等向应力条件下原状Q_3黄土的渗气特性研究

用改装的三轴渗气仪,在不同等向应力条件下对不同含水率的原状Q_3黄土进行渗气试验,分析了含水率、体积含气率及应力对渗气系数的影响,提出了直接及间接地反映含水率与应力变化对渗气系数影响的3种类型渗气函数。研究结果表明:应力对渗气系数与含水率及体积含气率关系皆有明显的影响,增湿时含水率及体积含气率对渗气系数的影响比减湿时稍大;应力变化(含水率不变)和含水率变化(应力不变)时渗气系数与体积含气率的关系不同。不同应力条件下相对渗气系数与相对体积含气率关系,渗气系数与修正体积含气率关系皆可分别用唯一的幂函数描述;不同含水率下渗气系数与规格化应力关系皆可用指数函数描述,且仅一个参数随含水率而变化。用3种类型的渗气函数皆可较好预测含水率及应力变化时的渗气系数,而其中无需引入力水耦合作用引起孔隙比变化的指数型渗气函数更便于工程应用。     

膨润土–砂混合型缓冲/回填材料渗气规律试验研究

为研究高庙子膨润土–砂混合型缓冲/回填材料的渗气规律,利用改进的三轴渗气试验装置,对不同掺砂率、干密度和含水率的混合物试样进行一系列试验研究。结果表明:在试验研究的条件范围内,膨润土–砂混合物(含纯膨润土)的渗气系数为3.9×10-4~2.1×10-2 cm/s;膨润土–砂混合物的渗气规律遵循Darcy定律,但较高的气压力梯度对渗气系数值存在一定的影响;掺砂率、干密度和含水率均对混合物的渗气性质有影响,混合物的渗气系数随掺砂率增加呈指数形式增加,随干密度和含水率增加呈指数形式降低;在试验研究范围内建立了考虑不同条件下的混合物渗气系数的公式,与试验结果吻合较好。得到的一系列试验数据能为我国高放废物地质处置库的建设提供科学依据。     

高庙子膨润土膨胀力时效性试验研究

针对高庙子膨润土在不同含水率和不同干密度条件下膨胀力时效性进行了试验研究。首先采用静力压实法将3种不同含水率的高庙子膨润土粉末压实为两种不同密实状态的试样,随后在保持压实试样的体积和含水率不变的条件下,分别静置0,1,7,15,30和90 d,最后采用膨胀仪对完成静置试样的膨胀力进行量测;同时结合静置过程,完成了部分试样的扫描电镜（SEM）试验。试验结果表明：高庙子膨润土的膨胀力随静置时间的增长不断减小,且前期减小明显,后期逐渐趋于稳定;膨胀力的时效性与试样初始条件有关,试样含水率和干密度越大,膨胀力随静置时间的衰减越明显,即时效性越强。SEM试验结果表明,静置90 d后,高庙子膨润土内的蒙脱石发生了水化,集合体分解,颗粒相互黏结,微观孔隙结构趋于均质化,呈现点阵式的絮状结构;试样静置过程中不同微观结构层次之间的水分重分布导致的蒙脱石水化是高庙子膨润土静置过程中膨胀力降低的主要内在原因。     

高压实高庙子膨润土的热传导性能

采用基于热探针法的热传导仪,研究了作为我国高放废物深地质处置首选缓冲/回填材料的内蒙古高庙子钠基膨润土和膨润土–石英砂混合材料的热传导特性,探讨了含砂量、干密度和含水率等因素影响,并运用多种热传导模型进行了预测对比分析。结果表明:高压实高庙子膨润土及膨润土–混合物的热传导系数均随干密度和含水率的增大而增大;在不同的干密度条件下,混合物的热传导系数均随含砂量的增加而增大,且干密度越大,热传导系数随含砂量的增加越明显;含水率不为零时,膨润土–砂混合物的热传导系数随含砂量的增加而增大;烘干试样(含水率为零)在石英含砂量为0～30%的范围内,混合物中石英砂的比例越大,热传导系数越高,石英砂比例为50%时,热传导系数有所下降。Kahr方程能较好地预测高庙子膨润土的热传导系数;Fricke方程预测的高庙子膨润土–砂混合物热传导系数与实测值拟合较好,可用于高庙子膨润土–砂混合物热传导系数的预测。     

混合型缓冲回填材料压实性能研究

 根据国外高放废物地质处置领域缓冲回填材料研发趋势,提出我国混合型缓冲回填材料开发新构想,即在纯膨润土中添加一定量的石英砂,期望在不显著降低渗透性能的前提下明显改善其热传导性能和力学强度。选取内蒙古高庙子膨润土(GMZ001膨润土)为主料,添加0%～50%含量的石英砂,采用标准击实试验和重型击实试验,研究混合土的动力压实特性;采用专门设计的压实模具,研究混合土在20和50 MPa压力下的静力压实特性。研究结果表明,不同掺砂率的膨润土–砂混合物,最大干密度与最优含水率存在统一的幂函数关系,而与压实方法及压实能大小无关。对于不同的压实方法及压实能大小,最优含水率与掺砂率之间存在线性关系。利用这些关系,就可以针对特定的压实目标选择适宜的压实方法。研究表明,高庙子膨润土掺加10%～30%的石英砂有助于改善压实质量,预计防渗性能也不会降低。     

压实膨润土膨胀应变时效性试验及模型研究

本文对高庙子膨润土试样竖向膨胀应变时效性进行了试验和理论研究。首先,3种不同含水率的高庙子膨润土粉末被压实到2种不同干密度,然后保持试样含水率不变分别静置0、1、7、15、30和90天,最后利用膨胀变形仪对静置完成后的试样的水化膨胀变形进行了测量,试验结果表明:试样的水化膨胀曲线呈双曲线型,水化初期膨胀明显,之后逐渐稳定;竖向膨胀应变随初始干密度的增加而增大,与初始含水率关系不明显;最大竖向膨胀应变随静置时间的增长不断衰减,且静置前期衰减明显,后期趋于稳定;基于试验成果,通过类比,建立了压实膨润土的膨胀应变时效性经验模型,拟合结果表明该模型能够较好地反映静置时间对高庙子膨润土膨胀应变的影响。     

高庙子膨润土热膨胀特性试验研究

采用DIL806热膨胀仪,通过室内试验系统研究了不同影响因素对高庙子压实膨润土样品热膨胀性能的影响,获得了膨润土样品热膨胀系数随干密度、升温速率、含水率和环境气氛等条件的变化规律.试验结果表明:膨润土样品的热膨胀系数随着干密度的增大而增大;样品热膨胀系数随初始含水率的升高而降低;高含水率的膨润土样品,其热膨胀系数随升温...     

侧限状态下高压实高庙子膨润土非饱和渗透性的试验研究

高放废弃物深地质处置库中,由高压实膨润土形成的人工屏障,起着阻障围岩中地下水渗入内库并引起核素迁移以及库内高放废物的辐射扩散的作用。因此,有必要研究侧限状态下高压实膨润土的非饱和渗透性能。采用瞬时截面法试验研究了侧限状态下高压实高庙子膨润土的非饱和渗透特性。结果表明:侧限状态下,干密度为1.7g/cm3的高压实高庙子膨润土的非饱和渗透系数,数值为1.13×10-13～8.41×10-15m/s,且与土中吸力呈非单一增减关系。当土中吸力约为68MPa时,非饱和渗透系数最小;吸力大于68MPa时,其非饱和渗透系数随着吸力的增加而增加;而当吸力小于68MPa时,非饱和渗透系数随着土中吸力的增加而减小。     

高庙子膨润土微观结构时效性试验研究

针对高庙子膨润土在不同含水率和不同干密度条件下的微观孔隙结构时效性进行了试验研究。首先采用静力压实法将3种不同含水率条件下的高庙子膨润土粉末压实到2种不同密实状态,压实结束后保持试样体积和含水率不变分别静置1,30,90d,然后分别采用压汞仪法和扫描电镜法对静置不同时间后试样的微观孔隙结构进行量测。试验结果表明,高庙子膨润土集合体间大孔隙随静置时间增加逐渐减少,而集合体内孔隙和小于压汞仪最小探测粒径的极小孔隙逐渐增多;随着静置时间的延续,膨润土微观孔隙结构趋于均匀化。产生上述现象的主要原因是：试样静置过程中,为达到吸力平衡,试样各微观孔隙结构中水分子重分布,导致层叠体内水分子层数增多,蒙脱石水化;随着水化的进行,层叠体晶层间水分子层数逐渐增多,同时厚的层叠体逐渐裂开成薄的层叠体,导致集合体内小孔隙增多;在体积不变条件下,集合体间大孔隙不断被挤压填充,孔隙体积逐渐减少。     

高压实膨润土水分特征曲线的测定

本文介绍了在极高吸力工况下，介质吸力与含水率关系的测定工作，由于传统的测量方法此时的不适用性，本文研究采用保持密闭空间定湿度的饱和盐溶液方法，进行了高压实膨润土吸力－含水率关系的测定，测量结果显示，对于高压实膨润土，给定吸力情况下的最终含水率与试样初始干密度及初始含水率无关，这个结果对于研究非饱和状态下水分迁移有极其重要的意义。     

不同含水饱和度低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应研究

低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应的研究是油气开采与存储领域十分重要的内容,但目前关于低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应的研究大多是在气体单相流下进行的,对于气–液两相流时,液体对气体滑脱效应的影响,所做的研究不足。因此,利用研发的低渗透岩石惰性气体渗透性测试系统,对含水饱和度为0~70%的低渗透砂岩,进行了不同含水饱和度的低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应及有效渗透率变化规律的研究,试验结果表明:(1)二次公式k_g=k_∞(1+b/q-a/p~2)可以较为准确的解释低渗透岩石的气体滑脱效应,准确性明显高于Klinkenberg公式。(2)含水饱和度对低渗透岩石的气体滑脱效应有明显影响,气体滑脱效应随着含水饱和度增大而减少,在含水饱和度超过50%时,气体滑脱效应几乎完全被限制。(3)由于水的作用,含水的低渗透岩石随着围压增大,气体滑脱效应减少,这与克氏理论的结论相反。(4)含水饱和度对低渗透岩石的有效渗透率影响显著,随含水饱和度的增大有效渗透率减少,且围压越大,低渗透岩石的有效渗透率对含水饱和度变化越敏感。(5)低渗透岩石的有效渗透率与含水饱和度符合幂函数关系,即k_∞=k_0(1-S_w)~c。     

高温对混凝土孔隙率及渗透性影响的试验研究

简要评述了混凝土耐久性与孔隙率及渗透性的关系.通过采用纯酒精测试混凝土孔隙率;透氩气性能测试混凝土渗透性,并用Klinkenberg效应进行校正,试验研究了混凝土加热前后孔隙率及渗透性的变化.结果表明,混凝土受高温后,:孔隙率及渗透性明显增大,从而可证明其耐久性降低.     

不同渗透压力下盐岩的渗透率测试研究

地下盐腔被广泛应用于核废料地下处置、石油天然气地下储存和二氧化碳封存,由于盐岩的低渗透性,目前很难通过试验获得其渗透率。通过稳态法对3种不同成分盐岩进行渗透特性试验研究,获得盐岩的渗透参数,并对拟压力法和考虑克氏效应的2种渗透率计算方法的结果进行对比研究。结果表明：(1) 盐岩的渗透率与孔隙度极低,孔隙度为0.3%～3.0%,纯盐岩渗透为10－20 m2左右,而含杂质盐岩渗透率更低,为10－20～10－21 m2;(2) 对盐岩的气测渗透率进行测试,进气压力为1～5 MPa时,Klinkenberg 效应影响明显,当渗透力超过5 MPa后,岩体在渗透力作用下会产生损伤,渗透率升高;(3) 通过对比,考虑Klinkenberg效应的方法较拟压力法在盐岩渗透率计算中更为理想。     

Analysis of coupled gas flow and deformation process with desorption and Klinkenberg effects in coal seams

Coupled gas flow and solid deformation in porous media has received considerable attention because of its importance in pneumatic test analysis, contaminant transport, and gas outbursts during coal mining. Gas flow in porous media is quite different from liquid flow due to the large gas compressibility and pressure-dependent effective permeability. The dependence of gas pressure and gas desorption on gas permeability has a significant effect on gas flow, but has been ignored in most previous studies. Moreover, solid deformation has a direct impact on the porosity, which also leads to desorption or sorption of methane in the coal seam. In this study, a coupled mathematical model for solid deformation and gas flow is proposed and is implemented using a finite element method. The numerical code is used to solve the gas flow equation with Klinkenberg effect, and is validated by comparison with available analytical solutions. Then, it is used to simulate the coupled process during gas migration in a deformable coal seam. The numerical results indicate that the desorption and Klinkenberg effects and mechanical process effect make a significant contribution to gas flow in the coal seam. Without considering the desorption and Klinkenberg effects and the coupling action of mechanical process, the gas pressure in the coal seam would be underestimated.     

Comparison of Klinkenberg-corrected gas permeability and water permeability in sedimentary rocks

We measured intrinsic permeability of sedimentary rocks from the western foothills of Taiwan by using nitrogen gas and distilled water as pore fluids in effective-pressure cycling tests at room temperature. The observed difference in gas and water permeabilities was analyzed in view of the Klinkenberg effect. This effect is due to the slip flow of gases at pore walls, which enhances gas flow when pore sizes are very small. Our experimental results showed that (1) gas permeability was larger than water permeability by several times to one order of magnitude, (2) gas permeability increased with increasing pore pressure, and (3) water permeability increased slightly as the pore-pressure gradient across the specimen increased. Results (1) and (2) can be explained quantitatively by an empirical power law in relation to the Klinkenberg constant b that is applicable in low permeable range. This correlation enables us to estimate water permeability from gas permeability. The Klinkenberg effect is important when permeability is lower than 10^?18 m² and at low pore-pressure differentials, and correction for the effect is essential to estimate water permeability from gas permeability measurement data. A simplified Bingham flow model for water can partially explain the trend of result (3), although non-Darcy flow behavior or inertial forces of water–rock interaction are needed to account for the observed deviation from Darcy's law.     

Research on anisotropic permeability and porosity of columnar jointed rock masses during cyclic loading and unloading based on physical model experiments

In this paper, the permeability and porosity of self-prepared artificial columnar jointed rock masses (CJRM) with different columnar dip angles under different pore pressures during cyclic loading-unloading of confining pressure were measured. The experimental results indicate that the gas permeability of the artificial CJRM gradually decreases with the rise of pore pressure due to the existence of Klinkenberg effect, and Klinkenberg effect gradually decreases with the rise of columnar dip angle. The existence of it improves significantly the intrinsic permeability. Besides, the intrinsic permeability and porosity of artificial CJRM are more sensitive to the first loading than that of the intact cement mortar specimen. The permanent deformation of pores in the specimens mainly appears in the first cycle, and the subsequent cycles have smaller effects on the intrinsic permeability and porosity. The permanent deformation results in the intrinsic permeability, and porosity in the loading process is always higher than those in the unloading process. The intrinsic permeability gradually increases with the growth of columnar dip angle, exhibiting obvious permeability anisotropy. Under high confining pressure, the permeability anisotropy of artificial CJRM is less than that under low confining pressure. Meanwhile, under the same confining pressure, during the repeated loading-unloading cycles, the permeability anisotropy decreases gradually. The existence of a representative element volume (REV) for CJRM is verified; thus, the equivalent continuum media model can be utilized to analyse the seepage characteristics of CJRM.

     

低渗透突出煤的瓦斯渗流规律研究

 为了解低渗透突出煤体的瓦斯渗流规律,利用自行研制的煤岩体三轴渗透仪,在不同轴压和围压条件下,对以南桐矿区矿井低渗透突出煤层的原煤而制备的试样采用稳态渗流法进行瓦斯渗流试验;比较传统的渗透率计算方法与考虑瓦斯渗流的Klinkenberg效应的渗透率拟合方法在低渗透煤体渗流试验数据处理中的差异。研究结果表明：(1) 低渗透煤体中的瓦斯渗流具有显著的Klinkenberg效应;(2) 对于低渗透煤体,Klinkenberg系数b值与煤体的绝对渗透率呈显著的幂函数关系,而煤体的绝对渗透率与体积应力呈显著的二次多项式函数关系;(3) Klinkenberg系数b值随着煤体绝对渗透率的降低而逐渐增大,煤体的绝对渗透率随着煤体体积应力的增大而逐渐降低;(4) 采用考虑瓦斯渗流的Klinkenberg效应的渗透率拟合方法处理试验数据所得到的结果更为合理;(5) 试验得到的煤体渗透率表达式反映了瓦斯压力和应力对瓦斯渗流的共同作用,能很好地模拟低渗透煤层的瓦斯渗流。     

多场耦合作用下页岩渗透特性实验研究

页岩气开采过程,其储层页岩渗透率受多重因素的影响。采用自主研发的多场耦合作用下不同相态CO₂致裂驱替CH₄实验装置,实验研究了有效应力、孔隙压力、温度以及吸附膨胀效应等因素对裂隙页岩体与型岩渗透特性的影响。结果表明:(1)页岩渗透率随有效应力增加呈负指数关系减小,且型岩对于有效应力变化具有更强的敏感性;(2)在相同应力状态下,由于吸附引起的差异性膨胀效应会降低页岩渗透率,不同气体作用下测得的页岩渗透率表现为He＞N₂＞CO₂。(3)两种页岩中渗透率随孔隙压力变化规律具有差异性。SC-CO₂致裂页岩在低压条件下Klingkenberg效应不明显,渗透率随平均孔隙压力的增大而增大,型岩在低压阶段由于Klingkenberg效应对渗透率变化起主导作用,随着孔隙压力增加,其渗透率降低,在达到极小值后,随着孔隙压力的增加,Klingkenberg效应减弱,有效应力起主导作用,渗透率随孔隙压力增加而增加;(4)温度作用通过改变页岩的孔隙结构、力学性质等控制页岩渗透率的变化,随着温度增加,页岩渗透率降低。因此,在页岩气开采过程以及CO₂强化页岩气开采过程需要考虑多因素耦合作用对页岩渗透率的影响。     

Variations de la porosité et de la perméabilité le long d'un sondage géothermique. Relation avec la teneur en argiles

The petrophysical characteristics (porosity, gas and water permeability) and the salt and clay content of samples from a geothermal bore-hole have been studied. The gas permeability, the porosity and the mean size of the pores strongly decrease with increasing clay content. For a given sample, the water permeability has been continuously measured as a function of time. After an initial rapid drop, the permeability decreases more slowly and almost linearly as a function of time. The initial decrease is related to the motion of unconsolidated solid particules and to the physisorption of water on clays. The further linear decrease is attributed to a slow precipitation of silica-gel.     

Determination of the main hydraulic and poro-elastic properties of a limestone from Bourgogne, France

This study is a part of a large experimental program intended to characterise the effects of increasing temperature upon the hydraulic and poro-mechanical behaviour of a limestone from Anstrude, France. Methods of measurement as well as experimental devices, designed by our laboratory, are presented and commented on. Permeability values, measured on six different samples, either with gas or ethanol, clearly show that the results obtained with the two fluids are virtually identical as soon as the gas measurements are corrected for the Klinkenberg effect. As the permeability is not very sensitive to confining pressure variation, it can be assumed that the intact rock is slightly cracked. This is confirmed with microscopic observations as well as poro-elastic property measurements. Concerning the latter, various ways of obtaining their values are presented and compared. They include drained and undrained bulk modulus, Biot and Skempton coefficients and Biot modulus; the consistency between these parameters is finally highlighted and demonstrates that the classical theory of poro-elasticity hold very well for such a rock, which is almost monomineralic with quite a high porosity.