酸性环境干湿循环作用对泥质砂岩力学参数的劣化研究

针对降雨和库水位升降对库岸边坡消落带岩体力学参数的劣化问题,选取泥质砂岩进行不同p H水环境干湿循环作用下的单轴与三轴压缩试验,结合室内试验结果,应用广义Hoek–Brown准则求得不同地质强度指标评分(GSI)下岩体的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、材料常数和黏聚力。研究表明:破碎程度越大的泥质砂岩受浸泡的溶液酸性越强、干湿循环次数越多,其力学参数劣化程度就越高;在同一个GSI评分下,泥质砂岩各个力学参数随p H值和干湿循环次数n的劣化效应排序有所差异,综合劣化效应最大为弹性模量,累积劣化效应最明显为黏聚力,其劣化系数与浸泡溶液的p H值、干湿循环次数的对数ln(n)成线性相关。基于上述研究提出了泥质砂岩力学参数与p H值、干湿循环次数n的三维劣化方程,为酸性环境干湿循环作用下现场岩体力学参数的获取以及边坡稳定性寿命的预测提供了理论依据。     

干湿循环对深部粉砂岩蠕变特性影响的试验研究

为探究围岩含水率变化对深部岩体长期稳定性的影响,以朱集东煤矿-906 m处粉砂岩为研究对象,借助ZYSS2000型岩石高温高压蠕变仪,采用分级加载方式,对不同干湿循环次数粉砂岩试件开展单轴压缩蠕变试验。试验结果表明,随干湿循环次数增多,粉砂岩轴向蠕变应变和轴向稳态蠕变速率呈非线性增大,瞬时变形模量呈对数降低,且轴向蠕变应变和轴向稳态蠕变速率在1次干湿循环后出现较大增幅,瞬时变形模量在干湿循环0~1次阶段劣化度最大,为10.06%;不同干湿循环作用后的粉砂岩试件在最后一级应力作用下发生蠕变破坏的规律基本一致,且在相同的破坏应力下,随干湿循环次数的增多,粉砂岩试件蠕变破坏全程历时逐渐减小,减速蠕变段和加速蠕变段占全程历时的比例逐渐升高;粉砂岩的长期强度随干湿循环次数的增多逐渐降低,且在1次循环以后出现较大的降幅;粉砂岩的蠕变破坏特征随干湿循环次数增多呈现出由张拉破坏向剪切破坏转化。     

化学溶液和干湿循环作用下砂岩抗剪强度劣化试验及化学热力学分析

 为研究化学溶液和干湿循环共同作用下砂岩抗剪强度的劣化机制,在不同pH环境下,通过不同干湿循环次数后的单轴、三轴试验,计算出砂岩的黏聚力和内摩擦角,同时得到其与循环次数的关系式,进而获得砂岩在浸泡环境下抗剪强度随干湿循环次数的变化公式。根据砂岩的组成矿物及其百分含量,得到各种主要组成矿物在中性、碱性、酸性溶液中溶解的化学反应方程式,利用化学热力学的基本原理,确定各主要矿物在中性、碱性、酸性溶液浸泡下能否稳定。为了验证分析的正确性,对浸泡溶液中的部分离子(Ca2+,SiO2,Na+,K+)浓度进行测试。结果表明,酸性环境下,砂岩抗剪强度劣化最为严重,碱性次之,中性最轻。在酸性环境中,对抗剪强度影响较大的胶结物主要组成成分(长石、方解石)的性质不稳定,溶解反应能自发进行,而碱性环境中,对强度影响较小的骨料主要组成成分(石英)的性质不稳定,溶解反应能自发进行。酸性浸泡液中,方解石、钾长石、钠长石溶解出的Ca2+,K+,Na+的浓度明显高于中性和碱性液中Ca2+,Na+,K+的浓度,而碱性溶液中,石英溶解出的SiO2的浓度明显高于中性和酸性液中SiO2的浓度,与热力学分析结果一致。     

等幅干湿循环对成都膨胀土强度的影响

以成都某工程现场膨胀土样为研究对象,对不同干湿循环次数的膨胀土试样开展直剪试验,结果表明,在相同循环幅度和初始含水率下,随着干湿循环次数的增加,试样的抗剪强度不断减小,最终趋于一个稳定值。     

干湿循环对板岩填料抗剪强度劣化影响的试验研究

针对贵州省三黎高速公路强—中风化板溪群板岩填料,开展了不同干湿循环次数条件下的大型三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明:干湿循环效应对于板岩填料的抗剪强度参数影响是较为显著的,特别是首次干湿循环后,抗剪强度参数有明显的变化,而当干湿循环次数进一步增加时,强度仍有变化,但较第一次弱;板岩填料的黏聚力c值随干湿循环次数增多近似呈线性增长,内摩擦角φ值随干湿循环次数增多近似呈幂函数减小;首次干湿循环后,内摩擦角φ值下降约7%,黏聚力上升约26%,但总体抗剪强度仅有约2%~7%的下降,说明干湿循环效应对强—中风化板溪群板岩路堤边坡稳定性影响不大。另外,本文对板岩路堤填料的干湿循环大型三轴压缩试验条件和方法进行了探讨,可为同行提供参考。     

重复剪切作用下节理强度和形貌特征劣化规律

为了分析重复剪切作用下节理面剪切力学特性及微观形貌特征劣化规律,制备了单节理砂岩试样,考虑4种法向应力分别进行了6次重复剪切试验。研究结果发现:(1)在重复剪切作用下,节理面剪应力–剪切变形曲线变化特征明显,经过2~3次剪切,不再出现明显峰值,剪切硬化现象明显,残余抗剪强度逐渐趋于稳定;(2)随着重复剪切次数增加,节理面的抗剪强度劣化趋势明显,呈先陡后缓的劣化趋势,前2次剪切的劣化幅度占总劣化值的65%以上,而且法向应力越大,抗剪强度劣化幅度和劣化速度越大;(3)在重复剪切作用下,节理面上相互咬合的微凸起和凹陷部分发生切齿、磨损和填充,节理面的凹凸起伏程度逐渐减小,使得其形貌特征参数及粗糙度系数逐渐降低,进而导致其剪切力学特性逐渐劣化;(4)建立了重复剪切作用下节理面粗糙度系数劣化方程,结合N.Barton提出的结构面抗剪强度经验公式,建立了考虑重复剪切作用的节理面抗剪强度计算公式,结果表明计算值与试验值吻合的较好。     

不同循环模式条件下膨胀土的力学特性变化规律及其物理机制研究

北疆寒旱区复杂的环境因素是膨胀土渠坡劣化的重要原因，并由此诱发膨胀土渠坡发生滑动破坏现象。为深入研究寒旱区膨胀土渠坡的劣化机理，通过对膨胀土进行三种不同循环模式下的直剪、压缩、渗透及扫描电镜试验，从宏-微观角度分析其力学特性规律并揭示其物理机制。试验结果表明：(1)直剪试验：不同循环模式作用下的膨胀土黏聚力均随循环次数的增加均呈逐渐减小的趋势，干湿-冻融循环减小幅度最大，干湿循环次之，冻融循环最小，内摩擦角变化幅度不大，基本上处于稳定值；膨胀土经过循环后，裂隙的增多使颗粒间的联结被破坏，降低了颗粒间的胶结作用，致使抗剪强度降低。(2)压缩试验：随着循环次数的增加，稳定孔隙比呈下降趋势，表明土体的压缩性增强，同条件下干湿-冻融循环压缩性指标变化幅度最大，冻融循环变化最小；不同循环模式条件下，干湿循环使颗粒破损严重，土颗粒间胶结力下降，导致土颗粒骨架发生变化且无法恢复，压缩性增大，冻融循环过程中试样中的自由水冻结使得孔隙增加，土颗粒被冰晶挤压形成新的骨架结构，孔隙比减小但整体变化不大，其中微观孔隙率及颗粒定向频率是影响压缩指标的主要因素。(3)渗透试验：渗透系数在循环过程中变化分为缓慢、迅...     

循环剪切对岩石节理形貌与力学行为影响实验研究

为研究岩石节理在循环剪切作用下的物理力学特性变化规律,对节理试件进行了不同法向荷载下的循环剪切试验,并对节理表面形貌进行了测量研究。结果表明:随着循环剪切次数的增加,节理表面最高点与最低点之间的垂直距离迅速减小,试件所施加的法向荷载越大则会增加节理表面形貌的劣化程度,节理表面的劣化主要发生在第1次剪切过程。节理峰值抗剪强度与残余强度均随剪切次数增加而减小,第2次剪切以后节理剪切曲线峰值点消失,峰值抗剪强度几乎与残余抗剪强度相等。同时,随着形貌特征的劣化,节理剪胀随着剪切次数的增加而减小。     

氯盐干湿循环作用下CFRP混凝土界面黏结性能研究

为了考察碳纤维复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer, CFRP)与混凝土结构在氯盐干湿循环作用下界面黏结强度,开展不同干湿循环周期下混凝土的弹性模量、抗压强度和CFRP混凝土单剪试件界面黏结性能的腐蚀劣化试验研究。通过模拟氯盐的干湿循环作用和自主设计的单剪试验稳定装置,对混凝土基体的腐蚀劣化性能和界面的有效黏结长度进行研究,基于Popovics方程分别对不同腐蚀周期的界面黏结应力-滑移关系和界面断裂能进行研究。在此基础上,分析干湿循环作用下CFRP-混凝土界面黏结强度的劣化机理,并建立界面的时变黏结强度计算模型。结果表明,随着干湿循环周期的增长混凝土基体的弹性模量整体变化不大,而抗压强度则呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,最终腐蚀120 d后较未腐蚀混凝土抗压强度降11.2%;界面的有效黏结长度从未腐蚀的120 mm降低到腐蚀120 d后的72 mm,界面的断裂能也大幅下降。基于Popovics方程得到的腐蚀环境下CFRP混凝土界面黏结应力-滑移关系可揭示界面黏结强度劣化机理,建立的界面时变黏结强度模型有效,可应用于不同干湿循环作用下CFRP混凝土界面黏结强度的计算。     

干湿循环作用下固化淤泥的抗剪强度变化规律

河、湖等的疏浚淤泥多采用固化方式进行处理。针对固化淤泥材料的干湿稳定性问题,系统开展了干湿循环作用下水泥固化疏浚淤泥的抗剪强度特性试验研究,揭示了固化淤泥在干湿循环作用下抗剪强度的变化机理,并对各影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,固化淤泥的抗剪强度逐渐变化,且先快后慢,最后趋于稳定;干湿循环后,水泥掺量100kg/m~3固化淤泥试样的抗剪强度降低,而水泥掺量150、200kg/m~3试样干湿循环后的抗剪强度不降反增,说明干湿循环对固化淤泥的影响与水泥的掺量有关。较高的干燥温度促进了水泥水化,从而导致水化产物增加,固化淤泥的抗剪强度增大;同时,干湿循环过程中,微裂缝的发育导致固化淤泥的抗剪强度降低,干湿循环对固化淤泥抗剪强度的影响取决于二者的综合作用。     

干湿循环作用下砂岩溶蚀的孔隙度演化规律

针对干湿循环作用下岩石劣化机理的复杂性,以砂岩为研究对象,通过对砂岩浸泡溶液离子浓度的测试,定量反分析砂岩矿物的溶解,得到砂岩孔隙度的演化规律,分析干湿循环作用下砂岩的劣化机制。结果表明:浸泡溶液中Ca~(2+)的生成速率比K~+、Na~+、SiO_2高一个数量级,Fe~(2+)的生成速率最低。每阶段循环后,方解石的体积减少量最多,其次是钾长石和钠长石,黑云母和石英的体积减少量最小。干湿循环作用后,微小的孔隙度变化,会导致抗压强度的大幅度降低,各阶段孔隙度变化值与劣化度成正相关。干湿循环侵蚀后,砂岩各种矿物的溶解流失,使得自身胶结物量减少,孔隙度增大,产生各种空洞与微裂缝,最终反映为强度的降低,是为干湿循环导致砂岩劣化的重要原因。     

水库运行期岸坡消落带红砂岩抗拉强度劣化机制

红砂岩广泛分布于三峡库区,弄清岸坡消落带红砂岩的抗拉强度在水库运行期周期性"湿干"交替作用下的劣化机制,是科学进行水库运行期红砂岩岸坡稳定性分析与评价的重要前提。以三峡库区马家沟滑坡红砂岩为研究对象,自主研发能模拟水压力和"湿干"交替共同作用的岩石抗拉强度测试系统,进行消落带红砂岩在水压力和"湿干"交替共同作用下的劈裂试验;同时,基于扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及吸水率的测试分析,探讨消落带红砂岩抗拉强度的劣化机制。试验结果表明:在水压力和"湿干"交替的共同作用下,消落带红砂岩的抗拉强度随着"湿干"交替作用次数的增加逐渐劣化,劣化幅度逐渐减小最终趋于0;在"湿干"交替作用前期,红砂岩抗拉强度的劣化幅度较大,第1次"湿干"交替作用后,劣化程度最为明显;2~4次"湿干"交替时,劣化幅度相对较大;4次"湿干"交替作用后,劣化幅度逐渐减小为0;红砂岩抗拉强度的劣化是一个不断累积的过程,是内部黏土矿物湿化过程的水化溶解与膨胀、干燥过程的失水收缩,以及水压力作用下微裂隙的增加、扩展等综合作用的结果,且黏土矿物的水化作用引起的碎屑矿物与胶结物之间的胶结变弱效应在其抗拉强度的劣化过程中起主导作用。研究成果可为合理评价红砂岩岸坡的稳定性提供科学依据。     

基于正交设计的复杂环境下土石混填体大型直剪试验研究

为了更加系统、全面的研究土石混填体处于复杂环境时的强度特性,综合考虑含水率、浸泡时间、干湿循环、含石量、岩性与土性等因素,采用美国Geotest公司生产的大型直剪仪,并基于正交设计方法开展了一系列土石混填体室内大型直剪试验研究,进而确定出了不同因素对土石混填体抗剪强度有何影响及影响程度,为此类受多因素、多水平影响的试验研究探讨出了一种新的思路。试验结果表明：土石混填体抗剪强度主要源于内部石料间的相互嵌入、咬合及摩擦等作用;含石量是影响土石混填体强度特性最主要的因素,随着试样中含石量的增加其内摩擦角近似呈线性增加;对于试验中所涉及的3种水作用环境,含水率对土石混填体抗剪强度的影响最为显著,且含水率对其剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线亦存在非常重要的影响,相比之下,浸泡时间与干湿循环对试样抗剪强度影响较弱,且试样在浸泡48 h或干湿循环4次后其抗剪强度基本不会再继续弱化;当试样中含石量≥55%时,其抗剪强度受岩性影响较为明显。     

Effects of experimental frost–thaw cycles on sandstones with different weathering degrees: a case from the Bingling Temple Grottoes,China

Numerous ancient sandstone grottoes remain in northwest and central China, and weathering issues have significantly influenced their preservation conditions. The dramatic naturally cyclic changes in water content and temperature in the environment have been considered to be the main drivers of the physical weathering that commonly occurs at these archaeological sites. Therefore, comparing and understanding the behaviors of sandstone with different weathering degrees under variable environmental conditions would be helpful for further study on predicting the type, location and extent of deterioration of sandstone relics in a small region (such as the surrounding rock of grottoes). This study examines Cretaceous sandstones with two weathering degrees from Bingling Temple Grottoes, China. Standard thin section photomicrographs provide petrographic and mineralogical data and show that the sandstones have identical lithologies. Three types of specifically designed frost weathering tests are then conducted on the samples. After every six weathering cycles, the weathering processes are suspended, and the corresponding parameters, such as dry weight loss, dry density, effective porosity, porosity, P wave velocity, surface hardness and drilling resistance, are measured. At the end of the weathering cycles, the sample variations in grain size distributions are compared, and statistical tests are performed to show the statistical significance of the results. The results indicate that similar deterioration patterns occur on the samples with two weathering degrees under the same weathering tests. The increase in effective porosity surpasses that of the porosity only when the weathering effect is large enough. Furthermore, sandstone with a high degree of weathering might be more susceptible to changes in the internal pores due to its greater initial interconnectivity. In an open system, physical weathering (frost–thaw and dry–wet cycles) would cause the superficial grain size distributions of different rocks to become relatively uniform. Finally, when exposed to the same weathering process, the decreases in the overall mechanical strength in the two sandstones do not differ significantly, but the loss of superficial strength may be different.

     

干湿循环效应对南宁外环膨胀土抗剪强度的影响

针对膨胀土边坡滑坍多呈浅层破坏的现状,选取南宁外环膨胀土原状样与重塑样开展对比试验,精心设计试验方案,改进常规直剪试样制备条件和试验方法,使模拟土体季节性干缩湿胀过程更接近实际,探究了2种土样经历多次干湿循环作用后抗剪强度的衰减规律。结果表明：试样制备中有上覆荷载作用,实测土样经历同样干湿循环次数后的强度衰减幅度比无荷条件下的小,再次验证荷载对抑制强度衰减作用明显；不管原状还是重塑样经干湿循环后的强度衰减主要是c值大幅降低,其值虽也减小但降幅都不大；此外,计入边坡浅层破坏时滑面的低应力条件开展试验并分析测试结果,得到做边坡浅层稳定性分析时合理的抗剪强度参数,研究结果可供工程设计参考。     

Effect of slaking on direct shear behaviour of crushed mudstones

This study investigates the effects of wetting and drying cycles, known as slaking, on the strength-displacement characteristics of crushed mudstone. A series of direct shear tests was conducted by simulating cyclic wetting and drying under different stress conditions using a modified direct shear apparatus. The effects of the stress ratio, the density of specimen, the initial water content before wetting, the slaking index, and the number of wetting and drying cycles on the test results was investigated. Experiments were also performed on less-slakable materials, including crushed sand stone, silica sand and glass beads, to compare the results with the crushed mudstone. Considerable creep displacement on the crushed mudstones was observed during both drying and wetting phases under the constant shear stress conditions. The creep displacement during the drying was more significant than during the wetting phase. The creep displacement accumulated with progressive wetting and drying cycles. The drying-induced displacement was observed when the water content became smaller than the amount of water absorption of the mudstone specimens. Correspondingly, a gradual decrease of the peak stress ratio was observed with the number of wetting and drying cycles. In contrast to the mudstones, the influence of cyclic wetting and drying on the crushed sand stone, silica sand and glass beads is almost negligible. A higher slaking index, a lower water content before wetting, and lower initial density accelerate the slaking of mudstones.     

Durability of soft clay soil stabilized with recycled Bassanite and furnace cement mixtures

This study examines the wetting–drying durability of soft clay soil stabilized with recycled Bassanite, produced from gypsum waste. Specifically, this study focuses on an investigation of the effects of the moisture conditions on the strength performance and durability of very soft clay soil stabilized with Bassanite and furnace cement mixtures during the wetting–drying cycles, referred to as weathering conditions in this study. Cylindrical stabilized soil specimens were produced and then cured for 28 days. The cured specimens were subjected to different numbers of wetting–drying cycles, and then tested for unconfined compressive strength. The results show that the compressive strength increased with an increase in the Bassanite content for the different wetting–drying cycles investigated. The increase in the Bassanite content is associated with the increase in the dry unit weight, as well as in the decrease in the moisture content of the stabilized specimens for the different wetting–drying cycles investigated. The compressive strength of the soil stabilized with the Bassanite and furnace cement mixtures gradually decreases with an increase in the number of wetting–drying cycles, and the earlier cycles are seen to have a more negative effect on durability than the later cycles. Generally, the influence of the wetting–drying cycles on changes in the strength, durability and volume of the soft clay soil stabilized with Bassanite and furnace cement mixtures is not significant. This is evidence that the use of recycled Bassanite, produced from gypsum waste to stabilize soft clay soil, achieves acceptable durability, raises the strength performance and improves the engineering properties of soft clay soil in a wet environment. In addition, the effective use of gypsum waste contributes to the development of a sustainable society by reducing the huge quantity of solid waste and establishing a sound environment.     

毛细水干湿循环对土遗址风化影响的试验研究

地下水位的波动引起毛细水对上部遗址体的反复作用,导致遗址体处于干湿循环交替的状态中,从而致使土遗址不断经受反复的湿胀干缩变化,使得遗址体内部发育大量的裂隙,内部结构变疏松,对遗址体造成极大的破坏,最终使遗址体抵抗外界侵蚀的能力下降,加速了土遗址的风化劣变。采用西安地区凤栖塬黄土模拟遗址原址土样进行室内干湿循环模拟试验,研究了在毛细水作用下经过多次干湿循环后,土样的外观形貌、无侧限抗压强度、抗水崩解性、微观结构的变化以及抗压强度随含水率的变化规律,结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,土样的裂隙不断加以发育并相互贯通、无侧限抗压强度逐渐下降、崩解速度整体上呈现出上升的趋势、土颗粒粒径变小且空隙间距变大。