供应商选择模糊决策方法

制造资源的全球化以及各种先进制造模式的应用使得供应商选择问题变得越来越复杂，加之供应商选择问题中包含大量的不确定因素和模糊因素。在分析供应商评价指标体系所应遵循的原则的基础上，建立了一套供应商评价一般指标体系，然后，将模糊集合论的思想和方法引入其中，提出供应商模糊综合决策方法并给出实例予以验证。     

A utility-driven approach to supplier evaluation and selection: empirical validation of an integrated solution framework

Supplier evaluation and selection (SES) problems have long been studied, leading to the development of a wide range of individual and hybrid models for solving them. However, the lack of widespread diffusion of existing SES models in the industry points to a need for simpler models that can systematically evaluate both qualitative and quantitative attributes of potential suppliers while enhancing the flexibility decision-makers need to account for relevant situational factors. Furthermore, empirical validations of existing models in SES have been few and far between. With a view to addressing these issues, this paper proposes an integrated solution framework that can be used to evaluate both tangible and intangible attributes of potential suppliers. The proposed framework combines three individual methods, namely the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, fuzzy complex proportional assessment and fuzzy linear programming. The framework is validated through application in a Turkish textile company. The results generated using the proposed framework is compared with the actual historical data collected from the company. Additionally, a feasibility assessment is conducted on the sample supplier selection criteria employed, as well as assessment of the results generated using the proposed model.     

Global supplier selection: a fuzzy-AHP approach

Global supplier selection has a critical effect on the competitiveness of the entire supply chain network. Research results indicate that the supplier selection process appears to be the most significant variable in deciding the success of the supply chain. It helps in achieving high quality products at lower cost with higher customer satisfaction. Apart from the common criteria such as cost and quality, this paper also discusses some of the important decision variables which can play a critical role in case of the international sourcing. The importance of the political-economic situation, geographical location, infrastructure, financial background, performance history, risk factors, etc., have also been pointed out in particularly in the case of global supplier selection. Supplier selection problem related to the global sourcing is more complex than the general domestic sourcing and as a result it needs more critical analysis, which could not be found properly in past available literatures. This paper discusses the fuzzy based Analytic Hierarchy Process (fuzzy-AHP) to efficiently tackle both quantitative and qualitative decision factors involved in selection of global supplier in current business scenario. The fuzzy-AHP is an efficient tool to tackle the fuzziness of the data involved in deciding the preferences of the different decision variables involved in the process of global supplier selection. The triangular fuzzy numbers are used to transform the linguistic comparison of the different decision criteria, sub-criteria and performance of the alternative suppliers. The pairwise comparison matrices help in deciding the synthetic extent value of each comparison and finally, the priority weights of one alternative over another are decided in this paper. An example from a manufacturing industry searching for the global supplier for a critical component is used to demonstrate the effective implementation procedure of proposed fuzzy-AHP technique. The proposed model can provide the guidelines and directions for the decision makers to effectively select their global suppliers in the current competitive business scenario.     

Maintenance policy selection in manufacturing firms using the fuzzy MCDM approach

In manufacturing firms, there is a critical need for proper maintenance of manufacturing facilities. The maintenance process enhances customer satisfaction and reliability of the products, and increases the profit of the manufacturer. Therefore, a proper maintenance policy selection is a critical issue for manufacturers, as an inefficient maintenance policy affects not only the direct cost of the firm but also the other aspects. In the present study, maintenance policy selection at the level of the firm rather than the equipment level is shown, and for selection various criteria have been identified. The presented work not only provides the best alternatives but also provides an alternative ranking, which facilitates decision-makers in choosing alternatives according to their constraints. These selection criteria are different in nature, as some give a crisp value, whereas others are defined in linguistic terms. To select the appropriate maintenance policy, a distance-based fuzzy multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) approach has been employed. The proposed method provides the means for integrating the economic figure of merit with the strategic performance variables. The MCDM approach is efficient in incorporating data, in the form of linguistic variables, triangular fuzzy numbers, and crisp numbers, into the evaluation process of maintenance policy alternatives. A comprehensive example illustrates the application of the distance-based fuzzy MCDM approach.     

Sustainable Supplier Selection Model in Supply Chains During the COVID-19 Pandemic

As global supply chains become more developed and complicated, supplier quality has become increasingly influential on the competitiveness of businesses during the Covid-19 pandemic. Consequently, supplier selection is an increasingly important process for any business around the globe. Choosing a supplier is a complex decision that can result in lower procurement costs and increased profits without increasing the cost or lowering the quality of the product. However, these decision-making problems can be complicated in cases with multiple potential suppliers. Vietnam's textile and garment industry, for example, has made rapid progress in recent years but is still facing great difficulties as the supply of raw materials and machinery depends heavily on foreign countries. Therefore, it is extremely important for textile and garment manufacturing companies in Vietnam to implement an effective supplier evaluation and selection process. While multicriteria decision-making models are frequently employed to assist with supplier evaluation and selection problems, few of these models consider the problem under the condition of a fuzzy decision-making environment. The aim of this paper is to create a hybrid MCDM model using the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) model and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to assist the supplier selection process in the garment industry in a fuzzy decision-making environment. In this study, the FAHP method is used to evaluate the performance and the weight of each criterion. TOPSIS is then used to rank all potential suppliers. The proposed model is then applied to a real-world case study to demonstrate both the process of calculation as well as its real-world applicability. The results from the case study provide empirical evidence that the model is feasible. The proposed approach can also be used in combination with other MCDM models to better support decision makers and can be modified to be applied in similar supplier selection processes for different industries.     

Supplier Selection Based on Process Capability and Price Analysis

Supplier selection is an important part of supply chain management. Among the numerous methods that have been proposed, process capability index is considered to be the most effective technique for identifying quality parts. However, supplier selection should be carried out on the basis of quality and cost together. There is no easy tool available to evaluate the price and quality in an integrated manner. In this article, a new approach to supplier selection using capability index and price comparison (CPC) chart is presented. The CPC chart integrates the process capability and price information of multiple suppliers and presents them in a single chart. It provides a simple but effective method to consider quality and price simultaneously in the supplier selection process.     

A novel approach for supplier selection based on the Kano model and fuzzy MCDM

This paper proposes a three-phase approach for supplier selection based on the Kano model and fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision-Making. Since the supplier selection problem involves different criteria, quality attributes have been assumed to denote the importance weight of the criteria for supplier selection. Furthermore, to consider the inherent vagueness of human thought, a fuzzy logic has been utilised. Initially, the importance weight of the criteria has been calculated using a fuzzy Kano questionnaire and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. In the second phase, the Fuzzy TOPSIS technique has been used to screen out in capable suppliers. Finally, in the third phase, the filtered suppliers which are qualified, once again will be evaluated by the same approach for the final ranking. The proposed approach has also been examined in a case study.     

Bootstrap approach for supplier selection based on production yield

Current manufacturing industries have increased their level of out-sourcing and relied more heavily on their supply chain as a source of competitive advantage. Supplier selection decisions have become an important component of production management. Those decisions have a significant impact on a firm's marketing competition, and suppliers may account for a large portion of the production cost. Production quality is one of the key factors in supplier evaluation. The manual of supplier certification includes a discussion of process capability analysis, which recommends a procedure for evaluating the most prevalent process capability index C _pk. However, the recommended procedure is applicable only when evaluating an individual supplier's performance. In this paper, we apply the bootstrap method to the supplier selection problem. We construct lower confidence intervals for the capability difference and ratio between two given suppliers. Performance comparisons are made among various bootstrap methods in terms of error probability and selection power. For convenience of applications, the sample sizes required for various designated selection power are also tabulated.     

Using integrated fuzzy DEMATEL and fuzzy C: means algorithm for supplier evaluation and selection

Decision-making techniques are used to help evaluate the current suppliers’ aim at classifying performance of individual suppliers against desired levels of performance, so as to design suitable plans to increase the performance and capabilities of suppliers. In this study, an integrated model is introduced and proposed for increasing the supplier selection and evaluation quality. The methodology is composed of two steps. The first stage is fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method in which the interactions between the evaluation criteria and the criteria weight have been computed. At the second stage, performances of suppliers are assessed using both the criteria weights obtained at the first stage and fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm by classifying the vendors according to their performances. Obtained results show that the proposed model is very well suited as a decision-making tool for supplier selection decisions.     

Interactive selection model for supplier selection process: an analytical hierarchy process approach

Supplier Selection Process (SSP) becomes increasingly important for most manufacturing firms as it helps to reduce directly cost to the bottom line. The selection process involves the determination of quantitative and qualitative factors so as to select the best possible suppliers. It is essential to identify the relationship with the suppliers in terms of tangible factors. Owing to subjective human judgement in determining the relative importance of those selection factors, a method called Chain of Interaction is proposed to solve the problems associated with the dynamic nature of supply chain management. Focusing on the goodwill of an Analytic Hierarchy Process, an Interactive Selection Model is suggested to systemize the earlier steps, such as the determination of buyer-supplier relationships and formation of selection criteria, before the implementation of the Analytic Hierarchy Process with the help of Multi-Criterion Decision Making software called Expert Choice. The proposed Interactive Selection Model can be applied to supplier selection through the identification of buyer-supplier interactions and the valid data-collection methods. A numerical example is presented and the pros and cons of the model examined to seek further modification.     

Methods and considerations for the development of emerging manufacturing technologies into a global aerospace supply chain

Global aerospace manufacturing has resulted in a direct need for the development of new manufacturing techniques and machines. These emerging technologies require a specific approach to technology, supplier and enterprise communication development. However, a global strategy for aerospace supply-chains is difficult to develop, specifically for new manufacturing technologies. Within large aerospace companies, it is challenging to assess emerging technologies with respect to manufacturing readiness level and risk. The research provided discusses a technique used to assess risk coupled with manufacturing readiness level maturation for emerging technologies using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Developing customer requirements for a new manufacturing technology is challenging when multiple customers exist for the proposed technology. Technology experts are found within the company and executive champions are solicited to assist in sponsoring the emerging technology. This research covers proven heuristics developed for marketing the emerging technology throughout the aerospace enterprise. Also, the experience level of the supplier to adopt the emerging technology acts as a critical element in defining a deployment strategy within the aerospace company. Once manufacturing technologies are developed, communicating the emerging technology is necessary. Supplier involvement, supply chain flexibility, and enterprise communication strategies are highlighted with respect to a global supply-chain for aerospace.     

Multi-site production planning integrating procurement and distribution plans in multi-echelon supply chains: an interactive fuzzy goal programming approach

Motivated by a real case of an automobile company, this study proposes a multi-objective, multi-site production planning model integrating procurement and distribution plans in a multi-echelon supply chain network with multiple suppliers, multiple manufacturing plants and multiple distribution centres. The model incorporates four important conflicting objectives simultaneously: minimisation of the total cost of logistics, maximisation of the total value of purchasing, minimisation of defective items and minimisation of late deliveries subject to some realistic constraints. Due to the imprecise/fuzzy nature of the objectives’ aspiration levels and some critical data, an interactive fuzzy goal programming formulation is first developed. Then, a novel fuzzy approach is proposed to convert the FGP model into an auxiliary crisp formulation to find an efficient compromise solution. The proposed model and solution method are validated through some numerical tests. Computational results indicate the practicality and tractability of the proposed model and also the superiority of the proposed auxiliary crisp formulation in contrast to the current alternative fuzzy approaches.     

A fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach for managing performance and risk in integrated procurement–production planning

Nowadays in Supply Chain (SC) networks, a high level of risk comes from SC partners. An effective risk management process becomes as a consequence mandatory, especially at the tactical planning level. The aim of this article is to present a risk-oriented integrated procurement–production approach for tactical planning in a multi-echelon SC network involving multiple suppliers, multiple parallel manufacturing plants, multiple subcontractors and several customers. An originality of the work is to combine an analytical model allowing to build feasible scenarios and a multi-criteria approach for assessing these scenarios. The literature has mainly addressed the problem through cost or profit-based optimisation and seldom considers more qualitative yet important criteria linked to risk, like trust in the supplier, flexibility or resilience. Unlike the traditional approaches, we present a method evaluating each possible supply scenario through performance-based and risk-based decision criteria, involving both qualitative and quantitative factors, in order to clearly separate the performance of a scenario and the risk taken if it is adopted. Since the decision-maker often cannot provide crisp values for some critical data, fuzzy sets theory is suggested in order to model vague information based on subjective expertise. Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution is used to determine both the performance and risk measures correlated to each possible tactical plan. The applicability and tractability of the proposed approach is shown on an illustrative example and a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the influence of criteria weights on the selection of the procurement–production plan.     

A multi-agent architecture for multi-product supplier selection in consideration of the synergy between products

Supplier selection is an important task in purchasing. The performance of a supply chain depends on the selection of the right suppliers to provide the right materials or services at the right price and right time. Most of the research on supplier evaluation and selection assumes that products are procured independently. However, in reality, it is common for a purchasing company to procure a bundle of products together. In this regard, synergy could exist between products and hence affect the final choice of suppliers. It is therefore necessary for the purchasing company to incorporate the synergy between products in supplier selection. This paper presents a multi-agent system (MAS) architecture for multi-product supplier selection in consideration of the synergy between products. A three-phase supplier selection model is proposed to support multi-product procurement in consideration of the synergy between products. The three phases are, namely, product synergy determination phase, supplier pre-selection phase and negotiation-based final selection phase. The MAS is equipped with various types of autonomous function agents and different agent interaction protocols to effect the functioning of this three-phase multi-product supplier selection model.     

Selection of materials using compromise ranking and outranking methods

Selection of proper materials for different components is one of the most challenging tasks in the design and development of products for diverse engineering applications. Materials play a crucial and important role during the entire design and manufacturing process. Wrong selection of material often leads to huge cost involvement and ultimately drives towards premature component or product failure. So the designers need to identify and select proper materials with specific functionalities in order to obtain the desired output with minimum cost involvement and specific applicability. This paper attempts to solve the materials selection problem using two most potential multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches and compares their relative performance for a given material selection application. The first MCDM approach is ‘Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje’ (VIKOR), a compromise ranking method and the other one is ‘ELimination and Et Choice Translating REality’ (ELECTRE), an outranking method. These two methods are used to rank the alternative materials, for which several requirements are considered simultaneously. Two examples are cited in order to demonstrate and validate the effectiveness and flexibility of these two MCDM approaches. In each example, a list of all the possible choices from the best to the worst suitable materials is obtained taking into account different material selection criteria. The rankings of the selected materials almost corroborate with those as obtained by the past researchers.     

A fuzzy AHP evaluation model for buyer–supplier relationships with the consideration of benefits,opportunities, costs and risks

With increasingly fierce global competition, firms in various industries need to build a cooperative buyer–supplier relationship to survive and to acquire reasonable profit. Even though the literature on various types of collaboration between firms is abundant and the works on supplier selection models are numerous, the research that provides a mathematical model for the selection of the most appropriate form of buyer–supplier relationship is very limited. Existing buyer–supplier evaluation models usually only consider the benefits from the relationship, but not the opportunities, costs and risks that may need to be confronted. The main objective of this study is to propose an analytical approach to evaluate the forms of buyer–supplier relationship between a manufacturer and its supplier. A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model, which applies fuzzy set theory and the benefits, opportunities, costs and risks (BOCR) concept, is constructed to deal with uncertainty and to consider various aspects of alternatives. Multiple factors that affect the success of the relationship are analysed by incorporating experts’ opinions on their priority of importance, and a performance ranking of the buyer–supplier forms is obtained. A case study of selecting the most appropriate buyer–supplier form between a TFT-LCD manufacturer and its colour filter supplier is presented, and the proposed model is applied to facilitate the decision process. The proposed model is a general form that can be tailored and applied by firms that are making decisions on buyer–supplier relationship.     

Fuzzy estimation for manufacturing flexibility

This paper extends the definition of manufacturing flexibility by identifying new elements and developing a new way to model these elements as fuzzy and/or crisp numbers. Then the manufacturing flexibility of the system is aggregated by both crisp and fuzzy flexibility elements with different important weights. Numerical examples are provided to analyse the limitation of previous approaches and illustrate the proposed model.     

Design of an integrated supplier selection and multi-echelon distribution inventory model in a built-to-order supply chain environment

The paper deals with the development of an integrated supplier selection and multi-echelon distribution inventory model (MEDIM) for the original equipment manufacturing company in a built-to-order supply chain environment using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and a genetic algorithm. The main objective is to design the integrated qualitative decision-making of the supplier selection model using FAHP with that of the quantitative mathematical model for the distribution inventory supply chain using a genetic algorithm to the built-to-order environment. The proposed model is validated by considering the case study in a tyre industry in Southern India. The software used for programming is C++ language.     

基于犹豫模糊语言术语的供应商多准则群决策研究

针对全球价值链环境下供应商科学决策问题,提出基于不确定语言术语的多准则群决策模型。首先分别提取专家的偏好信息,将偏好信息转化为犹豫模糊语言术语,引入不确定语言变量进行词计算;其次,运用包络算子融合专家的偏好信息形成犹豫模糊语言术语集,设计集成准则权重的相对贴近度进行产品供应商排序,确定最满意供应商;此外,引入信息熵求解决策过程无先验知识的多准则权重;计算结果表明：3种信息熵参数条件下最满意汽车零部件供应商选择结果完全一致,基于相对贴近度值的供应商优劣排序结果相对于信息熵参数变化不敏感;验证了所提模型可行性、有效性和稳定性,为汽车零部件供应商的实际评价与选择提供有益借鉴。     

一个实用的供应商选择模型

研究可获得的指标权重信息仅为指标相对重要性排序的供应商选择问题.首先,构建线性规划模型以确定供应商综合评价值的取值范围;其次,通过简单的变量变换,并根据线性规划的对偶理论得到了模型最优解的显式表达式;最后,利用区间数的排序公式,由综合评价值的区间范围得到各供应商的排序权重.实例分析表明了模型的可行性和有效性.