可为交通荷载作用下软土地基沉降分析提供有益的参考。     

砂土循环累积变形规律与显式计算模型研究

海洋基础在上部结构风和波浪等长期循环荷载的作用下产生累积变形,易影响海上风电机组等构筑物的正常服役性能,其本质是基础周边土体的循环累积变形问题。针对该问题,开展了一系列饱和砂土在排水条件下的循环剪切三轴试验,研究了动应力比、初始密实度、初始平均应力和初始静应力比等土性和应力参数对循环累积变形的影响,发现随动应力比、初始平均应力和初始静应力比的增大及初始密实度的减小,饱和砂土的轴向循环累积应变增大。从试验数据分析来看砂土轴向循环累积应变和循环次数之间近似存在双对数线性关系。将砂土轴向循环累积应变与第一次循环轴向应变归一化能消除上述土性和应力参数的影响,进而分析了第一次循环轴向应变与土性和应力参数之间的关系,通过引入与密实度相关的砂土抗剪强度计算表达式,建立了饱和砂土在排水条件下的循环累积变形显式计算模型,适合海洋基础长期循环累积变形分析。     

砂土液化大变形的弹塑性循环本构模型

循环剪切过程中饱和砂土的3个体积应变分量(有效球应力变化引起的体变、剪切引起的可逆性体变和不可逆性体变)的变化规律决定了液化后剪应变的发展。基于上述机理、对剪切引起的可逆性和不可逆性体变的数学描述、体积相容性条件以及边界面本构理论框架,建立了一个可描述饱和砂土液化后大变形的弹塑性循环本构模型。通过对饱和砂土排水和不排水循环扭剪试验结果的模拟表明,该模型不仅可以合理地模拟饱和砂土循环加载条件下从液化前到液化后、从小剪应变到大剪应变的变形发展过程,而且可以合理地模拟饱和砂土液化后再固结大体变的累积特性。本文的研究为定量描述砂土液化后大变形提供了一条合理而有效的途径。     

Effects of initial static shear on liquefaction and large deformation properties of loose saturated Toyoura sand in undrained cyclic torsional shear tests

This study focused on the role which static shear plays on the large deformation behavior of loose saturated sand during undrained cyclic loading. A series of undrained cyclic torsional shear tests was performed on saturated Toyoura sand specimens up to single amplitude shear strain exceeding 50%. Three types of cyclic loading patterns, i.e., stress reversal, intermediate and non-reversal, were employed by varying the initial static shear level and the cyclic shear stress amplitude. The observed types of failure could be distinguished into liquefaction (cyclic and rapid flow) and residual deformation by comparing both monotonic and cyclic undrained behavior. It was found that the presence of initial static shear does not always lead to an increase in the resistance to liquefaction or strain accumulation; they could either increase or decrease with an increasing initial static shear level depending on the type of loading pattern and failure behavior. In addition, according to the failure behavior which the specimens exhibited, three modes of development of large residual deformation were observed.     

砂土液化后再固结体变规律表征与离心模型试验验证

针对一定相对密度的饱和砂土,首先开展单元体K₀固结试验和振动液化试验研究,发现饱和砂土液化后体变规律受再沉积和再固结两种机制制约：其中再沉积部分与所受振动历史密切相关,尤其是液化触发后的应变历史,土骨架累积剪应变比越大、再沉积体变越大;而再固结部分受先期固结历史和循环振动历史影响显著,再固结曲线会沿原有正常固结曲线趋势发展,其稳定段再压缩指数比相同条件下的正常固结曲线的压缩指数稍大。据此提出了考虑先期固结和振动历史的砂土液化后体变模型和简化算法,将再沉积和再固结两者统一表达成再固结体变,并建议了再固结压缩指数和假设起始应力的确定方法。进一步开展了水平场地地震液化离心机模型试验,监测模型固结和振动液化过程的沉降,从模型尺度进一步揭示砂土液化后体变规律,并初步验证了本文模型与简化算法的有效性。     

评价饱和砂土液化过程中小应变到大应变的本构模型(英文)

在RambergOsgood模型的基础上,建立了一个实用的能描述饱和砂土从液化前小应变到初始液化后大应变范围的非线性本构模型。该模型主要有三个特点:①采用作者曾提出的移动相态转换线(MPTL)和移动临界状态线(MCSL)概念来较为合理地描述变形过程中的有效应力路径和临界状态;②采用一个应力软化模型来描述剪胀和定义超静孔压变化引起的骨架曲线的软化与硬化;③基于笔者等提出的液化后大变形理论来描述初始液化后产生的大剪切变形。文中通过对室内循环剪切试验结果的模拟,验证了模型的预测能力。该模型适用于水平饱和砂土地基的有效应力地震反应分析。     

砂土液化后大变形的机理

基于试验观察和机理分析,揭示了不排水往返加载条件下饱和砂土初始液化后的剪切大应变和三个体积应变分量(有效球应力变化引起的体变、可逆性剪切体变和不可逆性剪切体变)之间的内在联系,阐明了三个体积应变分量的组合变化规律控制了饱和砂土液化后大变形的产生和发展,界定了液化后循环剪切大变形过程中交替出现的三种物态(摩擦接触状态、临界接触状态和悬浮状态)及其产生条件,解释了液化后流滑和再固结体变形成的机理,给出了一个物理概念明确并具有普遍性的建立液化后大变形弹塑性本构模型的合理途径。     

Liquefaction and post-liquefaction resistance of sand reinforced with recycled geofibre

The present study provides an insight into the effect of recycled carpet fibre on the mechanical response of clean sand as backfill material subjected to monotonic loading and cyclic loading as well as post-liquefaction resistance of both unreinforced and carpet fibre reinforced soils. To achieve these goals, a series of multi-stage soil element tests under cyclic loading event resulting in liquefaction followed by undrained monotonic shearing without excess pore water pressure dissipation as well as a series of monotonic undrained shear test is conducted. All the specimens are isotropically consolidated under a constant effective confining stress of 100 kPa by considering the effect of cyclic stress ratio and carpet fibre content ranging from 0.25% to 0.75%. The obtained results revealed the efficiency of carpet fibre inclusion in increasing the secant shear modulus and ductility of clean sand under monotonic shearing without previous loading history. The impact of carpet fibre inclusion on the trend of cyclic excess pore water pressure generation and cyclic stiffness degradation was minimal. However, adding carpet fibre significantly improved both liquefaction and post-liquefaction resistances of clean sand. The liquefaction resistance of clean sand, at a constant 15 loading cycles, improved by 26.3% when the soil was reinforced with 0.75% recycled carpet fibre. In addition, the initial shear modulus of the liquefied specimen significantly increased by adding recycled carpet fibre.     

双向耦合剪切条件下饱和松砂的液化特性试验研究

为了模拟海床及海洋建筑物遭受波浪荷载时所引起的循环应力,进行了一系列均等固结条件下的应力控制式轴向–扭转双向耦合循环剪切试验。加载路径在σd/2-τ应力空间内为椭圆。试验在保证椭圆面积不变的情况下,分别变化竖向和扭转向的荷载分量幅值,以此来探讨双向耦合剪切试验中各个分量的变化对饱和松砂的循环强度特性的影响。试验结果表明砂土在双向耦合荷载作用下,其液化强度与加载椭圆路径的面积和两个荷载分量比值密切相关。当轴向应力与剪应力幅值的比值保持不变时,砂土液化强度随着椭圆面积的增大而降低。而在椭圆面积保持不变时,当竖向与扭转向荷载分量的比值小于某一临界值0.6～0.75时,砂土液化强度随着比值的增加而增大,当竖向与扭转向荷载分量的比值大于某一临界值0.6～0.75时,砂土的液化强度随着比值的增加而减小,在临界值0.6～0.75之间表现出最高的强度。另外,在一个周期内孔隙水压力的循环变化与轴向应力相位一致,与循环剪应力相位相差90。     

Comparison of Liquefaction-Induced Ground Deformation Between Results from Undrained Cyclic Torsional Shear Tests and Observations From Previous Model Tests and Case Studies

In order to investigate liquefaction-induced ground displacement, we conducted a series of undrained cyclic torsional shear tests on saturated Toyoura sand using a modified torsional apparatus capable of applying and measuring double amplitude shear strain up to about 100%. The limiting value of double amplitude shear strain, at which strain localization appears during undrained cyclic loading tests, was evaluated from the test results with reference to the change in the deviator stress during liquefaction. The limiting strain values, which increase with a decrease in the relative density of the specimen, were found to be consistent with the maximum amounts of liquefaction-induced ground displacement observed in the previous shaking table model tests and most of the relevant case studies. This feature is reasonable considering the reduction in the mobilized cyclic shear stress in liquefied soil due to the degradation of the shear resistance. As long as the liquefied soil layer remains in uniform deformation, these limiting strain values may be used in estimating the maximum amount of liquefaction-induced ground displacement.     

相同剪切波速的原状与重塑饱和松散粉土的抗液化强度

采用剪切波速与振动三轴联合试验装置,研究了具有松散结构的原状和重塑饱和粉土抗液化强度之间的相关性。结果表明,具有松散结构的原状与重塑饱和土样的振动应变随振动次数的变化趋势是一致的。如果把重塑饱和土样的初始剪切波速恢复到原状饱和土样的初始剪切波速,重塑土样的抗液化强度也被恢复到原状土样的抗液化强度。此时,原状与重塑土样的抗液化强度与抗液化强度曲线之间的相关系数大于0.89,而且这种良好的相关性与确定破坏振次的液化判别标准无关。这里的研究结果支持饱和松散试验土样的初始剪切波速可以作为控制其抗液化强度的一个关键参数。     

Experimental investigation on liquefaction and post-liquefaction deformation of stratified saturated sand under cyclic loading

The soils are often distributed in a stratified structure. When an earthquake occurs, there are always risks of liquefaction for stratified soils which can cause serious consequences. The research aims to investigate the liquefaction and post-liquefaction deformation of saturated sand with stratified structure. The influences of liquefaction and post-liquefaction deformation were analyzed by varying the thickness, position, and layers of powdery sands. The findings showed that the correlations between the times taken to reach liquefaction for cyclic loading and the thicknesses of the powdery sandy interlayer are non-linear. With the optimal thickness, the powdery sand interlayer can effectively prevent the transfer of power water pressure. And two-layer powdery interlayer in the sample was more favorable to resist pore water pressure than that with single layer. The strength of post-liquefaction deformation and failure patterns are closely related to the distribution of powdery layer. The work provides new research evidence on the liquefaction and failure mechanism of saturated sands with stratified structure under cyclic loading which often happen during earthquakes.