3D立体格栅–砂界面剪切性状试验研究

为探究土工格栅–砂界面的剪切律、强度律和体变律,基于3 D打印技术制作的土工格栅,通过改进的应变控制式直剪仪进行了不同横肋数量的土工格栅与不同干湿类型的标准砂间的界面剪切试验。结果表明：法向应力越大,剪切应力弱化现象越明显,界面抗剪强度及其指标与横肋数量成正比例关系;3 D立体格栅–湿砂界面粘聚力随着横肋数量的增多而减小。3 D立体格栅–干砂界面抗剪强度及其指标比3 D立体格栅–湿砂界面大,剪胀特性更明显。干砂和湿砂均表现出剪胀的体变行为,且横肋数量越多,剪胀特性越明显。研究成果可为探究3 D土工格栅在实际工程中的应用提供参考。     

含水率对桩-土界面剪切特性影响的试验研究

摩擦桩的承载性能决定于桩-土界面之间的剪切特性。为了研究含水率与土质条件等因素对摩擦桩侧摩阻力的影响,设计了摩擦桩的桩-土接触面剪切特性试验装置,进行了粉质黏土、粉土和细砂三种桩周土与三种含水率共9组室内试验。结果表明:摩擦桩的侧摩阻力随着桩的沉降均呈双曲线规律,其初始剪切刚度系数与达到极限摩阻力的沉降量临界值决定于土的类别和含水率大小,细砂的初始剪切刚度略高于相同压实系数的粉质黏土和细砂;而粉质黏土的极限侧摩阻力高于相同压实系数的粉土和细砂;含水率变化对粉土和细砂的极限摩阻力改变显著,而对粉质黏土的极限摩阻力变化相对不敏感,且极限摩阻力最大值均在最优含水率时发生。     

南京地区冻结粉质黏土邓肯–张模型参数试验研究

通过冻结状态下三轴剪切试验,主要研究南京地铁冻结粉质黏土的抗剪强度和变形特性。结果表明:温度越低,土体抗剪强度越大。据此建立了以温度、围压为影响因素的冻结粉质黏土邓肯–张本构模型,并得出模型参数a,b;破坏强度与极限强度的比值为fR,其值为0.77~0.91,均值为0.86。将模型计算的应力–应变曲线与试验所得应力–应变曲线相比较,发现两者吻合较好。对比结果说明模型能够较好反映不同围压、温度条件下冻结粉质黏土的强度和变形特性。研究成果为人工冻结法在南京地铁中的应用提供一定参考。     

砂土颗粒级配对筋土界面抗剪特性的影响

为了研究砂土与土工合成材料相互作用时筋土界面的抗剪强度以及剪胀特性,采用3种不同级配的砂土分别与土工格栅和土工织物进行室内大型直剪试验,研究不同颗粒级配、密实度、筋材种类以及竖向应力对界面剪切特性的影响,并对界面剪胀系数进行分析。试验结果表明：粗砂和细砂与筋材的界面剪切强度要明显大于粗细混合砂;松砂剪切过程中只有剪缩效应的存在,但密实砂土呈现出明显的剪胀过程;当竖向应力较大时,筋土界面达到峰值剪切强度所需的剪切位移比低应力时大;粗砂与土工格栅作用时达到峰值剪切强度所需的剪切位移比与土工织物作用时大,而细砂则相反。     

不同剪切速率下格栅–土界面循环剪切及其后直剪特性

 为了研究剪切速率对砂土与土工格栅界面剪切特性的影响,采用室内大型直剪仪对土工格栅加筋砂土试样分别进行不同剪切速率下的单调直剪试验、循环直剪试验,并在循环直剪试验结束后接着对试样进行单调直剪试验,研究了剪切速率对筋土界面剪切应力、剪切体变的影响,对比分析不同剪切速率下单调直剪试验的结果与经受过循环剪切后的单调直剪试验结果的差异。试验表明：剪切速率对单调直剪条件下筋土界面的剪切特性影响不大;循环剪切过程中,低剪切速率和高剪切速率下分别发生循环剪切软化和循环剪切硬化现象;剪切速率对循环剪切后的筋土界面直剪特性影响较明显,受循环剪切后筋土界面的抗剪强度比不受循环剪切作用的要低。     

不同土工合成材料下新型加筋土界面特性

土工合成材料对加筋土结构的界面直剪特性具有重要的影响。通过一系列大型直剪试验对不同筋材下的Sandwich型加筋土筋土界面的直剪特性进行研究,研究不同竖向应力下不同种类加筋材料对Sandwich型加筋土界面直剪特性的影响。试验结果表明:土工格栅的加筋效果最佳,两种格栅的加筋界面抗剪强度明显高于土工织物;随着竖向应力的增加,筋土界面抗剪强度提高。结合理论分析,对不同的土工格栅进行直剪试验,得出土工格栅横、纵肋对界面剪切强度的提高值分别为15.3%和4.1%。     

土工格栅界面摩擦特性试验研究

土工格栅与土的界面作用特性直接影响着加筋土挡墙的安全与稳定性。因此,土工格栅与填料的界面技术指标在加筋土挡墙的设计中至关重要。本文在从试验方法、加载方式、试验箱侧壁边界效应和尺寸效应、填料厚度、压实度以及筋材夹持状况等几方面分析土工格栅界面摩擦特性影响因素基础上,进行了土工格栅在砂砾料和粘性土中的拉拔试验和直剪试验。试验结果表明:土工格栅与砂砾料接触面抗剪强度较高,而与粘土接触面抗剪强度很低;对于加筋土挡墙拉拔力较大的层位,应选用刚度大的土工格栅和砂砾料为填料。直剪摩擦试验不适合确定土工格栅接触面的抗剪强度。该试验结果对土工格栅加筋土挡土墙的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

粉质黏土与混凝土结构接触面的力学特性研究

为了研究粉质黏土与混凝土接触面作用的力学特性规律,运用大型直剪仪进行了粉质黏土与混凝土接触面的直剪试验,得到了在不同法向应力(5 kPa、20 kPa、50 kPa、100 kPa、150 kPa)下,土体的不同含水率(12%、14%、16%)对力学特性的影响。结果表明:(1)在同一含水率条件下,桩土接触面的抗剪强度随着法向应力的增大而呈现同幅度增大。(2)在同一法向应力条件下,随着含水率的增加,抗剪强度及初始切线模量呈现下降的趋势。(3)粉质黏土与混凝土接触面抗剪强度满足摩尔-库伦强度准则。     

K_0固结粉质黏土非共轴特性试验研究

为研究主应力轴定向旋转条件下K_0固结饱和粉质黏土的强度特性和变形特性,利用GDS三轴试验系统,进行K_0固结饱和粉质黏土三轴定向剪切试验,研究不同大主应力方向角β时K_0固结饱和粉质黏土的应力–应变发展规律及应力–应变非共轴现象。结果表明:当β45°时,K_0固结粉质黏土表现为轴向压缩变形为主,其抗剪强度随着β的增大而增加;当β=45°时,试验变形以扭剪变形为主;当β45°时,试样轴向由剪缩变形转换为剪胀变形,径向和环向表现为挤缩变形,其抗剪强度随着β的增大而减小,土体抗剪强度最大值出现在β=60°时,而非纯扭剪试验β=45°时。K_0固结粉质黏土在τ_(zθ)/σ_(c0)-(σ_z-σ_θ)/(2σ_(c0))平面上强度包络线近似呈抛物线形。除纯扭剪试验外,其余组试验结果表明K_0固结粉质黏土应力–应变关系表现出明显的非共轴现象。上述研究成果为复杂应力路径条件下K_0固结饱和粉质黏土的力学特性及其本构关系研究提供了科学依据。     

不同饱和度的粉质黏土剪切率效应环剪试验研究

以三峡库区树坪滑坡不同饱和度的粉质黏土为研究对象,以重塑样为试验土样,以环剪试验为研究手段,分析了剪切速率、法向应力、饱和度对粉质黏土强度的影响,得出:不同饱和度的土样都表现为剪切速率负相关,但法向应力对率效应的影响不同;饱和粉质黏土的残余抗剪强度,低法向应力作用下,剪切率效应不显著,高法向应力作用下,剪切率效应较为显著,研究成果为粉质黏土剪切速率相关性强度参数取值提供参考。     

加筋红砂岩风化土强度和变形特性

红砂岩风化土是湖南公路路堤工程中应用较多的填筑材料,采用直剪试验研究了不同压实度的红砂岩风化土的强度和变形特性,以及加筋对其工程性质的影响。试验表明,随压实度增大,红砂岩风化土的峰值抗剪强度明显提高,但主要由粘聚力的增大引起,随剪切位移增大,粘聚力减小,抗剪强度大幅度降低,其应力–应变曲线呈现随应变软化型。加筋提高了红砂岩风化土的峰值抗剪强度和残余强度,更重要的是明显减小了峰值后强度的降低幅度,且达到峰值抗剪强度的剪切位移增大,峰值区域增宽,土体延性提高,改善了红砂岩风化土的强度和变形特性;对于不同的加筋层数和不同的筋材模量,以及在不同的压实度和试验竖向压力下,加筋对红砂岩风化土的强度和变形特性的改变不同;根据试验结果,还对红砂岩风化土的工程性质以及加筋的抗剪作用机理进行了初步探讨,阐述了加筋材料在土的应力–应变关系中的主要功能和作用。     

Analytical modeling of geogrid reinforced soil foundation

This paper aims at developing analytical solutions for estimating the ultimate bearing capacity of geogrid reinforced soil foundations (RSF) for both sand and silty clay soils. Failure mechanisms for reinforced soil foundations are proposed based on the literature review and the results of experimental study on model footing tests conducted by the authors. New bearing capacity formulas that incorporate the contribution of reinforcements to the increase in bearing capacity are then developed for both reinforced sand and silty clay soil foundations based on the proposed failure mechanisms. The predicted bearing capacity values are compared with the results of laboratory model tests on reinforced sand and silty clay soil. The proposed analytical solutions were also verified by the results of large-scale model tests conducted by the authors for reinforced silty clay and the data reported in the literature. The predicted bearing capacity values from analytical solutions are in good agreement with the test results.     

压实度对红层泥岩土中土工格栅拉拔性能影响的试验研究

通过室内拉拔试验,研究压实度对土工格栅与红层泥岩界面拉拔性状的影响,试验结果表明,土工格栅在红层泥岩中主要表现为拔出破坏。随着压实度的增大,在一定程度上提高筋土界面的峰值剪应力;在压实度一定的情况下,随着竖向应力的增加,筋土界面剪应力峰值增大,其对应的剪切位移减小。由于土与土工格栅接触面的剪胀造成该类接触面的界面剪应力峰值与竖向应力不再是线性关系。     

Large scale direct shear tests of soil/PET-yarn geogrid interfaces

The interface shear strength of soil against geosynthetic is of great interest among the researchers in geosynthetic properties. This study conducts a series of large scale direct shear tests to investigate the interface shear strength of different soils (sand, gravel, and laterite) against PET-yarn geogrids of various tensile strengths, percent open area, and aperture patterns. First, the appropriateness of different set-ups of a lower shearing box is examined in this study. It reveals that a lower box which is filled with the test soil and is of the same size as the upper box is more suitable for testing the soil/geogrid interface. The test results show that the soil/PET-yarn geotextile interface has significantly lower shear strength than soil strength. The ratio of shear strength soil/PET-yarn geotextile interface to internal shear strength of soil is about 0.7–0.8 for Ottawa sand and for laterite, and it is about 0.85–0.95 for gravel. On the other hand, the soil/geogrid interface has higher shear strength. The ratio of shear strength soil/PET-yarn geogrid interface to internal shear strength of soil is about 0.9–1.05. It is found that the shear strength ratio of soil/PET-yarn geogrid interface is positively correlated to the transverse tensile strength of the PET-yarn geogrid. However, it is negatively correlated with the aperture length and percent open area of the PET-yarn geogrid. The interface shear test results of PET-yarn geogrid against different soils are compared with the test results predicted by a classical model for analyzing the applicability of the classical model. Further, a simple model is proposed herein to estimate the bearing resistance provided by the transverse ribs of geogrid. It shows this component to be about 0–15% when PET-yarn geogrid is against Ottawa sand or laterite, while it is smaller when the PET-yarn geogrid is against gravel.     

Strength enhancement of clay by encapsulating geogrids in thin layers of sand

Large size direct shear tests (i.e.300 × 300 × 200 mm) were conducted to investigate the possibility of strength enhancement of clays reinforced with geogrids embedded in thin layers of sand. In this paper test results for the clay, sand, clay–sand, clay–geogrid, sand–geogrid and clay–sand–geogrid samples are presented and discussed. Thin sand layers with thicknesses of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm were used to quantify their effect on the interaction between the clay and the geogrids. In this regard effects of sand layer thickness, normal pressure (i.e. confinement) and transversal members of geogrids were investigated. All the tests were conducted using saturated clay with no drainage allowed. Test results indicate that provision of thin layers of sand for encapsulating the geogrids is very effective in improving the strength and deformation characteristics of saturated clay. Maximum strength enhancement was derived at an optimum sand layer thickness of 10 mm which proved to be independent of the magnitude of the normal pressure used. For a particular sand layer thickness, increasing the normal pressure resulted in enhanced strength improvement. Results also showed that removal of the geogrid transversal members resulted in reducing the strength of the reinforced samples by 10% compared to geogrids with transversal members. Encapsulating geogrids in thin layers of sand not only will improve the performance of clays if used as backfill it would also provide drainage paths preventing pore water pressure generation on saturation of the backfill.     

南京粉质黏土与粉砂互层土及粉细砂的振动孔压发展规律研究

南京粉质黏土与粉砂互层土为粉质黏土与粉细砂交互沉积,呈现"千层饼"状外貌;南京粉细砂是一种以片状颗粒成分为主的粉细砂,与通常的圆形颗粒石英砂有一定区别,片状颗粒成分使得南京粉细砂具有各向异性的性质。利用南京工业大学岩土工程研究所自行研制的DSZ-1型动三轴仪对南京粉质黏土与粉砂互层土及粉细砂进行对比试验,对其试验成果进行分析,从中发现:在均压固结条件下,由于粉质黏土与粉砂互层土独特的结构性,其振动孔压发展模式与粉细砂的不同,可以用双曲线进行拟合,而粉细砂的振动孔压发展模式与Seed提出的砂土的振动孔压发展模式相同,可以用反正弦三角函数拟合;在偏压固结条件下,两者的振动孔压发展模式相同,均可以用双曲线进行拟合。此外,无论是均压固结还是偏压固结条件,对于粉质黏土与粉砂互层土,当以轴向双幅应变5%作为液化标准时,其发生液化的振动孔压均达不到围压值。     

经编和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土的三轴试验研究

对经编格栅和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土进行不固结不排水的三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,在粘性土体上布置格栅筋材,都能提高土体强度,但不同的筋材,其加筋效果是不一样的,经编格栅加筋土的加筋效果要优于玻纤格栅加筋土。加筋层数越多,加筋效果越好;随着加筋土应力增加,加筋土抵抗变形的作用才能得到更充分发挥,土体加筋效果更明显。不同筋材的加筋土,其粘聚力与内摩擦角的变化规律不一致;玻纤格栅和经编格栅加筋粘性土的加筋效果与砂土不同,不仅表现在粘聚力的增加上,还表现在内摩擦角的增加上。加强筋条结点连接的牢固性,能够提高加筋效果。     

黄河冲(淤)积粉质二灰土的压实特性研究

试验研究了黄河冲(淤)积粉质二灰土的压实特性。用电子显微镜分析了黄河冲淤积粉质土的微观结构;研究了压实度和压实含水率对二灰土强度的影响;分析了影响压实的关键因素及其影响规律。通过现场试验,提出了合理的施工压实工艺。研究认为,由于水的长距离搬运作用,黄河冲(淤)积粉土颗粒具有高的磨圆度和低的表面强度,加之粉煤灰中球状粉粒的大量存在,碾压时二灰土颗粒间难以形成有效的嵌挤,表现出较差的压实性状;低的压实度和高的碾压含水率使二灰土的强度明显降低;对于黄河冲(淤)积粉质二灰土,土中<0.005 mm的粒级是反映土的填充作用的界限粒级,该粒级和二灰的含量对二灰土的最佳含水率与最大干密度具有显著的影响,而二灰比(1∶4～1∶2)的影响不显著;二灰稳定粉土对振幅和频率是敏感的,高频率强振可使其压实度达到98%。     

滩涂地区土与不同结构材料接触面摩擦性能的试验研究

基于混凝土和钢两种不同结构材料,构成土—混凝土和土—钢两种复合体,采用江苏沿海滩涂地区土体,通过改进直剪仪研究土与不同结构材料接触面的摩擦性能及其时效性,并对两种不同结构材料进行沥青涂层,研究沥青涂层对其摩擦性能的影响。试验结果表明,法向应力越大摩阻力越大,摩阻力与法向应力呈近似直线关系。一般情况下,土与混凝土和钢两种结构材料接触面的摩阻力比纯土要低,粉质粘土—钢接触面的摩阻力比粉质粘土—混凝土高,粉土—混凝土接触面的摩阻力高于粉土—钢的摩阻力。随着法向应力的增加,摩阻力降低幅值由负转正,且越来越大。粉质粘土与混凝土和钢两种结构材料接触面的摩阻力具有明显的时效性,而粉土与其结构材料接触面摩阻力的时效性不明显。沥青涂层对接触面摩擦性能也有一定的影响,法向应力较小时,沥青涂层会降低摩阻力,法向应力较大时,沥青涂层反而会增加摩阻力。接触面的摩擦性能与土的类型、法向应力、结构材料、沥青涂层等均受不同程度的影响。     

Evolution granulométrique des sols sablo-argileux soumis à des compactages dynamique et statique

The compaction of a quartz sand by the modified Proctor test involves the production of fines produced by the breaking of the grains of the sand. This production of fines is measured by the grain size analysis before and after compaction. The adding of clay to the sand diminishes the evolution of the grain size. The process is proportional to the quantity of clay added to the sand. If the dynamic compaction of the Proctor test is substituted by the static compaction, one notes the same occurrences: static or dynamic compaction breaks the grains of sand and the clay added to the sand protects the grains from the breaking induced by the compaction stresses.