Firming of Cooked Sweet Potatoes as Affected by Alum Treatment

Sweet potato slices were cooked for 5 min in distilled water, alum (aluminum potassium sulfate), AICI₃ and several pH level buffer solutions. Slices preheated (60°C) in these solutions were boiled in water. The slices cooked at about pH 4 were firmest among those in the range pH 2-pH 12. Firmness was (greatest to least); preheated in alum > preheated in water > cooked in buffer (pH 3.5) >AICI₃ (pH 3.5) > alum (pH 3.5) > water. Preheating, Al³⁺ and acid prevented softening of slices. Acid-treated slices were firmer than Al³⁺ treated slices. Alum contains K⁺ and S0₄^-2, which accelerate solubilization of pectin, thus slices cooked in alum were softer than those in AICI₃. Scanning electron microscopy showed the middle lamella separated when cooked in water but not when cooked in other solutions.     

基于主成分分析法的熟化马铃薯品质评价

以‘紫花白’马铃薯为原料,研究汽蒸、水煮、微波、烘烤、Air-frying（无油）、Air-frying（加油）、油炸7 种熟化方式对其基本营养成分和核苷酸类鲜味物质、质构、色泽及感官品质的影响,并对其品质指标进行主成分分析。结果表明：汽蒸和微波可最大程度地降低马铃薯基本营养成分的损失;微波显著提升了马铃薯核苷酸类鲜味物质含量且含量最高;Air-frying（无油）显著影响马铃薯质构特性;Air-frying（加油）与油炸显著加深马铃薯色泽;水煮熟化后马铃薯感官评分最高;经主成分分析后,7 种熟化方式下马铃薯品质评价综合得分由大至小依次是：Air-frying（加油）＞微波＞油炸＞水煮＞烘烤＞汽蒸＞Air-frying（无油）。由此得出结论：汽蒸可作为马铃薯深加工前期熟化处理的较优选择;Air-frying（加油）可较好地保留其品质特性,微波可满足摄食低脂类食品消费者的需求。     

Cultivar, Specific Gravity and Location in Tuber Affect Puncture Force of Raw Potatoes

Three potato cultivars were sorted into specific gravity groups. Slices of raw potato were subjected to a puncture test at six sites in the cortex tissue and eight sites in the pith tissue. The cortex tissue generally showed 25-65% higher puncture force than the pith tissue. With exception of pith tissue in Monona cultivar, puncture force increased with increasing specific gravity in cortex and pith for raw potato. Dry matter content increased with increasing specific gravity. The cortex tissue had 3-6% higher dry matter than pith tissue.     

Structural Changes Related to Texture of Pre-Peeled Potatoes

Pre-peeled potatoes, treated with heated ascorbic/citric acid solutions to control browning, undergo firming and separation of superficial tissues that affect texture after mashing and slicing following cooking. Examination of superficial parenchyma cells in cooked potatoes by scanning and transmission electron microscopy indicated greater cell wall rigidity and middle lamella retention in samples treated with browning inhibitors than in untreated controls. Lumps in mashed potatoes prepared from treated samples showed similar characteristics. Treated samples sometimes displayed a discontinuity beneath the superficial tissue, corresponding to site of tissue separation during slicing. These observations are consistent with treatment-induced changes in cell wall and/or middle lamella pectins as the cause of such textural defects.     

食醋对烹调马铃薯中VC 稳定性的影响

研究马铃薯在水煮和煸炒条件下,食醋添加量对马铃薯VC 稳定性的影响。结果表明：在添加调味剂(lg食盐和0.3g 鸡精)水煮条件下,250g 马铃薯丝添加0.3g 食醋,可使VC 稳定性最佳;在添加调味剂(lg 食盐和0.3g 鸡精)煸炒条件下,250g 马铃薯丝的食醋添加量为3g 时,可使VC 稳定性最佳。     

热杀菌方式及储藏条件对熟制甘薯品质的影响

主要研究了热杀菌方式、包装与储藏条件对熟制甘薯品质的影响。以经烤箱熟制后的优质甘薯为原料,在不同的热杀菌方式、包装和储藏条件下,对其失重率、感官品质、老化程度和微生物繁殖状况等进行了研究。结果表明,厚度为0.12 mm的真空包装袋对熟制甘薯失重率影响较小,保水性能最佳;熟制甘薯在-18℃冻结储藏60 d时,细菌和霉菌计数仍未超标;在2～4℃冷却储藏9 d的熟制甘薯糊化度较低,淀粉老化程度相对较高。     

Texture of Vacuum Microwave Dehydrated Apple Chips as Affected by Calcium Pretreatment, Vacuum Level, and Apple Variety

ABSTRACT: The effects of calcium pretreatment, vacuum level, and apple variety on the texture of apple chips, processed using a combination of air drying and vacuum microwave dehydration (VMD), were determined. Pretreatment of apple slices by immersion in 1-5% aqueous CaCl₂ significantly increased crispness of chips as determined by instrumental and sensory analysis; however above 1%, chips were perceived as bitter. Higher vacuum applied during VMD significantly lowered density and increased crispness of chips. This effect was mediated by the vaporization of water in the interior of the chip, which caused expansion of the tissue. Chips made from Fuji apples had higher calcium contents, and were crisper than Red and Golden Delicious apple chips. Microstructure of the chips evaluated by scanning electron microscopy indicated that chips with thicker cell walls and large internal voids were crisper.     

馒头的微波烹制工艺与特性研究

采用正交试验研究加水量、醒发时间、微波剂量和烹制时间对微波烹制馒头感官品质的影响,确定最佳工艺参数,并对比分析微波和蒸汽2种不同烹制方式下馒头的微观形貌、质构特性和消化特性。试验表明,微波烹制馒头的适宜工艺参数为:加水量为50 g/100 g小麦粉,醒发时间为35 min,采用2.76 W/g的微波剂量,烹制时间为2.5 min。在此工艺条件下所制作的馒头感官品质与蒸汽烹制馒头较为接近。与蒸汽烹制馒头相比,微波烹制馒头的口感稍劣;内部微观结构较为粗糙,孔洞均匀性稍差,孔壁较厚,局部区域略呈聚集状,部分网络结构有轻微程度的断裂;硬度、黏聚性和咀嚼度较大,弹性较小;淀粉消化率较高,蛋白质消化特性与之相近。     

米面条的制备新工艺

以早籼米为原料,经蒸煮米饭、高速搅拌、压片切条等新工艺制备米面条。主要研究大米浸泡、蒸饭米水比、米饭冷却、搅拌时间4个因素对米面条品质的影响,以米饭凝胶团水分含量、米面条拉伸和剪切特性及感官评定为评价指标。结果表明,采用直链淀粉含量为23.53%的早籼米,经浸泡、蒸饭(米水比1∶0.7)、冷却、高速搅拌(1500 r/min)、压片、切割成米面条的品质较好。该方法省去磨粉工序,缩短生产周期,为米面条的制备提供一种新思路。     

真空浸渍辅助L-半胱氨酸处理对贮藏期鲜切马铃薯的护色作用

为研究L-半胱氨酸(L-cysteine,L-cys)对鲜切马铃薯的抗褐变机制,以鲜切马铃薯为研究对象,采用真空浸渍技术辅助0.7 g/L的L-cys溶液处理鲜切马铃薯,分析贮藏期鲜切马铃薯褐变指数(browning index,BI)、多酚氧化酶活性(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶活性(peroxidase,POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性(phenylalanineammonialyase,PAL)、总酚含量及抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明,在贮藏期,试验组鲜切马铃薯BI值、PPO活性、POD活性、PAL活性均显著低于对照组(p<0.05)。试验组总酚含量在贮藏0~6 d,显著低于对照组(p<0.05),但贮藏后期则显著上升(p<0.05)。另外,两组鲜切马铃薯抗氧化活性在贮藏期,均呈先上升后下降趋势。因此,结果表明,L-cys处理可以抑制鲜切马铃薯酶活性,从而延缓鲜切马铃薯在贮藏期间的褐变。     

真空微波干燥过程中 南瓜果胶性质变化与质构的关系

为了明确真空微波干燥过程中脱水果蔬果胶性质变化对质构的影响,实验以南瓜为原料,采用不同微波强度进行处理,分析脱水南瓜硬脆度和微观结构,以及果胶含量、酯化度和单糖组成等性质的变化之间的关系.结果表明:微波强度为9 W/g时,南瓜获得较大的脆度和适中的硬度,孔状结构均匀.随着微波强度的升高,南瓜水溶性果胶(WSP)含量先减...     

熟食豆制品的真空冷却工艺研究

研究真空冷却工艺对熟食豆制品品质的影响,并与传统风冷做比较。对其冷却时间、水分含量、质量损失、感官、质构以及色泽进行研究。实验结果表明,真空冷却条件下,将产品的表面温度和中心温度从90℃冷却到5℃,只需19min,而传统风冷方式在冷却40min 后表面温度降到15℃,中心温度仍为42℃。而在感官评定、质构分析和色泽上,两种冷却方式可以达到相同的效果。     

毛霉发酵对豆制品的质构和微观结构的影响

利用质构仪和扫描电子显微镜研究毛霉发酵豆腐的质构和微观结构,通过电泳分析豆腐的蛋白质水解情况,并与未发酵豆腐进行对比。结果表明,与未发酵豆腐相比,发酵豆腐的硬度和黏性增大,内聚性和弹性减小。其微观结构较均匀致密。电泳分析和微结构分析均显示出大分子量的蛋白质在豆腐发酵过程中的降解。     

Low Frequency Ultrasonics for Texture Measurements in Cooked Carrots (Daucus carota L.)

The use of low frequency ultrasound for texture evaluation of carrots cooked at 100°C for 0 to 15 min was examined. Uniaxial compression, microscopy and analyses of density and dry matter were used to provide comparative results for evaluating relationships between texture and ultrasonic parameters. During the first minutes of cooking the sound velocity (v) decreased and a positive correlation was found between compressive Young's modulus (E_cy) and sound velocity (v). During extended heating, sound velocity (v) increased and attenuation (α) decreased as a result of changes in mechanical properties and air and water content of the tissue.     

Impact of Vacuum Cooking Process on the Texture Degradation of Selected Apple Cultivars

ABSTRACT:  Thermal treatments are known to affect the textural properties of fruits and vegetables. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of vacuum cooking process on the mechanical properties of various apple cultivars. A total of 10 apple cultivars were industrially processed by vacuum pasteurization at 95 °C for 25 min. The raw material was characterized by penetrometry, uniaxial double compression, soluble solid content, and titrable acidity. Textural properties of processed apples were analyzed by uniaxial double compression. As expected, for all cultivars, fruit resistance was lower after processing than before. Results showed that texture degradation due to vacuum pasteurization was different from one cultivar to another. Indeed, some cultivars, initially considered as the most resistant ones, such as Braeburn, were less suitable for processing, and became softer than others after thermal treatment. Consequently, it is worth noting that the texture classification of the investigated apple cultivars was changed by the vacuum-cooking process.     

Changes in the texture,microstructures, colour and volatile compounds of pork meat loins during superheated steam cooking

We evaluated changes in the texture, colour, microstructure and volatile compounds of pork loins after superheated steam (SHS) cooking at 120, 140, 160 or 180 °C for 5, 10, 15 and 20 min. Results showed that the texture changed significantly with heating temperature and time. Hardness increased significantly with increasing temperature above 140 °C. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that cooked pork with SHS had more complete muscle fibre bundle structure than that of pork in HA. The L* value indicating colour was significantly increased during the early period and then decreased, whereas the a* and b* values showed a continuous increase. Ninety-five volatile compounds were identified in cooked pork from SHS by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with solid-phase microextraction. The amount of volatile compounds increased during cooking and decreased as cooking time increased and was well retained at 140 °C. Considering those variations, samples cooked at 140 °C showed better quality attributes.     

油炸对鹅肉理化性质、质构与微观结构的影响

为选择鹅肉合适的油炸条件,采用常规物化特性测定方法,研究油炸对鹅肉理化性质、质构与微观结构的影响。结果表明,随油炸温度升高、时间延长,油炸损失率逐渐增加,135℃油炸5 min比120℃油炸2.5 min的损失率增加了12.87%(P0.05);p H值与剪切力的变化规律相似,呈现出了总体上升趋势,120℃与135℃油炸5 min时,剪切力值分别为40.432 N与55.783 N(P0.05);油炸后,鹅肉L*值降低,a*值与b*值逐渐增加,135℃油炸5 min的a*值与b*值分别比油炸2.5 min的增加了27.85%与32.95%;油炸后鹅肉硬度、咀嚼性总体变大,弹性、凝聚力、黏性及恢复性总体变小。120℃油炸3.5 min时,肌束膜内出现少许颗粒,125℃油炸3.5 min时,肌束膜变形严重,部分溶解,至135℃油炸5 min时,肌细胞结构已十分模糊。130℃油炸3 min是鹅肉较好的油炸条件,在此条件下,鹅肉损失率为38.24%、剪切力值为41.897 N、色泽金黄、质构特性良好。     

Effects of Tuber Storage and Cultivar on the Quality of Vacuum Microwave-dried Potato Chips

ABSTRACT: Influences of storage and cultivar on vacuum microwave-dried (VMD) potato chip quality were investigated. Tubers of several cultivars were stored at 12 °C for 0 to 4 mo, or at 4 °C for 5 to 10 mo, followed by reconditioning at 12 °C for 2 wk. Blanched potato slices (2.5 to 3.0 mm thick) were vacuum microwave-dried to produce fat-free potato chips. Chips were assessed by instrumental and sensory methods for texture and instrumentally for color. Tuber composition influenced chip texture but not color. Less breaking force was required for chips produced from cultivars with low specific gravity and starch contents. Tubers stored for up to 10 mo yielded chips of good quality.     

低场核磁结合理化指标分析低温贮藏真空包装牦牛肉的品质

本文以牦牛肉为研究对象,采用低场核磁共振(Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR)技术研究牦牛肉经真空包装后于4 ℃贮藏过程中水分的变化,并对其与蛋白质溶解度、挥发性盐基氮、TBARS、菌落总数及蒸煮损失的相关性进行综合分析。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,TVB-N、蛋白质溶解度、TBARS的值随着时间的延长不断增加,菌落总数在第15 d时已达7.15lg cfu/g;LF-NMR测得牦牛肉的横向弛豫时间 T₂谱中出现 4个峰,在18 d的贮藏过程中T₂₁、T₂₂弛豫时间后移,结合水和自由水不断减小,且与TVB-N、蛋白质溶解度、TBARS、菌落总数之间显著或极显著相关(p<0.05或p<0.01)。通过LF-NMR技术可对真空包装的低温贮藏牦牛肉进行无损、科学的品质监测,为肉品品质变化的机理研究及科学合理贮藏牦牛肉提供实验依据。