Topology and analysis of an N-stage cascaded polymer eight-port microring optical router with 7N channel wavelengths

Eight-port optical routers are widely used in cluster-mesh photonic networks-on-chip(No C). By using 24 groups of cross-coupling two-ring resonators, a 1-stage 8-port polymer optical router is proposed, which can optically route 7 channel wavelength data streams along definite path in two-dimensional(2D) plane. Under the selected 7 channel wavelengths, the insertion losses along all routing paths are within 0.02-0.58 d B, the maximum crosstalk of all routing operations is less than-39 d B, and the device footprint size is about 0.79 mm2. Then, a universal novel structure and routing scheme of N-stage cascaded 8-port optical router are presented, which contains 7N channel wavelengths. Because of the good scalability in wavelength, this device shows potential application of wideband signal routing in optical No C.     

Non-blocking four-port optical router based on thermo- optic silicon microrings

By using silicon-on-insulator(SOI) platform, 12 channel waveguides, and four parallel-coupling one-microring resonator routing elements, a non-blocking four-port optical router is proposed. Structure design and optimization are performed on the routing elements at 1 550 nm. At drop state with a power consumption of 0 m W, the insertion loss of the drop port is less than 1.12 d B, and the crosstalk between the two output ports is less than-28 d B; at through state with a power consumption of 22 m W, the insertion loss of the through port is less than 0.45 d B, and the crosstalk between the two output ports is below-21 d B. Routing topology and function are demonstrated for the four-port optical router. The router can work at nine non-blocking routing states using the thermo-optic(TO) effect of silicon for tuning the resonance of each switching element. Detailed characterizations are presented, including output spectrum, insertion loss, and crosstalk. According to the analysis on all the data links of the router, the insertion loss is within the range of 0.13—3.36 d B, and the crosstalk is less than-19.46 d B. The router can meet the need of large-scale optical network-on-chip(ONo C).     

An ultra-compact cross/bar optical routing switch using two polymer electro-optic microrings

A 2×2 cross/bar polymer electro-optic(EO) routing switch is proposed,which is composed of two passive channel waveguides and two active EO polymer microrings with bending radius of only 13.76 μm.Detailed structure,theory and formulation are provided to characterize the output power of the switch.For obtaining fundamental mode propagation,small bending loss and phase-matching between channel waveguide and microring resonator(MRR) waveguide,the structural parameters are optimized under the wavelength of 1550 nm.Analyses and simulations on output power and output spectra indicate that a switching voltage of 5 V is desired to realize the exchange between cross state and bar state,the crosstalk under cross state and that under bar state are about 28.8 dB and 39.9 dB,respectively,and the insertion losses under these two states are about 2.42 dB and 0.13 dB,respectively.Compared with our four EO switches reported before,this device possesses ultra-compact size of 0.233 mm×0.233 mm as well as low crosstalk and insertion loss,and therefore it can serve as a good candidate for constructing large-scale optical routers or switching arrays in photonic network-on-chip(NoC).     

硅基竖直耦合三环谐振波分复用器的特性

对1×N信道硅基竖直耦合三环谐振波分复用器的传输特性进行了分析,给出了光学传递函数的公式.在中心波长1550.918nm、波长间隔1.6nm的情况下,对其振幅耦合比率、波谱响应、分光光谱、插入损耗、信道间的串扰进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明,该器件具有以下良好性能:若取小环与信道间的振幅耦合比率为0.27,小环与大环间的振幅耦合比率为0.06,该器件具有箱形波谱响应,输出光谱中的次峰值已被抑制到-25dB,谐振峰平坦且陡峭,3dB带宽约为0.28nm,每条输出信道的插入损耗及串扰较小,插入损耗小于0.71dB,串扰可降至-53dB以下.     

Active lossless monolithic one-by-four splitters/combiners usingoptical gates on InP

Active one-by-four splitters/combiners were fabricated on InP from the monolithic integration of waveguides and amplifiers. The device exhibited propagation loss below 1.5 dB·cm^-1, S-bend loss of 0.2 dB per bend, a 3-dB optical bandwidth of 23 nm, a mean optical crosstalk and extinction ratio of, respectively, 37 dB and 42 dB. On all paths, at least 0 dB insertion loss (fiber to-fiber gain up to 2.8 dB) as well as a low polarization sensitivity (below 1.0 dB) were demonstrated. This device can be used as the basic building block of bit-rate transparent switches for optical routing and broadcasting     

Arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer with loop-back optical pathsand its applications

We present a basic configuration of an unique integrated-optic arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer with loop-back optical paths and demonstrate an add-drop multiplexer (ADM), a network access terminal, and a wavelength channel selector for dense-WDM ring or bus networks, as three useful examples of its attractive applications. A key device in these components is a silica-glass based 1.55 μm polarization-insensitive 32×32 AWG multiplexer chip with 0.8 nm channel spacing which is fabricated using planar lightwave circuit (PLC) technologies. Fine operation in their new functional components is achieved by using the AWG multiplexer module having low insertion loss of 3.9 dB and low interchannel crosstalk of less than -28 dB     

基于级联微环谐振器的集成化可重构光学上下路插分复用器

We report on an eight-channel reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer based on cascaded microring resonators with a high tuning power consumption and a compact footprint. Microheaters are fabricated on top of the microring resonators and can be modulated using the thermo-optic effect to achieve the reconfigurable functionality of the device. We demonstrate the reconfigurable add-drop multiplexing functionality for channel spacings of 100 GHz and 50 GHz, with the centre wavelengths of the channels aligned to International Telecommunication Union grid specifications. The crosstalk for channel spacings of 100 GHz and 50 GHz are less than..22:5 dB and..15:5 dB, respectively. The average tuning efficiency is about 4.5 mW/nm, and the response speed is about 13.0 kHz.     

基于绝缘层上硅平坦化阵列波导光栅的单纤三向器

设计了基于绝缘层上硅(SOI)平坦化阵列波导光栅单纤三向器.三向器三个波长(1310,1490和1550nm)工作在阵列波导光栅的三个不同的衍射级数,并在阵列波导光栅的输入波导末端引入多模干涉器(MMI),实现了平坦响应的三波长波分复用.模拟结果表明基于这一设计的三向器3dB带宽为6nm,串扰小于-40dB,插损为5dB.制备的三向器经测试输出光场清晰,实现了三向器的功能.     

基于绝缘层上硅平坦化阵列波导光栅的单纤三向器

设计了基于绝缘层上硅(SOI)平坦化阵列波导光栅单纤三向器.三向器三个波长(1310,1490和1550nm)工作在阵列波导光栅的三个不同的衍射级数,并在阵列波导光栅的输入波导末端引入多模干涉器(MMI),实现了平坦响应的三波长波分复用.模拟结果表明基于这一设计的三向器3dB带宽为6nm,串扰小于-40dB,插损为5dB.制备的三向器经测试输出光场清晰,实现了三向器的功能.     

基于MMI滤波器的可调谐连续光全光纤OPO

在连续光全光纤光学参量振荡器（FOPO）中,目前主要利用可调滤波器（TBPF）等高插入损耗的滤波器件进行边带光输出波长的调谐,这种方式所引起的高环形腔损耗限制了FOPO输出性能的进一步提升。为解决此问题,提出了基于多模干涉（MMI）滤波器的低腔损耗可调谐连续光FOPO。通过选取不同长度和纤芯尺寸的多模光纤制作级联单模-多模-单模光纤（SMS）作为滤波器件,使其在选定波长处的插入损耗小于1 dB,FOPO环形腔的总损耗不大于5 dB,并通过对SMS器件施加轴向拉力的方式调节滤波器件的透射谱,实现了1 494~1 501 nm和1 638~1 629 nm范围内的双边带可调谐连续光输出。     

光子晶体电光调制和粗波分复用集成器件研究

提出了一种用于电光调制和粗波分复用的片上集成器件。该集成器件的电光调制器模块和粗波分复用器模块都是由硅基光子晶体波导和L3型谐振腔组成,两个模块间采用硅基光子晶体波导连接。该器件根据等离子体色散效应,采用L3型谐振腔和PN结实现了对波长的调制;根据微腔与波导的直接耦合理论,采用L3型谐振腔结构实现了滤波。利用基于三维时域有限差分法(3D-FDTD)的Lumerical软件对其进行仿真分析,结果表明该集成器件在工作波长1530 nm和1550 nm下均可以先完成各自的电光调制再进行双通道波长的复用。该器件在工作波长1530 nm和1550 nm下的插入损耗分别为0.70 dB和0.95 dB,消光比分别为20.97 dB和22.05 dB,调制深度均为0.99,信道串扰分别为-29.05 dB和-27.59 dB,器件尺寸仅为17.83μm×17.3μm×0.22μm。该集成器件结构紧凑,易于集成,可应用于高速大容量波分复用光通信系统。     

50/100GHz AWG型光学梳状滤波器的设计与制备

以Si基SiO2平面光波导为基础,设计并制备了50/100GHz AWG型光学梳状滤波器．制备得到的AWG型光学梳状滤波器可以覆盖1520～1585nm的波长范围,共有160个信道．功率输出不均匀度＜0.5dB,插入损耗＜8dB,相邻通道的串扰＞13dB,在距离中心频率最远的信道,输出频率偏离ITU标准15GHz．分析了影响器件串扰和信道频率偏移的原因,并提出了相应的解决办法．     

17×17 硅基聚合物信道箱形光谱阵列波导光栅的制备

Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is a key device in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system, and the flat spectral response of the AWG device is required. In this paper, the RIE process has been improved. By using the steam- redissolution technique, the insertion loss and the crosstalk have been reduced. Experimental results show that the central wavelength is 1550.86nm, and 3-dB bandwidth is about 0.478 nm, insertion loss is 10.5 dB, crosstalk is about –22 dB. The insertion loss of an AWG device is reduced by about 3 dB for the central channel and 4.5 dB for the edge channels, and the crosstalk is reduced by 2.5 dB after the steam- redissolution.     

基于硅纳米线波导的16通道200GHz阵列波导光栅

设计了基于硅纳米线波导的16通道,通道间隔为200GHz的阵列波导光栅(AWG)。传输函数法模拟了器件传输谱,结果表明器件的通道间隔为1.6nm,通道间串扰为31dB。器件利用SOI材料,由193nm深紫外光刻工艺制备。光谱测试结果分析表明,通道串扰为5-8dB,中心通道损耗2.2dB,自由光谱区长度24.7nm,平均信道间隔1.475nm。详细分析了器件谱线畸变的原因。     

16 channel 200 GHz arrayed waveguide grating based on Si nanowire waveguides

A 16 channel arrayed waveguide grating demultiplexer with 200 GHz channel spacing based on Si nanowire waveguides is designed.The transmission spectra response simulated by transmission function method shows that the device has channel spacing of 1.6 nm and crosstalk of 31 dB.The device is fabricated by 193 nm deep UV lithography in silicon-on-substrate.The demultiplexing characteristics are observed with crosstalk of 5-8 dB,central channel’s insertion loss of 2.2 dB,free spectral range of 24.7 nm and average channel spacing of 1.475 nm.The cause of the spectral distortion is analyzed specifically.     

Fabrication of 17 × 17 polymer/Si arrayed waveguide grating with flat spectral response using steam-redissolution technique

Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is a key device in the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system, and the flat spectral response of the AWG device is required. In this paper, the RIE process has been improved. By using the steam-redissolution technique, the insertion loss and the crosstalk have been reduced. Experimental results show that the central wavelength is 1550.86 nm, the channel spectral response flatness is about 1.5 dB, 3-dB bandwidth is about 0.478 nm, insertion loss is 10.5 dB, and crosstalk is about-22 dB. The insertion loss of an AWG device is reduced by about 3 dB for the central channel and 4.5 dB for the edge channels, and the crosstalk is reduced by 2.5 dB after the steam- redissolution.     

A two-dimensional dual-wavelength routing network with 1-to-10cascaded fanouts

A two-dimensional (2-D) wavelength-division demultiplexing device [WD(D)M] is demonstrated to separate and to distribute optical signals of different wavelengths by use of substrate-guided wave optical interconnects. In our experiment, two stacked input holographic gratings are fabricated to steer two optical wavelengths into two different routing directions and to zigzag within a waveguiding substrate. Input coupling efficiencies of 70% and 76% are experimentally confirmed at the input wavelengths of 780 and 790 nm, respectively. Two arrays of 1-to-10 cascaded output holographic grating couplers are employed to couple out the optical signals with surface-normal fanouts. The crosstalk is measured to be <-30 dB. The fanout energy fluctuation is within ±10% for each wavelength     

Photonic crystal $$4{\times }4$$ dynamic hitless routers for integrated photonic NoCs

Contemporary, emerging and exigent breakthroughs in chip multiprocessors (CMPs) lead to atrocious performance and deficit communication between the processor cores in the integrated chips. Photonic network on chip (PNoC) is a worthwhile tactic for the CMP design to attain the excessive performance and efficient communication. Photonic crystal ring resonator-hinged optical router is the delineated pivotal component which has the potential to be exerted on PNoCs to diminish the obstacles in chip multiprocessor with high bandwidth capacity, low transmission delay, low energy dissipation, low crosstalk, etc., Elemental construction of photonic crystal (PC) router of \(4{\times }4\) structures have been formulated by the comprisal of \(1{\times }2\) and \(2{\times }2\) router basic building blocks to review the efficacy of the transmitting behavior between the cores of the processor. Signal transmission for wavelength gamut of 1500–1600 nm is taken for the examination, and the allowed wavelengths toward the end port are tabulated. The signal propagation and analysis are based on plane wave expansion method and finite-difference time-domain method. Crosstalk (CT) and insertion loss (IL) are the crucial determinants of PC ring resonated routers. On the result of the analysis, maximum CT of ? 15.1017 dB at 1567 nm and maximum IL of 1.73 dB at 1520 nm are obtained. The diminutive structures of the router in the size of \(33~\upmu \hbox {m}\times 36~\upmu \hbox {m}\) have been depicted to place the footprints on the integrated photonics of ultra-compact device employment.     

Si纳米线阵列波导光栅制备

采用绝缘层上Si(SOI)材料设计制备了3×5纳米线阵列波导光栅(AWG),器件大小为110μm×100μm。利用简单传输法模拟了器件的传输谱,并采用二维时域有限差分(FDTD)模拟中心通道输出光场的稳态分布,模拟结果表明,器件的通道间隔为11 nm,通道间的串扰为18 dB。通过电子束曝光(EBL)和感应耦合等离子(ICP)刻蚀制备了所设计的器件,光输出谱测试分析表明,器件中心通道的片上损耗为9 dB,通道间隔为8.36～10.40 nm,中心输出通道的串扰为6 dB。在误差允许范围内,设计和测试的结果一致。     

Fabrication of 17×17 polymer/Si arrayed waveguide grating with flat spectral response using steam-redissolution technique

Arrayed waveguide grating(AWG) is a key device in the wavelength-division multiplexing(WDM) system, and the flat spectral response of the AWG device is required.In this paper,the RIE process has been improved.By using the steam-redissolution technique,the insertion loss and the crosstalk have been reduced.Experimental results show that the central wavelength is 1550.86 nm,the channel spectral response flatness is about 1.5 dB,3-dB bandwidth is about 0.478 nm,insertion loss is 10.5 dB,and crosstalk is abo...