泥质细砂岩材料破坏与强度衰减研究

为了认识真实的岩石材料破坏和强度衰减规律,通过多组常规的单轴压缩试验和不同围压下的三轴压缩试验对泥质细砂岩的材料破坏过程和抗压强度进行了实测．把前面试验破裂形成的不规则岩块浇注在混凝土制成的“剪切壳”中,运用XJ-1型携带式剪切仪进行了自行设计的压剪试验,获得了岩块在压剪过程中的剪切力一压应力关系曲线,以此来测得破裂岩块的自身材料强度．通过对比先前压缩试验得到的极限莫尔包络线,研究了破坏前完整岩样与破坏后损伤岩块间的强度变化．讨论了不同试验方法,损伤程度,尺寸效应,材料异性对岩石强度衰减的影响．结果表明,岩石在破坏过程中环向应变与体积应变在峰后近乎以直线形式增长,岩块抗剪强度表现出尺寸效应,岩样伴随着破裂演变材料强度发生衰减．     

新型PEC柱-钢梁端板连接组合框架层间抗震机理试验研究

良好的抗倒塌性能是维系结构在大震下的必要整体性、实现“大震不倒”抗震设防水准的关键所在。为研究新型卷边PEC柱-钢梁外伸端板连接组合框架结构的层间抗震机理,按1:2缩尺设计了1榀组合框架层间子结构模型试件并进行水平低周往复荷载试验。基于试验现象和测试数据,分析了试件结构的破坏过程与破坏模式、滞回特性、刚度退化、耗能能力、变形模式等抗震性能。研究结果表明：试件结构最终破坏模式为端板附近梁截面充分屈服形成塑性铰的理想塑性破坏机构;试件整体与层间位移延性系数μu=3.74和最大等效黏滞阻尼系(ζeq)max=0.325,具有良好抗震延性和耗能能力;试件结构整体性好、水平抗侧刚度沿高度分布均匀,水平位移分布规律表现为理想的倒三角弯剪型变形模式;试件结构整体与层间侧移和节点转角均超过大震层间侧移限值1/30,即试件结构具有良好的抗倒塌能力。     

新型卷边PEC柱-钢梁摩擦耗能T形件连接组合框架抗震性能数值模拟

针对1榀两层单跨新型卷边PEC柱-钢梁摩擦耗能T形件连接组合框架子结构试验试件,采用有限元商业软件ABAQUS对其在拟静力荷载下的抗震性能进行数值模拟。基于模拟结果,分析试件结构滞回特征、水平抗侧刚度、节点连接力学性能、耗能机理、层间传力模式和破坏机构等抗震性能。结果显示:试件具有较高的承载能力和较大的水平抗侧刚度,且上下层初水平抗侧刚度差异随着加载的进行而逐渐趋向一致;试件主要通过摩擦、PEC柱脚混凝土压溃与钢构架屈服和T形件端部截面屈服耗能,且各层耗能较为均匀,试件结构较好实现了"小震利用摩擦耗能、中大震通过结构主体构件屈服耗能"的性态设计目标;试件层间水平剪力由PEC柱平均承担,且侧移表现为剪切型变形模式;试件结构破坏机构为摩擦耗能T形件端部梁截面和PEC柱脚处形成塑性铰的塑性破坏机构,试件结构具有良好的抗震延性。     

仿生非光滑表面材料与铝合金制件间的减黏

根据工程仿生学原理,用45#钢和高速钢材料通过激光加工的方式制备出具有网格状结构表面的仿生非光滑试样,并与光滑表面试样在电子万能试验机上进行了脱附对比试验。结果表明,仿生非光滑表面试样的抗黏附性能明显优于光滑表面试样,其与制件间的黏附力比光滑表面降低4.7%~20.9%。观察发现,非光滑单元体的凹坑结构与制件接触界面间形成的空隙降低了试样与制件间的实际接触面积,是使仿生非光滑表面试样具有良好抗黏附性能的主要原因。仿生非光滑结构为提高材料表面的抗黏附性能开辟了一条新途径。     

不同煤岩组合体力学特性差异及冲击倾向性分析

利用MTS 815试验机分别对钱家营煤矿的岩-煤、煤-岩、岩-煤-岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,分析不同组合方式下试样的强度及变形破坏特征差异,探讨了不同组合方式对冲击倾向性的影响及煤岩的相互作用.结果表明:煤岩组合体的破坏强度及弹性模量比单体煤样均有一定程度的提高,其中岩-煤-岩组合体的破坏强度及弹性模量最大,岩-煤、煤-岩组合体依次降低.岩-煤-岩及煤-岩组合体峰值环向应变比煤单体大,而与岩-煤组合体相差较小.通过对组合体中同尺寸的煤样单体进行单轴压缩试验,发现煤样单体的强度均比相对应的煤岩组合体强度低;煤岩组合体的强度与煤样单体相比提高幅度较小,与岩样单体相比降低幅度较大,因此组合体强度受煤的影响较大.峰前积蓄能量及峰后耗散能量与单轴抗压强度基本呈正比关系,煤、岩-煤、煤-岩及岩-煤-岩依次增大;与煤样单体相比,组合体的冲击能量指数增大,煤岩组合体提高了煤的冲击倾向性,因此需对冲击地压矿井的煤岩组合体进行冲击倾向性鉴定,来预测及防止冲击地压的发生.试验结果对钱家营矿煤炭开采设计及冲击地压防范提供一定的理论研究.     

仿生非光滑表面材料与铝合金制件间的减黏

根据工程仿生学原理,用45^#钢和高速钢材料通过激光加工的方式制备出具有网格状结构表面的仿生非光滑试样,并与光滑表面试样在电子万能试验机上进行了脱附对比试验。结果表明,仿生非光滑表面试样的抗黏附性能明显优于光滑表面试样,其与制件间的黏附力比光滑表面降低4．7％～20．9％。观察发现,非光滑单元体的凹坑结构与制件接触界面间形成的空隙降低了试样与制件间的实际接触面积,是使仿生非光滑表面试样具有良好抗黏附性能的主要原因。仿生非光滑结构为提高材料表面的抗黏附性能开辟了一条新途径。     

岩石试样直接拉伸力学性能及声发射活动分析

为探究直接拉伸作用下岩石力学特性和损伤演化特征,对3种岩石试样进行单轴直接拉伸声发射测试,分析岩石的直接拉伸力学性能及声发射活动规律。结果表明,岩石试样的拉伸应力-应变曲线在试验加载初期表现为线性关系,随着载荷增加,应力-应变曲线缓慢弯曲;拉伸破坏前试样没有明显的屈服阶段,拉伸宏观破坏瞬间产生,没有峰后曲线;随着拉伸应力的增加,岩石内部低强度晶体或微裂隙发生破坏或扩展,使试样抵抗拉伸变形能力减弱,表现为试样拉伸弹模随拉应力增加而下降。拉伸过程中的AE活动对应着岩石内部微损伤的产生和发展,拉伸过程的初期和中期AE事件极少,在试样拉断破坏之前,声发射事件急剧增多,强度和能量急剧增大,远远大于前期AE信号的幅度。AE事件的位置分布与试样的宏观破坏面有较好的对应关系,表明实时分析AE或微震活动,可以分析岩石内部的损伤状态和破坏位置。     

T形件加强型节点PEC柱-钢梁组合框架层间倒塌机理试验研究

为研究T形件焊接加强型节点卷边PEC柱-钢梁组合框架层间倒塌机理,按1:2缩尺设计制作了1榀组合框架中间层子结构模型试件并进行拟静力试验,从试件受荷过程分析了组合框架中间层子结构的滞回特性、承载力、抗侧刚度、耗能能力、变形模式和倒塌破坏机构等抗震性能.研究结果表明:T形件焊接加强型连接方式增强了节点连接的刚度,实现了梁塑性铰位置远离节点区和结构梁端塑性屈服耗能的设计目标;T形件预拉对穿螺栓连接有效实现了节点域混凝土斜压带传力模式,相应降低了节点区的抗剪需求,更好满足了"强节点"的抗震要求;试件沿高度刚度分布均匀,试件整体水平位移表现为理想的倒三角弯剪型变形模式;试件结构的破坏模式为中间层T形件端部梁截面形成塑性铰的塑性倒塌机构,对应层间剪切角和节点连接转角均超过大震层间侧移限值1/30,且试件承载力未出现明显下降趋势,试件结构具有良好的抗倒塌性能.     

石英云母片岩结构特征及其物理模拟

石英云母片岩为典型片理岩石,以其特有的片理构造区别于层理或层状岩石,造成其破坏机制区别于常规意义上的层理或层状岩石.由于石英云母片岩石遇水易崩解,片理面倾角变化剧烈,造成系统多角度定向取样难度大,岩石变异性大,进一步导致其力学试验难以系统开展,而通过相似材料物理模拟试验定性探究岩石力学特性及行为方式是岩石力学领域经常采用的研究方法.首先,采用电镜扫描和偏光显微镜揭示石英云母片岩的结构和构造特征,并根据室内试验结果,从宏观及细观角度对石英云母片岩的变形破坏机制进行分析;其次,为较好模拟和体现片理构造特征发明一种制作片理岩石相似材料的装置和方法,并制作获得了相应的物理模拟材料.最后,通过不同片理面倾角单轴和三轴试验,研究此相似材料的力学行为、破坏特征及力学参数随片理面倾角和围压的变化规律.基于物质结构表观分析和力学试验结果对比验证所制作片理岩石相似材料装置的可靠性、方法的可行性及材料本身的相似性.     

Ku波段电磁涡旋相控阵列天线设计

为了能产生性能更好携有轨道角动量的涡旋电磁波,采用微带天线技术,设计了一种新型的相控微带阵列天线.以同轴馈电的圆微带天线为单元,将8个、16个相同的单元天线等间隔的分布在一个同心圆上分别组成两个单圆环和一个双圆环结构的相控阵列天线,并采用等幅且同一环的相邻单元间相位差为常数的方式进行激励.通过电磁场全波仿真软件Ansoft HFSS建模并优化,单圆环和双圆环阵列结构均在中心频率为15 GHz处获得了携有轨道角动量的涡旋辐射方向图.结果表明:虽然单圆环结构的相控阵列天线可通过增加阵元数来改善电磁涡旋性能,但不可避免的造成更大的天线体积;而利用双圆环结构,由于增加一个内环设计自由度,结合内外环的协同优化仿真,通过设置适当的天线阵列结构和相位延迟,双圆环结构较单圆环结构产生的涡旋电磁波有更小的中心轴线开口张角,具有更强的涡旋方向性和更高的辐射增益.     

基于阿里云的四维弹簧模型并行运算性能

四维弹簧模型（Four-Dimensional Lattice Spring Model,4D-LSM）是一种考虑额外维相互作用的新型离散数值计算方法。该方法用于岩石破坏分析需要消耗大量计算资源,不适合在普通个人电脑上运行。基于多核并行技术,在阿里云和多核工作站等多种硬件环境下对4D-LSM的计算极限性能及瓶颈进行详细分析,主要研究了求解规模、求解类型、线程数、硬件配置等对4D-LSM求解效能的影响。研究发现,内存容量决定可计算的模型规模,弹性问题的计算时间与模型规模成正比,并行计算效率受CPU性能和内存带宽的共同影响。在不考虑经济因素的情况下,云计算在多核匹配和内存分配方面的灵活性特别适合于四维弹簧模型的并行计算分析。结果表明：基于阿里云的4D-LSM最大运算规模可以达到十亿单元,由于目前的瓶颈在于前后处理,4D-LSM目前的可分析规模仍然限制在两千万单元。最后,展示了采用极限规模的并行四维弹簧模型求解三维币形裂纹扩展的实际应用案例。     

Failure mechanism and stability control of a large section of very soft roadway surrounding rock shear slip

The measured data and simulation test phenomenon of surrounding rock deformation and failure at the project site indicate that shear failure which firstly occurs in surrounding rock, block slip and second shear failure are the root cause of deformation and damage of supporting structure of the surrounding rock at a large scale. We derived limit load of surrounding rock shear slip failure and reasonable support resistance of given load by means of shear slip line field theory, discussed the main factors which influence the limit load of surrounding rock. Shear slip line field and limit load of circular tunnel surrounding rock were obtained by means of physical simulation test, which agreed well with the theoretical analysis results. Based on the theoretical analysis and physical simulation test, the cause deformation and failure at large scale of Xinshanghai No. 1 coal mine big section ingate was analyzed, and the shear failure resistance and block slip in surrounding rock were proposed as the core technical supporting ideas. Proper range of supporting resistance which came from calculation was suggested. The support scheme which is mainly composed of large grouting anchor, sprayed anchor net support technique and full-face grille concrete finally ended the dilemma of repeated failure and mending of ingate and created critical conditions for smooth production in the coal mine.     

Quantitative calculation for the dissipated energy of fault rock burst based on gradient-dependent plasticity

The capacity of energy absorption by fault bands after rock burst was calculated quantitatively according to shear stressshear deformation curves considering the interactions and interplaying among microstructures due to the heterogeneity of strain softening rock materials. The post~peak stiffness of rock specimens subjected to direct shear was derived strictly based on gradientdependent plasticity, which can not be obtained from the classical elastoplastic theory. Analytical solutions for the dissipated energy of rock burst were proposed whether the slope of the post-peak shear stress-shear deformation curve is positive or not. The analytical solutions show that shear stress level, confining pressure, shear strength, brittleness, strain rate and heterogeneity of rock materials have important influence on the dissipated energy. The larger value of the dissipated energy means that the capacity of energy dissipation in the form of shear bands is superior and a lower magnitude of rock burst is expected under the condition of the same work done by external shear force. The possibility of rock burst is reduced for a lower softening modulus or a larger thickness of shear bands.     

泡沫铝填充6082-T6铝合金圆管构件轴压力学性能

薄壁金属构件与吸能泡沫材料组合形成的复合构件具有优越的耗能性能,本文将泡沫铝填充至6082-T6高强铝合金圆管中作为建筑结构中的耗能复合构件。为获得泡沫铝填充6082-T6铝合金圆管在轴压荷载下的响应特征、破坏机理及耗能性能,进行了20组不同径厚比和高径比的铝合金空管以及泡沫铝填充复合管的轴压试验。构件表现出3种破坏模式:劈裂破坏、叠缩劈裂破坏、叠缩劈裂+不规则变形破坏。填充泡沫铝能够有效改善构件在轴压荷载下的变形能力,避免其发生不规则变形破坏,并提高构件耗能能力。基于有限元分析平台LS-DYNA提出了合理的有限元建模方法并开展了参数分析,结果表明:构件峰值承载力与吸能能力均随壁厚和管径的增大而增大。当高径比增大时构件在轴压荷载下发生失稳破坏,而填充泡沫铝后构件发生失稳破坏的临界高径比增大。     

单轴加卸载条件下岩盐变形过程能量和声发射特征研究 （研究生论坛）

利用 MTS815 Flex Test GT 岩石力学试验系统及声发射(AE)实时监测系统,对取自平顶山和淮安两处矿井的纯盐岩进行了单抽加卸载试验,得到了岩盐的应力-应变加卸载曲线、声发射振铃计数率和能量率曲线,并且从能量与声发射的角度研究了纯岩盐变形破坏过程的基本特征。通过研究表明,岩盐单轴加卸载条件下,弹性变形阶段很短,屈服过程产生很大的塑形变形,且峰后的变形过程没有应力的急剧下降,整个实验过程中加卸、载之间滞回环面积很微小。在整个实验过程中,弹性应变能占的比例非常的小;盐岩单轴加卸载变形破坏过程中,其耗散能随应变一直增加,且增长率递增,而当应力接近峰值时,增长率趋于恒定,耗散能曲线开始呈线性增长;弹性应变能在峰前一直增加,且增长率递减,在峰值处达到最大值,峰后开始下降。岩盐在试验初始阶段振铃计数率与能量率便大量产生,而后在屈服阶段呈现下降进入稳定发展期,直到峰值处,出现一个累计振铃计数和累计能量曲线的拐点,峰后以一个更高的速率稳定地且呈现阶梯状发展。本文对于盐岩储气库的水溶开挖和采气过程中逐渐卸载的应力环境施工过程有一定的实际指导意义。     

Effect of specimen size on energy dissipation characteristics of red sandstone under high strain rate简

In this experiment, red sandstone specimens, having slenderness ratios of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1 respectively, were subjected to blow tests using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) system at a pressure of 0.4 atmospheres. In this paper, we have analyzed the effect of slenderness ratio on the mechanical properties and energy dissipation characteristics of red sandstone under high strain rates. The processes of compaction, elastic deformation and stress softening deformation of specimens contract with an increase in slenderness ratio, whilst the nonlinear deformation process extends correspondingly. In addition, degrees of damage of specimens reduced gradually and the type of destruction showed a transformation trend from stretching failure towards shear failure when the slenderness ratio increased. A model of dynamic damage evolution in red sandstone was established and the parameters of the constitutive model at different ratios of length to diameter were determined. By comparison with the experimental curve, the accuracy of the model, which could reflect the stress–strain dynamic characteristics of red sandstone, was verified. From the view of energy dissipation, an increase in slenderness ratio of a specimen decreased the proportion of energy dissipation and caused a gradual fall in the capability of energy dissipation during the specimen failure process. To some extent, the study indicated the effects of slenderness ratios on the mechanical properties and energy dissipation characteristics of red sandstone under the high strain rate, which provides valuable references to related engineering designs and academic researches.     

短端板节点钢框架内填RC墙结构循环荷载试验研究

通过1榀两层单跨1∶3比例短端板连接的钢框架内填RC墙结构(简称PSRCW)循环荷载试验研究,介绍了PSRCW结构的破坏形态和破坏过程,分析了结构的滞回性能、刚度退化、延性、耗能、节点转动能力等.试验结果表明:PSRCW结构承载力高,抗侧刚度大,但耗能、变形和延性性能一般.在整个试验过程中,试件刚度退化均匀缓慢.试件中与钢梁相连的抗剪栓钉疲劳断裂后,内填墙转为主对角斜压传力.峰值荷载过后,承载力衰减较快,但仍具备较高的残余承载力,可作为第二道抗震防线.短端板节点具有良好的转动能力和抗拉能力,可避免半刚性节点的受拉破坏.     

椭圆形钢铅耗能器性能及振动台试验

针对工字型钢铅组合耗能器直角区域容易应力集中、过早屈服断裂退出工作的问题,提出一种由钢和铅两种材料组成的椭圆形钢铅耗能器,这种耗能器加工简便且水平两个方向都具有良好耗能性能.首先,对椭圆形钢铅耗能器中钢板的平面应力进行分析.其次,对椭圆形钢铅耗能器进行力学性能试验;利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立椭圆形钢铅耗能器的非线性计算模型进行数值分析并与性能试验结果进行对比.最后,对一个安装和不安装椭圆形钢铅耗能器的六层钢框架结构模型进行振动台对比试验.研究结果表明:数值分析结果与性能试验结果吻合良好,本文建立椭圆形钢铅耗能器数值计算模型的方法正确;椭圆形钢铅耗能器滞回曲线饱满,具有良好耗能能力;椭圆形钢铅耗能器对多层结构的地震反应具有较好减震效果.     

Experimental Study on Penetration and Perforation of Laminated Kevlar

The penetration behavior and perforation characteristics of Kevlar/Epoxy laminates with various thickness in quasi-static and ballistic perforation penetrated by steel projectiles with different noses are investigated. Quasi-static tests are conducted on MTS810 testing system. The results indicate that global deformation is the major mechanism of energy absorption and woven laminates exhibit larger energy dissipation than that of angleplied laminates. Therefore, the woven laminates have better quasi-static penetration resistance. Ballistic tests with velocity of 200 - 700 m/s are executed by using a powder gun with 7.62 mm barrel. Comparing ballistic experimental results with those under quasi-static condition, both the perforation performance and the failure modes are related closely to the speed of penetrator. Quite different from quasi-static tests, ballistic tests indicate that thick angle-plied laminate targets are even better than woven laminates in resisting ballistic impact. It is observed that the damage zone of the laminate is localized highly with the increasing of the impact velocity and correspondingly, the failure modes are more manifold. The shape of projectile noses affects the impact resistance of laminated Kevlar significantly in the range of velocity around the ballistic limit.     

Energy dissipation rate: An indicator of coal deformation and failure under static and dynamic compressive loads

Dynamic disasters in Chinese coal mines pose a significant threat to coal productivity. Thus, a thorough understanding of the deformation and failure processes of coal is necessary. In this study, the energy dissipation rate is proposed as a novel indicator of coal deformation and failure under static and dynamic compressive loads. The relationship between stress-strain, uniaxial compressive strength, displacement rate, loading rate, fractal dimension, and energy dissipation rate was investigated through experiments conducted using the MTS C60 tests(static loads) and split Hopkinson pressure bar system(dynamic loads). The results show that the energy dissipation rate peaks are associated with stress drop during coal deformation, and also positively related to the uniaxial compressive strength. A higher displacement rate of quasi-static loads leads to an initial increase and then a decrease in energy dissipation rate, whereas a higher loading rate of dynamic loads results in larger energy dissipation rate. Theoretical analysis indicates that a sudden increase in energy dissipation rate suggests partial fracture occurring within coal under both quasi-static and dynamic loads. Hence, the energy dissipation rate is an essential indicator of partial fracture and final failure within coal, as well as a prospective precursor for catastrophic failure in coal mine.