水翼非定常空化流场的数值模拟

采用修正的RNGk-ε湍流模型对8°攻角NACA0015水翼的非定常二维空化流场进行数值模拟,分析当空化数分别为1和1.5,对应雷诺数为3×105时绕翼型的非定常流动,得到不同空化数下的非定常空化流场结构及其演化过程的流动特性.计算结果表明,回射流在空泡的形成和发展过程中起着重要的作用.空泡首先出现于水翼的前缘,在其产生的位置形成一个顺时针的漩涡,漩涡沿水翼上表面向下游移动.空泡逐渐长大并脱落,在不同空化数下,空泡脱落的位置不同.空泡形成和发展过程中均伴有压力的波动,大空化数流场的压力波动幅度和频率都明显高于小空化数流场.     

基于缝隙射流原理的离心泵空化控制研究

为了改善低比转速离心泵内的空化流动状态,提出一种在叶片上设置缝隙的被动控制方法,探究该结构对空化的抑制效果及其控制机理. 采用数值模拟方法探讨结构对空化的抑制. 采用修正的SST k-ω湍流模型和Kubota空化模型,对原始叶轮和改型叶轮分别进行定常及非定常数值计算,获得设计工况下2种叶轮形式在各个空化阶段的流场结构及压力脉动特性. 计算结果表明：改型叶轮中经缝隙流向叶片背面的高压流体提高了叶片背面的压力,对空化初生、空化发展及空化剧烈阶段均产生了抑制作用,特别是空化剧烈阶段,与原始叶轮相比,其空泡体积分数减少了60.6%;与原始叶轮相比,改型叶轮内液相区的压力脉动主频幅值在各个空化阶段均有所下降.     

超声辅助抛光流场规律CFD仿真分析

为探究超声辅助抛光的作用机理,利用FLUENT非稳态动网格湍流和离散相模型并结合mixture的空化模块,仿真分析不同超声振动参数对流场绝对压强、流速和气含率分布的影响以及各参数间存在的相互作用规律.仿真结果表明:超声空化作用主要集中在试件正下方的小范围区域内,即试件的有效加工区域,进而可以确定流场所需最小膜厚;流场绝对压强、速度等参数一个周期内出现两次峰值,周期内气泡长大后受压溃灭过程分为两个阶段,表明超声振动下流场存在二次空化现象,二次空化在抛光过程中强化了空蚀效应;周期变化过程中,流场同一位置的不同参量、同一参量在不同位置与超声的周期性振动间均存在不同程度的滞后现象;超声振动使流体内产生超声纵波,遇到抛光盘发生反射并伴随半波损失;膜厚足够大时,则会形成驻波,试件表面处振幅最大,有利于提高超声辅助的抛光效果;利用有效加工区域和驻波现象可以使试件加工效果达到最优,二次空化和滞后现象有助于揭示超声辅助抛光过程的作用机制和规律.     

Dynamic Characteristics of Supercavitating Flow Around a Hydrofoil

Supercavitation dynamic characteristics around a hydrofoil are studied with both high-speed visualization and drag and lift measurements. In the supercavitation condition, the cavitation area covers the entire surface of the foil. There is a distinct interface between the main flow and the supercavitating flow regions. The cavitatin gregion is filled with cavitation bubble and water mixture. Small fluctuations of the interface are observed, which indicates that even a relative smooth surface is formed in this state, the interface is unsteady. The minimum drag is to be obtained in the supercavitation condition.     

Computational Analyses of Cavitating Flows in Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen

The objective of this study is to analyze the fundamental characteristics and the thermodynamic effects of cavitating flows in liquid hydrogen. For this purpose, numerical simulation of cavitating flows are conducted over a three dimensional hydrofoil in liquid hydrogen. Firstly, the efficiency of this computational methodology is validated through comparing the simulation results with the experimental measurements of pressure and temperature. Secondly, after analysing the cavitating flows in liquid hydrogen and water, the characteristics under cryogenic conditions are highlighted. The results show that the thermodynamic effects play a significant role in the cavity structure and the mass transfer, the dimensionless mass transfer rate of liquid hydrogen is much larger, and the peak value is about ninety times as high as water at room temperature. Furthermore, a parametric study of cavitating flows on hydrofoil is conducted by considering different cavitation number and dimensionless thermodynamic coefficient. The obtained results provide an insight into the thermodynamic effect on the cavitating flows.     

Computational modeling of cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen by an extended transport-based cavitation model

Developing a robust computational strategy to address the rich physical characteristic involved in the thermodynamic effects on the cryogenic cavitation remains a challenge in research. The objective of the present study is to focus on developing modelling strategy to simulate cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen. For this purpose, numerical simulation over a 2D quarter caliber hydrofoil is investigated by calibrating cavitation model parameters and implementing the thermodynamic effects to the Zwart cavitation model. Experimental measurements of pressure and temperature are utilized to validate the extensional Zwart cavitation model. The results show that the cavitation dynamics characteristic under the cryogenic environment are different from that under the isothermal conditions: the cryogenic case yields a substantially shorter cavity around the hydrofoil, and the predicted pressure and temperature inside the cavity are steeper under the cryogenic conditions. Compared with the experimental data, the computational predictions with the modified evaporation and condensation parameters display better results than the default parameters from the room temperature liquids. Based on a wide range of computations and comparisons, the extensional Zwart cavitation model may predict more accurately the quasi-steady cavitation over a hydrofoil in liquid nitrogen by primarily altering the evaporation rate near the leading edge and the condensation rate in the cavity closure region.     

空蚀区空化水流特性的实验研究

实验研究了空蚀区空泡溃灭特性.实验在浙江工业大学水力学实验室空化水洞中进行,采用高速摄影技术观测了不同掺气体积分数下空蚀段的空化云形态,并量测了空化水流的压力.利用绘制的空化数曲线对空泡溃灭进行了分析处理,得到了空化水流在空蚀段沿程变化的特征.结果表明:在不同的掺气体积分数下,对应于各种不同的空化形态,空蚀段空化水流表现出不同的特点;空化数有一个突然上升的过程,在此过程中空泡大量溃灭.     

Characteristics of Vibration Induced by Cavitation

Cavitation-induced vibration characteristics and the relations between the vibration and cavitation are studied. Cavitation vibrations are measured around a model hollow-jet valve by an accelerometer under cavitating and non-cavitating conditions. The measurement data is analyzed by FFT method. The corresponding cavitating flow patterns are photographed by a high-speed camera with an xenon flash lamp. The frequency band of the vibration induced by cavitation is determined. To compare the vibration intensities under different cavitation conditions, a definition of vibration acceleration level is introduced based on power spectral density of the vibration. By the analysis of vibration, the definitions of characteristic cavitation number are suggested. According to these cavitation numbers, the cavitation process is divided into three stages, that is, incipient cavitation, subcavitation and supercavitation.     

Experimental Observations of Cavitating Flows Around a Hydrofoil

The cavitation around a hydrofoil is studied experimentally to shed light on the multiphase fluid dynamics. Different cavitation regimes are studied by using high speed visualization and particle image velocimetry(PIV). As decreasing the cavitation number, four cavitating flow regimes are observed: incipient cavitation, sheet cavitation, cloud cavitation, and supercavitation. From the incipient cavitation to the cloud cavitation, bubbles become more and more. Phenomena with large-scale vortex structure and rear re-entrant jet associated with the cloud cavitation, and subsequent development in the supercavitation are described. The velocity in the cavitation regions in the different cavitation conditions is low compared to that of the free stream. The large velocity gradient is also observed in the cavitating flow region near the surface of the hydrofoil.     

液氢和液氮绕水翼空化流动特性分析

为分析液氢和液氮两种低温流体介质的空化特性,通过对CFX软件二次开发,将Schnerr-Sauer空化模型和液氮、液氢随温度变化的物性参数嵌入到CFX求解代码中,同时耦合求解考虑汽化潜热影响的能量方程,从而在考虑热力学效应条件下,开展了液氢和液氮绕水翼空化流动的三维数值模拟研究,并将计算结果与试验数据进行对比,验证了数值方法的有效性.计算结果表明,热力学效应对液氢空化区域压力和温度参数变化影响更显著,在液氮空化核心区域内液相体积分数比液氢中的更小,在空泡尾部闭合区域从汽相向液相转化迅速.汽-液两相间质量传输特性可作为评估空化区域内温度、压力以及相体积分数分布的有效依据.     

Study of the phase-change coefficients of the cavitation model in cavitation flow fields generated from cone cavitator

The influence of phase-change coefficients variations in the Singhal cavitation model on the calculation results has been numerically studied. By comparing the numerical results and experimental data, the relationship between the coefficients and cavitation numbers is obtained. The calculation results of 2d axisymmetrical cylinder with 45-degree cone cavitator show that under different cavitation numbers, there are three typical kind of cavities, which are respectively main cavity, secondary cavity and rear cavity. The coefficients variations have a great influence respectively on the three type cavities in shape, collapse position, collapse strength, etc, and different cavitation numbers are corresponding to different phase-change coefficients. The cavitation flow field can be divided into three typical zones according to the cavitation number: weak-cavitation zone, secondary-cavitation zone and supercavitation zone. For 45-degree cone cavitator cylinder, the evaporation coefficients will firstly decrease and then increase with the decrease of cavitation numbers in secondary-cavitation zone, while the condensation coefficients keep relatively lower and almost unchanged. In weak-cavitation zone, there only exists the smaller main cavity attached to the model head or there is no obvious cavity. In supercavitation zone, the secondary cavity attached to the model will fall off and merge into the new rear cavity.     

航行体云状空泡稳定性通气控制

为研究水下航行体云状空泡稳定性,通过水洞实验对水下航行体模型云状空泡进行了实验研究,对比分析了不同空化数对水下航行体通气空泡稳定性的影响,分别分析了不同空化数下通气空泡发展、断裂和脱落等准周期性波动特性以及脱落速度和空泡发展对表面压力的影响,得到了通气对流动控制效果和局部不稳定性机理.结果表明:在通气作用下空泡内的透明部分逐渐增大,在逆压梯度的作用下,回射流形成并向航行体前部运动,空泡前部由透明逐渐变为浑浊,当回射流到达空泡前段,空泡表面出现波动,在回射流的作用下空泡以涡团形式发生脱落,航行体模型肩部通气空泡的发展和脱落随着空化数的控制而呈现明显的不同;当空化数较大时,空泡发生断裂、脱落两个过程;当通气量增大空化数减小后,空泡呈现断裂、融合、脱落3个过程,此时空泡呈现稳定发展的特性;空泡平均脱落速度随着空化数的减小而减小;实验结果也表明了不同时刻航行体表面压力脉动情况,空泡闭合位置存在压力峰值,航行体表面压力随着空泡的脱落出现波动.     

One-dimensional/three-dimensional analysis of transient cavitating flow in a venturi tube with special emphasis on cavitation excited pressure fluctuation prediction

The large eddy simulation (LES) method is used to simulate cavitating flow in a venturi tube. The simulated results agree fairly well with the experimental data. To quantitatively describe the relationship between cavitation evolution and excited pressure fluctuation in the venturi tube, a modified prediction model is proposed and its accuracy is verified by the LES results. Based on the original one-dimensional model for the external cavitating flow around a hydrofoil, this model is corrected according to the internal cavitating flow characteristics in the venturi tube. The results show that the original one-dimensional model ignores the choking effect of cavitating flow, which is obvious in a venturi tube with a narrow flow channel, thus leading to an inaccurate prediction of pressure fluctuation in the venturi tube. The modified model can significantly overcome its deficiencies and improve the accuracy of the pressure fluctuation prediction, providing a theoretical basis and guidance for engineering application to controlling the pressure fluctuation in a venturi tube or for other internal flows.     

壅塞空化器设计及其处理污水的可行性研究

在分析直管中气液两相混合流的壅塞空化现象,射流泵发生极限工况时的壅塞空化现象,经过倒角的圆柱管在定常和非定常流动下的壅塞空化现象,在阶梯圆管中的稳态绝热闪蒸流中的壅塞空化现象的基础上,提出了一种新型的空化器——壅塞空化器;通过采集分析空化噪声和处理模拟污水(苯酚溶液)的实验,对壅塞空化器在污水处理应用中的可行性进行了初步研究。实验结果表明:壅塞空化器模拟处理污水的效果较好,其空化能量比振荡腔喷嘴高,从而为国内外研究空化发生器开辟了一条新途径。     

头形对细长体超空泡生成与外形影响的实验研究

在水洞中对具有非流线形头形的轴对称细长体模型进行了空泡系列实验研究。发现了非流线形头形细长体的空化起始仅决定于空化数，并在一定的空化数下具有稳定的起始位置、脱体角和空化区域；圆锥系列头形(包括圃盘与不同直径系列)细长体可以生成3种稳定的空泡基本形态：局部附体空泡、模型体尾部闭合超空泡和模型体尾部之后闭合超空泡，超空泡的基本外形为椭球体；圆锥系列头形生成的超空泡，在相同空化数下，超空泡的相对长度与长细比均随着锥顶角或直径的增大而增大；在相同的空泡相对长度或长细比下，随着锥顶角或直径的增大，对应的空化数也增大；具有攻角的头形，改变了空泡的脱体角，使超空泡出现了一定程度的不对称性，但并不改变超空泡的基本形态。     

节流槽结构对气穴噪声的影响

为了消除液压阀中的噪声，对不同节流槽内部压力分布、气穴形态和噪声频谱进行了研究.在对节流槽结构特征及流动模型进行分析的基础上，预测了节流阀内气穴噪声的声压模型.通过高速观测及噪声频谱分析对模型进行了验证，并估计了节流阀内的气泡尺寸.结果表明，节流槽结构特征对阀内压力分布、气穴与噪声特性有直接的影响，U形槽内部压力超调量明显高于V形槽，可以显著抑制气穴的析出与生长.不同类型节流槽通过压力分布决定了气泡的成长过程，与U形槽相比，V形槽内部气泡尺寸较大，气泡尺度大小是影响节流槽气穴噪声的主要因素.     

超声空化气泡运动的数值模拟

依据热力学和动力学分析,建立了声场作用下液体中一个气泡的运动模型．通过对运动方程的数值模拟,研究了液体中声压幅值、超声频率、空化核半径以及液体的密度、表面张力、动力粘度等因素对气泡运动的影响.     

A hybrid RANS/LES model for simulating time-dependent cloud cavitating flow around a NACA66 hydrofoil

Cloud cavitating flow is highly turbulent and dominated by coherent large-scale anisotropic vortical structures. For the numerical investigation of such a class of flow, large eddy simulation(LES) is a reliable method but it is computationally extremely costly in engineering applications. An efficient approach to reduce the computational cost is to combine Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS) equations with LES used only in the parts of interest, such as massively separated flow regions. A new hybrid RANS/LES model, the modified filter-based method(FBM), is proposed in the present study which can perform RANS or LES depending on the numerical resolution. Compared to the original FBM, the new method has three modifications: the state-of-the-art shear stress transport(SST) model replaces the k-? model as a baseline RANS model. A shielding function is introduced to obviate the switch from RANS to LES occurring inside the boundary layer. An appropriate threshold controlling the switch from RANS to LES is added to achieve an optimal predictive accuracy. The new model is assessed for its predictive capability of highly unsteady cavitating flows in a typical case of cloud cavitation around a NACA66 hydrofoil. The new model results are compared with data obtained from the Smagorinsky LES and SST model based on the same homogeneous Zwart cavitation model. It is found that the modified FBM method has significant advantages over SST model in all aspects of predicted instantaneous and mean flow field, and its predictive accuracy is comparable to the Smagorinsky LES model even using a much coarser grid in the simulations.     

Comminution of mica by cavitation abrasive water jet

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出口面积对有压弯管壁面压强及空化特性影响研究

高流速有压弯曲管道流动往往会出现壁面负压、空化等水力学问题。本文结合卡基娃水电站生态流量放水管工程,采用模型试验、数值模拟及理论分析方法,研究了出口面积对有压弯管壁面压强及空化特性的影响。试验结果表明：出口面积较大时,弯管内存在较大的负压,在高水位时,弯管段水流空化数小于初生空化数;当出口面积缩小为原面积的81.6%时,在不同水位下,弯管内水流空化数增大了2~4倍,弯管在各水位时水流空化数均大于初生空化数;基于能量方程,建立了有压弯管水流空化数的理论计算方法,计算结果与模型试验及数值模拟结果吻合良好。