基于供应链整体利益最大化的企业订货策略研究

经典的经济订货模型(EOQ)仅仅从买方的角度来考虑订货过程中的成本最小化问题。本文从企业和供应商这一供应链系统的整体利益角度,综合考虑了双方在订货中的储存和订货等费用来研究最优订货策略;在订货实务中,还对供应链整体的单位存储费用进行了变通处理。通过订货实例,分析了这种订货策略对买卖双方以及整体利益的影响。     

Calculating the benefits of vendor managed inventory in a manufacturer-retailer system

Firms such as Wal-Mart and Campbell's Soup have successfully implemented vendor managed inventory (VMI). Articles in the trade press and academic literature often begin with the premise that VMI is ‘beneficial’; but beneficial to which party and under what conditions? We consider in this paper a vendor V that manufactures a particular product at a unique location. That item is sold to a single retailer, the customer C. Three cases are treated in detail: independent decision making (no agreement between the parties); VMI, whereby the supplier V initiates orders on behalf of C; and central decision making (both vendor and customer are controlled by the same corporate entity). Values of some cost parameters may vary between the three cases and each case may cause a different actor to be responsible for particular expenses. Under a constant demand rate, optimal solutions are obtained analytically for the customer's order quantity, the vendor's production quantity, hence the parties’ individual and total costs in the three cases. Inequalities are obtained to delineate those situations in which VMI is beneficial.     

The effect of human factors on the performance of a two level supply chain

Many studies have addressed the issue of coordination in a supply chain. Coordinating mechanisms such as joint lot sizing models, quantity discounts and delay in payments have been used to achieve coordination in a supply chain. An important omission in this literature is the role of human factors, in particular inspection errors and learning, as a tool to improve coordination in a supply chain. In this paper, two coordination mechanisms found in the literature are integrated into a model for a two-level supply chain in which the incoming quality level of raw materials provided to a vendor by a set of suppliers is not perfect. The model addresses supply chain coordination by specifically investigating the role of different human factors on the total cost of the supply chain. These factors are: (a) type I and type II inspection errors; (b) learning in the production process; and (c) learning in quality at the suppliers’ end. Numerical examples are used to compare the costs of the three extensions with the base model (with no defectives).     

The impact of supply chain disruption on the closed-loop supply chain configuration profit: a study of sourcing policies

A closed-loop supply chain configuration (CLSCC) encompasses the decisions related to the optimal selection of options at each stage of a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) for the introduction and reconstruction of new products. The extant literature ignores the impact of supply chain disruptions on CLSCC. An attempt is made to fill this gap in this study. Thus, an integrated multi-sourcing CLSCC optimisation model for new and reconstructed products is developed. The optimisation model presented is a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model. Based on a real-world case study of an auto-parts manufacturer in India presented, a comprehensive set of computational experiments, scenario analyses are conducted. The key finding/observation that resulted from our computational experiments is that multi-sourcing generates higher net present value of total profit compared to single sourcing under the risk of supply chain disruption. Several other observations and managerial insights are drawn from computational experiments, and scenario analyses. Firms interested in configuring their CLSC under the risk of supply chain disruption may use the study's outcomes to understand the profit impact of various CLSCC parameters, individually and in combination.     

Study of supply-chain management in the automotive industry: a bibliometric analysis

The economic and social importance of the?automotive industry explains the need for researching improved ways of?organising and?managing the diverse processes involved in the production of?motor vehicles. Furthermore, the management of supply chains and inter-organisational?relations has acquired strategic significance in recent years and has become a?key area of research. At the interface?between these two fields, this paper adopts a bibliometric viewpoint to analyse the scholarly literature that has addressed?the study of?supply chains within the specific sphere of the automotive?industry. To do so, it has examined the 404 papers on this topic indexed?through to 2011 in the Business Source Complete database. This has allowed?identifying trends and opportunities related to the what, how and where of research into this matter.     

Determinants of mobile supply chain management system diffusion: a structural equation analysis of manufacturing firms

Mobile supply chain management (SCM) is gaining recognition as a major source of cost reduction and supply chain performance improvement. The current literature related to mobile SCM needs to be extended further in order to provide insights into how manufacturing firms can implement mobile SCM successfully. Specifically, there is a need to provide empirical and systematic analysis of the variables that can explain the various stages of mobile SCM diffusion. A review of recent literature suggests that existing e-supply chain technology adoption literature is not strongly grounded in theory. A theoretical model with six hypotheses was proposed based on the technology–organisation–environment (TOE) framework and innovation diffusion theory (IDT). This study draws its survey responses from a group of manufacturing firms in order to investigate the factors that affect the diffusion of mobile SCM. The results show that the variables derived from TOE and IDT can explain mobile SCM diffusion well. However, interorganisational relationships (IORs) play a crucial role in determining the success of mobile SCM routinisation. This is one of the first known empirical studies on the factors influencing the diffusion of mobile SCM. The results of this study will help decision makers better understand the implementation process of mobile SCM and formulate strategies for successful diffusion of mobile SCM.     

Integrated model for the batch sequencing problem in a multi-stage supply chain: an artificial immune system based approach

In this paper a mathematical model for the batch sequencing problem in a multistage supply chain is developed by taking into account three practically important objectives, viz. minimization of lead time, blocking time and due date violation. Attribute dependent operation time, sequence dependent setup time, different due dates, different lot sizes for batches and variable time losses due to interaction among several stages like waiting, idling, and blocking are also considered in the model. The problem is combinatorial in nature and complete enumeration of all its possibilities is computationally prohibitive. Therefore, a metaheuristic, artificial immune system (AIS) is employed to find an optimal/near optimal solution. In order to test the efficacy of AIS in solving the problem, its implementation on four different problems has been studied. Further, the comparative analysis of the results obtained by implementing AIS, genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) on the proposed model reveals that AIS outperforms GA and SA in solving the underlying problem.     

An integrated decision support system for strategic supply chain optimisation in process industries: the case of a zinc company

We introduce a menu-driven user-friendly decision support system (DSS) for supply chain planning based on optimisation. The DSS is based on a multi-source (supplier), multi-destination (warehouse) network having multiple manufacturing facilities, with multiple materials and multiple storage areas. This integrated supply chain model performs multiple period planning. The use of this DSS requires little knowledge of management sciences tools. We discuss the need for an integrated approach towards supply chain modelling for the process industry. We present the integrated model in the form of a database structure. We validate the model with the real data of a zinc company and demonstrate the impact of optimisation in terms of percentage improvement. The result shows that it is possible to improve unit contribution to profit from 1.89 to 4.66%.     

An empirical study on the impact of critical success factors on the balanced scorecard performance in Korean green supply chain management enterprises

Rapid industrial modernisation and economic reform have been features of the Korean economy since the 1990s, and have brought with it substantial environmental problems. In response to these problems, the Korean government has been developing approaches to promote cleaner production technologies. Green supply chain management (GSCM) is emerging to be an important approach for Korean enterprises to improve performance. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of GSCM CSFs (critical success factors) on the BSC (balanced scorecard) performance by the structural equation modelling, using empirical results from 249 enterprise respondents involved in national GSCM business in Korea. Planning and implementation was a dominant antecedent factor in this study, followed by collaboration with partners and integration of infrastructure. However, activation of support was a negative impact to the finance performance, raising the costs and burdens. It was found out that there were important implications in the implementation of GSCM.     

An identification method of mechanical properties of materials based on the full‐field measurement method based on the fringe pattern

With the development of image processing technology, optical methods based on fringe patterns, for example, the grid method, electronic speckle pattern interferometry, moiré techniques (including moiré interferometry and digital moiré), and coherent gradient sensing, have become useful techniques for measuring the full‐field deformation of materials and structures. An important application of these techniques is to offer deformation fields for extracting constitutive parameters in the inverse methods. In this paper, we proposed a novel inversion method based on fringe patterns (IMFP), which can be used to identify constitutive model parameters by comparing simulated fringe patterns obtained using the finite element method with experimentally measured fringe patterns. The feasibility and identification accuracy of IMFP were evaluated through numerical experiments, and an additional series of numerical tests were conducted to analyse the noise immunity of IMFP and its sensitivity to the number of constitutive model parameters. Finally, IMFP was applied in the identification of the mechanical parameters of selective laser melting three‐dimensional printed stainless steel.     

Implementation of a physics‐based general elastic imperfect interface model in the XFEM and LSM context

When reinforcement particles of composites are imperfectly bonded to the matrix media, the interfacial effect may significantly change the physical fields and the material overall moduli. In this paper, we first recall a physics‐based general isotropic interface model of our companion paper to describe such effects. This model is characterized by both the displacement and normal traction discontinuities across an interface and includes the spring‐layer interface model and the coherent interface model as particular cases. The strong and weak governing formulations of composites with arbitrarily shaped imperfect interfaces are provided, and a computational approach is developed in the extended finite element method and level set method context to capture the interfacial discontinuities. To examine the performance and validity of the computational approach, the analytical solution of our previous work is used as a benchmark and several bulk and interface material combinations are considered. It is observed that the slowest convergence rate of our approach is no less than 1.45 for all investigated cases, and that both the predicted displacements and normal tractions are in excellent agreement with the analytic solutions. Finally, the influences of material compositions and periodic boundary conditions are evaluated numerically and discussed with a heterogeneous material containing multiple particles.     

Research on the supplier selection of a supply chain based on entropy weight and improved ELECTRE-III method

On the background of economic globalisation, market competition is no longer the competition between enterprises, but it is the competition between supply chains. Supplier selection is the basis of supply chain cooperation, and is also the key factor to improve the competitive power of a supply chain. A novel method, which combines entropy weight and an improved ELECTRE-III method, is proposed to deal with supplier selection of supply chains. The research states at home and abroad are firstly analysed, and on the foundation of the relative literature, the indicator systems are constructed and the corresponding objective weight of each indicator based on entropy is calculated. Then the threshold is confirmed and the harmoniousness index and the unharmoniousness index are calculated. Next, the outranking relation is calculated and evaluated. Last, the suppliers are ranked based on the net advantage value of each project. Finally, the case analysis proves that the process of this method is clear and the application of it is convenient.     

Evaluation of the logistic model of the reconfigurable manufacturing system based on generalised stochastic Petri nets

To reveal the influence on system performance by the logistic model of reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS), the generalised stochastic Petri nets (GSPN) modular modelling approach is presented in this paper. It is based upon the characteristics of a bottleneck service. According to this approach, the bottleneck service in the production process is found first. By corresponding different resources in the service to different modules of the GSPN, the module is reconfigured. The analysis of the model using the Markov chain is hereby presented, as is the average utilisation factor of RMS. Following this, the production capacity of different products and the average productivity of reconfigurable manufacturing cells (RMCs) are discussed.     

An axisymmetric heat conduction model for a multi-material cylindrical system with application to analysis of carbon nanotube based composites

A model for axisymmetric steady-state heat conduction in a multi-material cylindrical system containing a thermal superconductor is presented. An analytical solution in terms of series involving Bessel functions is derived for the temperature distribution in the multi-material system. The model may be applied to analyze the thermal behaviors of carbon nanotube based composites. Some results are obtained for specific cases of the multi-material system.     

A new analytical model on predicting the elastic properties of 3D full five-directional braided composites based on a multiunit cell model

A new analytical model based on a multiunit cell model is proposed to predict the elastic properties of 3D full five-directional braided composites (F5DBC). The stiffness-volume averaging method is applied to predict the elastic properties of unit cell models in meso-scale and specimens in global-scale by using the multi-scale modeling procedures. The contribution of all unit cells to the elastic properties of specimen is considered in the analytical model. The predicted elastic properties are in good agreement with the available experimental data, demonstrating the applicability of the model. Also, the effects of the braiding angle and the fiber volume fraction on the elastic properties are discussed in detail. The elastic constants of each unit cell are analyzed and the effect of the number of yarn carriers on the mechanical properties is also investigated. Results indicate that it is convenient to apply the present analytical model to predict the elastic properties of 3D F5DBC due to high computational efficiency.     

A quantitative study of the morphology of montmorillonite filled thermosets based on a tailor made homogenisation model

Thermoset/montmorillonite nanocomposites were fabricated and their elastic modulus was measured using experimental modal analysis. The morphology of the nanocomposite was considered as a distribution of several components: exfoliated clay platelets, intercalated clay layers, primary particles and clay agglomerates. A novel homogenisation model, which involves a five-phase sequence based on the Halpin–Tsai equations, was developed to calculate the elastic modulus of the nanocomposites. This model was then used to quantify the morphology of the nanocomposites by back calculating the exfoliation, intercalation and agglomeration fractions from the measured values of the elastic modulus. Additionally, this approach led to quantify the efficiency of the fabrication process, which proved to be optimal for 2.5% clay content.     

An analysis of the specific heat capacity of liquid Au-Sn alloy based on the ideal-associated solution model

The specific heat capacity of Au Sn liquid alloy was analyzed using the ideal associated solution model assuming associated compounds Au,Sn, AuSn, and AuSn₂. Based on this model, all of the specific heat capacity. heat of mixing and activity are described over a wide temperature range, Further, it became clear that (he summation of mole numbers of the species in the liquid alloy shows a minium at the stoichiometric composition of Au₃Sn, which implies that the liquid is the most ordered at this composition,Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties. June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

基于杆系模型的磁流变阻尼结构弹塑性动力反应分析

磁流变阻尼器(MRD)是一种性能优越的半主动控制装置。首先推导了设置有MRD框架结构中MRD的位置矩阵,然后将框架结构简化为杆系模型,用MATLAB编制了加入MRD的框架结构的弹塑性动力时程分析程序,分别计算并对比了框架结构在未控和有控下各层的位移、加速度响应和各杆端塑性铰分布情况。结果表明,设置MRD的框架结构各层位移和加速度响应显著减小,其中位移的减震效果优于加速度的减震效果,同时杆件屈服数量相应减少。     

基于社会力模型的人群-桥梁竖向动力耦合效应研究

针对越来越多的轻质柔性人行桥在随机人群荷载作用下的结构振动问题,为了能够获得更为真实、精细的振动响应,建立考虑人群-结构相互作用的随机人群荷载模型尤为重要。首先利用移动弹簧-质量-阻尼模型模拟单人的动力学行为,并基于社会力模型,建立人群的随机运动模型,进而建立考虑人群-结构耦合振动的随机人群荷载模型。根据任意时刻人行桥和随机人群动力平衡,建立随机人群-人行桥耦合振动的控制方程。利用状态空间法求解人行桥动力参数随随机人群运动的变化情况,利用振型分解法求解耦合振动控制方程,探讨考虑人群-结构耦合振动的随机人群荷载对人行桥模态以及振动响应的影响。分析结果表明耦合系统模态变化量随着人数增加而增加。行人随机性与人群-结构相互作用对轻质结构的竖向动力响应影响很大,故在计算轻质结构振动响应时不可忽略。相比于加速度峰值,均方根加速度能够弱化随机波动的干扰作用,因此也采用了1-s均方根加速度更合理地衡量了结构的振动响应。     

一种基于主成分分析的企业并购目标遴选综合评价模型探讨

在广泛调查研究的基础上,提出了并购目标企业的遴选综合评价指标体系,利用主成分法建立了综合评价模型,并结合实际案例进行了分析,结果证明了评价指标体系和遴选评价模型的可行性,并通过建模计算,对多个并购目标进行排序,为我国正处发展期的企业并购活动提供了一种可行的、便于辅助买方企业决策的并购目标遴选综合评价方法。