精益与敏捷集成的供应链

市场竞争迫使制造企业运用精益思想降低成本,但顾客需求越来越个性化,要求快速响应．需要企业具备敏捷性。本文通过简单模型和案例,分析精益与敏捷相集成的优势和运作模式。从产品需求模式看,精益供应链与标准化产品、功能性产品匹配,敏捷供应链与定制化产品、创新性产品相匹配。从产品模块化设计以及全球供应考虑,精益与敏捷集成的供应链是最有效的选择。     

Real options approach to evaluate postponement as supply chain disruptions mitigation strategy

The purpose of this paper is to assess the value of postponement as strategy for mitigating supply chain disruptions. To accomplish this objective, we develop a real option computational model that quantifies the value of postponement in mitigating both supply and demand disruptions by taking into account the value of managerial flexibility to decide whether exploiting or not the strategy, if and when disruptions occur, and whenever product differentiation proves valuable based on information available at that time. Numerical experiments show the importance of incorporating an option valuation method when pricing the value of postponement. This ensures managers implement postponement only when it is valuable, thus avoiding burdening the company with its initial sunk costs. By modelling the postponement implementation under different conditions, we identify the situations in which postponement performs better as supply chain disruptions mitigation strategy. We derive the operational configurations, in terms of decoupling point position, and external conditions, in terms of riskiness of the environment, which make the postponement an effective mitigation strategy.     

The impact of dual-market on supply chain configuration for new products

Given a firm’s supply chain network, the key objective of supply chain configuration (SCC) is to determine a subset of supply chain partners to be involved in development, sourcing, production, distribution and support of a new product at the highest level of efficiency and expected responsiveness. Current literature on SCC realises the importance of considering the demand dynamics associated with the new product diffusion (NPD). However, these studies assume one-segment market for new products, a single homogenous consumer segment. Recent research in marketing indicates that such simplification might be fatal because a diverse and significant number of product categories may experience a dual-market structure, namely early and main markets, and generate a different demand dynamics. The objectives of this study are to: (i) develop a hybrid optimisation model, capturing both SCC decisions and the demand dynamics of dual-market NPD process; (ii) based on real-world data for a host of electronic product categories, various SCC networks and NPD demand dynamics, examine the new integrated optimisation model under one- and two-segment market; and (iii) present relevant managerial implications and guidelines for supply chain and marketing managers. Our extensive comparative computational experiment with 26 categories of consumer electronic products show that on average the relative net profit may improve significantly, when the market is considered as two-segment.     

Improving the design phase through interorganisational product knowledge models

This paper focuses on the use of interorganisational knowledge models with the purpose of standardising engineer-to-order (ETO) products. Such product variant reductions can lead to decreased costs for both the ETO company and its suppliers without reducing sales. In spite of the attention that supply chain integration has received in the literature, supply chain integration with a focus on the integration of product knowledge in ETO companies and their suppliers has not received much attention. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to define this type of supply chain integration. The concept is investigated by a case study, which supports the claim that supply chain product knowledge integration is an approach for increasing the competitiveness of ETO companies and their suppliers. Given the gap in the literature, the paper may potentially open a new horizon for studying supply chain integration.     

Making supply chain design the rational differentiating characteristic of the OEMs

For more complex products that require customers to undertake learning in order to retrieve or realize the products’ true values, the product design and supply management decisions are different from those of less complex products. Nonetheless, in spite of the undeniable significance of coordinating decisions across product design and supply chain structures, we know very little about how to do so in practical ways. In this paper, we build on previous findings and offer a framework to enable the application of the supply chain structure design early in the new product introduction process. The proposed framework is based on a field study of the common practices in one of the major North American automakers, but we believe that it is widely applicable in other industries.     

Joint effects of remanufacturing channel design and after-sales service pricing: an analytical study

We conduct an analytical study on remanufacturing channel design and after-sales service pricing, which jointly affect the sustainability and profitability of the supply chain. We model a supply chain with one manufacturer and one independent retailer. The manufacturer, as the Stackelberg game leader, engages in remanufacturing to take advantage of production cost savings. The collection of the used products can be carried out by either the manufacturer or the retailer. After-sales service, for example, extended warranty, is offered with the product and is sold separately. The service provider can be either the manufacturer or the retailer. We use game theoretic models to answer an important research question: How do remanufacturing and after-sales service jointly affect channel selection decisions? We explore the benefits of joint decision making in terms of remanufacturing efficiency and after-sales service performance. We find that it is most efficient for the retailer to collect the used product for remanufacturing and to offer after-sales service, because the retailer simultaneously makes decisions regarding remanufacturing and after-sales service and thus reduces double marginalisation in the supply chain. We also demonstrate numerically how the costs of collecting used products and providing after-sales service impact channel selection decisions.     

A dynamic programming approach to integrated assembly planning and supplier assignment with lead time constraints

As manufacturers face fierce competition in the global market, responsiveness has become an important competitiveness factor in addition to quality and cost. One essential responsiveness strategy is to reduce product development and lead times by integrating assembly planning with supplier assignment. This paper addresses the problem of integrated assembly and supply chain design under lead-time constraints by formulating and solving an optimisation problem with minimal total supply chain costs. This new time-constrained joint optimisation problem belongs to an NP-hard resource-constrained scheduling problem. To model this problem effectively, we develop a novel Hyper AND/OR graph and apply it for integrating assembly and supply chain decisions. We also develop a dynamic programming model and associated algorithm in order to solve the integrated optimisation problem with pseudo-polynomial time complexity in practice. Numerical case studies validate that the methods developed can solve the integrated decision-making problem optimally and efficiently. This paper overcomes the limitations of previous studies on concurrent assembly decomposition and supplier selection, which optimises cost without time constraints. The models and results of this research can be applied to a variety of areas including assembly design, maintenance module planning and supply chain restructuring.     

Supply chain design and cost analysis through simulation

This paper is grounded on a discrete-event simulation model, reproducing a fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) supply chain, and aims at quantitatively assessing the effects of different supply configurations on the resulting total supply chain costs and bullwhip effect. Specifically, 30 supply chain configurations are examined, stemming from the combination of several supply chain design parameters, namely number of echelons (from 3 to 5), re-order and inventory management policies (EOQ vs. EOI), demand information sharing (absence vs. presence of information sharing mechanisms), demand value (absence vs. presence of demand ‘peak’), responsiveness of supply chain players. For each configuration, the total logistics costs and the resulting demand variance amplification are computed. A subsequent statistical analysis is performed on 20 representative supply chain configurations, with the aim to identify significant single and combined effects of the above parameters on the results observed. From effects analysis, bullwhip effect and costs outcomes, 11 key results are derived, which provide useful insights and suggestions to optimise supply chain design.     

Supply chain design to guarantee quoted lead time and inventory replenishment: model and insights

Do lead time constraints only lead to re-think and re-optimise the inventory positioning along the supply chain or can they impact on the design of the supply chain itself? To answer such a question, we integrate the lead time constraints in a multi-echelon supply chain design model and challenge the difficulty of combining in the same model the long-term decisions (facility location, supplier selection) with the midterm decisions (inventory placement and replenishment, delivery lead time). The model guarantees the respect of the quoted lead time associated with each customer order and the replenishment of the different stocks (raw materials, intermediate and final products) in the different stages of the supply chain between any pair of consecutive orders. We use the model to investigate the impact of the quoted lead time and customer’s order frequency on supply chain design decisions and costs. Some of our results indicate that the lead time constraints can lead to bringing the sites of manufacturing and distribution close to the demand zone and to select local suppliers in spite of their higher cost.     

随机需求下绿色农产品三级供应链协调

考虑市场随机需求、产品绿色度、绿色研发成本等因素，研究绿色农产品三级供应链协调问题。首先，构建了不同决策模式下供应链成员的利润模型，发现合作可提高供应链整体收益，随后构建"收益共享-成本共担"混合契约对绿色农产品供应链进行协调。研究结论表明：混合契约能够降低绿色农产品售价，提高绿色度，增加绿色农产品市场需求；合理比例的收益共享和成本共担可使各个绿色供应链成员达到共赢。最后通过算例分析验证了契约模型的正确性。     

分类回收条件下闭环供应链的协调问题研究

根据制造商回收的废旧品是否具有可再造性,将废旧品分为可再造废旧品和不可再生废旧品两类,考虑到政府对制造商的激励作用,分别建立了分类回收条件下闭环供应链的集中决策利润模型和分散决策利润模型,并通过两种决策下的最优策略对比,得到了集中决策下闭环供应链系统的效率优于分散决策下的效率的结论。最后,用收益一费用分享契约对分散决策下的闭环供应链进行了协调,并用算例证明了模型的有效性。     

A basic model for co-ordinating a four-level supply chain of a product with a vendor,multiple buyers and tier-1 and tier-2 suppliers

This paper investigates the co-ordination of order quantities amongst the players in a four-level supply chain with a centralised decision process. The first level of the supply chain consists of multiple buyers, the second level of a vendor (manufacturer), the third level consists of multiple tier-1 suppliers, and the fourth level consists of multiple tier-2 suppliers. Each supplier supplies one or more items that are components of the product produced by the manufacturer. The model developed in this paper guarantees that the local costs for the players either remain the same as before co-ordination, or decrease as a result of co-ordination. A mathematical model is developed, with numerical examples presented and results discussed.     

Supply chain configuration with co-ordinated product,process and logistics decisions: an approach based on Petri nets

Supply chain configuration lends itself to be an effective means to deal with product differentiation and customisation throughout a supply chain network. It essentially entails the instantiation of a generic supply chain network to specific supply chains in accordance with diverse customer requirements. The lynchpin of supply chain configuration lies in the co-ordination of product, process and logistics decisions in relation to a variety of customer orders. This paper aims to provide modelling support to supply chain configuration. The ultimate goal is to assist companies to form appropriate supply chains with the most added-value to customer order fulfillment. A formalism based on coloured Petri nets is developed for configuring supply chains. System models are built upon the coloured Petri nets and used to incorporate product and process concerns into the supply chain configuration process. An industrial case study is reported to illustrate the potential of the coloured Petri net modelling formalism and the built system models for supply chain configuration.     

A hybrid optimisation approach to configure a supply chain for new product diffusion: a case study of multiple-sourcing strategy

Configuring a supply chain for a new product is a challenging task due to the lack of historical demand data and the dynamic/uncertain nature of the new product diffusion process. An integrated supply chain configuration (SCC) and new product diffusion (NPD) model is developed to explicitly account for the impact of demand dynamics during a new product's diffusion on an optimal supply chain configuration. Our hybrid NPD-SCC model allows a manufacturer to source from multiple suppliers, vendors or modes for its supply chain entities. Such a multiple-sourcing approach not only helps the manufacturer to diversify its pool of suppliers and maintain bargaining power, but also builds redundancy into the supply chain to hedge against potential demand surge and supply disruption during the new product life cycle. Through a case study and a comprehensive computational study, we find that although the single-sourcing solution is able to achieve lower unit-manufacturing cost (UMC), the multiple-sourcing approach is superior to single-sourcing on the overall supply chain performance in the environment with random supply disruptions. By building-in redundancy as multiple suppliers and modes, the resultant supply chain has less chance of being disrupted and achieves higher overall profit on average. We also draw several other managerial insights closing the gap between some supply chain operations and marketing strategies.     

双渠道供应链中直销成本对销售渠道决策的影响

针对传统零售与网上直销并存的双渠道供应链系统,在制造商为Stackelberg博弈的领导者和零售商具有销售成本优势的假设下,建立了销售渠道决策模型,分析了制造商的直销成本对销售模式选址的影响。结果表明:当直销成本满足一定范围时,制造商采用直销模式可以使制造商、零售商和消费者三方共赢。     

Fuzzy scheduling of a build-to-order supply chain

The overwhelming majority of the literature in the area of supply chain planning and scheduling considers the traditional make-to-stock (MTS) environment. However, manufacturers of assembled products such as cars, computers, furniture, etc. adopt the build-to-order supply chain (BOSC) to become agile in a mass customization process in order to meet diversified customer requirements. In this paper we propose an integrated production–distribution planning model for a multi-echelon, multi-plant and multi-product supply chain operating in a build-to-order (BTO) environment. The uncertainties associated with estimation of the various operational cost parameters are represented by fuzzy numbers. The BOSC scheduling model is thus constructed as a mixed-integer fuzzy programming (MIFP) problem with the goal of reducing the overall operating costs related to component fabrication, procurement, assembling, inspection, logistics and inventory, while improving customer satisfaction by allowing product customization and meeting delivery promise dates at each market outlet. An efficient compromise solution approach by transforming the problem into an auxiliary multi-objective linear programming model is also suggested.     

Product recovery optimization in closed-loop supply chain to improve sustainability in manufacturing

When business practices shift from a traditional open supply chain to a closed loop instead, the environmental and societal issues are efficiently integrated in business development. However, even an efficiently integrated shift introduces a number of trade-offs due to the contradictory goals that emerge from that business’s economical, environmental and social dimensions. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective mixed integer mathematical problem for a generic closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network to rationalise how a system’s product recovery helps to improve manufacturing sustainability. The CLSC network proposed in this study consists of a hybrid manufacturing facility, warehouse, distribution centres, collection centres and a hybrid recovery facility (HRF). The proposed model determines the best location for the HRF and optimal flow of products, recovered parts and material in the network while it simultaneously maximises profit, saves activity costs, helps to decrease the harmful effects of the manufacturing process and makes a positive impact on societal development. To validate the model, a numerical illustration with the help of a case study from an electrical manufacturing industry is offered. The results authenticate the approach of the model towards the fulfilment of various environmental regulations. A sensitivity analysis, completed on demand, and the return rate also assists decision-makers to manage their decisions with a broader insight towards manufacturing sustainability.     

A paler shade of green: implications of green product deletion on supply chains

Product management activities by operations, marketing, and finance functions have typically focused on the innovation, acquisition, growth, and management of product lines and products. The same is true when considering product management for green products. The latter stages of critical strategic decisions related to product deletion or discontinuation have received less emphasis. In this conceptual paper, the focus is on green product deletion implications for supply chain management and operations. Organisations may view green product deletion as evolving from a deep green to a paler shade of green in their product offerings. A proposed strategic framework pays particular attention to the implications of the green product deletion decision for supply chain processes and operational competencies. In this situation, lessened organisational greenness needs to be weighed against other organisational and operational competencies. The strategic and inter-organisational relationships associated with this decision help set the stage for future research on this critical, yet neglected, organisational and operational supply chain issue.     

Review of supply chain configuration and design decision-making for new product

The nature of competitive markets continuously pushes manufacturers to develop new products to meet the increasingly diversified customer demands. Manufacturers thus have to handle the complexities generated during the total life cycles of various product types, from product design to procurement, production, marketing and recycling. Though some management practices in mass customisation help to improve the performance of manufacturing systems, there are still some fundamental problems not covered. Joint decision-making of product and supply chain design, for example, is one of them. The existing industrial practice tends to treat these two problems separately. Decoupling these two problems decrease the design complexity but may lead to suboptimal decision outcome. To enhance understanding of the interconnected decisions for supply chain management and product design, this review collects related literature on this topic and focuses on the analysis of existing papers from an operation research perspective.     

公平偏好下考虑双边保鲜努力的生鲜农产品供应链协调研究

针对供应商主导的生鲜农产品供应链,建立Stackelberg博弈模型;在考虑供应商、零售商双边保鲜努力水平影响生鲜农产品新鲜度和市场需求的情况下,分析零售商公平偏好对生鲜农产品供应链双边保鲜努力水平和供应链协调性的影响;采用委托代理模型对“批发价格 + 转移支付”的组合契约协调机制进行研究,旨在增加供应链整体利益及其稳定性,更好地协调成员之间的利益。研究表明,无论是否考虑零售商公平偏好,批发价格契约均无法实现生鲜农产品供应链协调,且零售商公平偏好会进一步降低双边保鲜努力水平、使供应链偏离最优。最后基于“批发价格 + 转移支付”的组合契约不仅能使双边保鲜努力水平达到集中决策下最优,实现生鲜农产品供应链协调,还能实现供应链成员利润的帕累托改进。