不同品种葡萄籽油脂肪酸含量的测定

建立同时测定37种脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法,并对吐鲁番产区的40个品种的葡萄籽油中脂肪酸组成及含量进行检测分析。结果表明：葡萄籽油中可检测出19种脂肪酸,40个品种葡萄籽油样中,有14个品种的脂肪酸总含量在90 g/100 g以上。沈农金皇后总脂肪酸含量最高,为99.75 g/100 g。灰比诺、赤霞珠、沈农金皇后、巨玫瑰等品种可作为富含脂肪酸的葡萄籽油提取的优势品种,其中灰比诺中亚油酸含量最高,赤霞珠其次。对不同品种葡萄籽油进行聚类分析,可被明显分为两类,亚油酸和油酸对于品种间的分类具有较大贡献。本法具有操作简单,灵敏度高,定性定量准确等特点,为葡萄籽油中脂肪酸成分的监测和评估提供了技术支持。     

Egyptian mango by-product 1. Compositional quality of mango seed kernel

Egyptian mango seeds were collected as wastes from local fruit processing units and the kernels were separated and dried. This study was carried out on mango seed kernels to clarify their proximate composition, amino acids, phenolic compounds and the characteristics of the extracted oil including unsaponifiable matter constituents, lipid classes and fatty acid composition. Mango seed kernels contained a considerable amount of total phenolic compounds, total lipid, unsaponifiable matter, and a low amount of crude protein, but the quality of protein was good because it was rich in all essential amino acids. Eight phenolic compounds were identified; tannin and vanillin were in highest amounts. Unsaponifiable matter showed the occurrence of high amounts of squaline followed by sterols and tocopherols. Stearic acid was the main saturated fatty acid, while oleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid in all lipid classes. The fatty acid composition of total lipid and neutral lipid was similar, while phospholipid had a high amount of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids.     

山茱萸籽油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

主要对山茱萸籽的组成、山茱萸籽油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析.结果表明:山茱萸籽中还原糖、总糖、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别为29.2％、64.7％、21.7％和13.1％.山茱萸籽油酸值(KOH)、碘值(Ⅰ)、过氧化值及皂化值(KOH)分别为0.97 mg/g、113.8 g/100 g、8.9 mmol/kg、186.5 mg/g.山茱萸籽油中饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(10.40％)为主,其次是硬脂酸(3.49％)和山嵛酸(3.32％);不饱和脂肪酸中油酸(35.80％)和亚油酸(34.60％)含量较高,还含有5.51％的芥酸.     

Nutritive value of mango seed kernel

Seed kernels of two cultivars (Chausa and Dusheri) of mango (Mangifera indica) were analysed for chemical composition, lipid classes, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile and chemical evaluation of protein quality. The seed kernels constituted about 18% of the total fruit and had 5% protein, 6–7% crude fat, 0.19–0.44% tannins, iodine value of 34–44 and saponification number 202–213. Oleic acid (42%) and stearic acid (39%) were the principal fatty acids in the oil. The in vitro digestibility was low in these cultivars, possibly due to the presence of tannins. Sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine+cystine) and isoleucine were the limiting amino acids in Chausa and Dusheri, respectively. The essential amino acid index and protein quality index were high, thus indicating the good quality of the protein in mango seed kernel.     

Composition and Food Potential of African Oil Bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) and Velvet Bean (Mucuna uriens)

Fatty acids, protein and amino acids of African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla) and velvet beans (Mucuna uriens) were studied. Crude protein of the defatted seeds were 341g and 196g per kilogram dry matter and the ether extract was 46 and 8%, respectively, for oil bean seed and mucuna. Essential amino acids composition compared fairly with that of isolated soybean protein. Lysine was high at 66.5 and 66.4g/kg crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) for oil bean seed and mucuna, respectively. Methionine was low but cystine was high. The fat had a high content of saturated fatty acids. It is suggested that the seeds may be a potential source of protein and oil.     

苹果籽及其油脂特性的测定

以富士和新红星两个品种的苹果籽为原料,测定了它们的物理参数及组成,并测定了经索氏提取所得的两种苹果籽油的理化性质,用气相色谱法分析了两种油脂的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,富士和新红星苹果籽中富含粗蛋白和粗脂肪,粗蛋白含量分别为48.85%和49.55%,粗脂肪含量分别为23.69%和24.32%;苹果籽油中富含不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是油酸和亚油酸,两者在富士苹果籽油中含量分别为37.49%和51.40%,在新红星苹果籽油中含量分别为38.55%和50.70%。因而,苹果籽油具有良好的商业开发前景。     

Fatty acid composition,oxidative stability,antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of selected cold-pressed grape seed oils and flours

Cold-pressed chardonnay, muscadine, ruby red, and concord grape seed oils and their defatted flours were studied for their fatty acid composition, oxidative stability and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. The phenolic profiles of the seed flours were also measured. The most abundant fatty acid in the oils was linoleic acid, ranging from 66.0 g/100 g of total fatty acids in ruby red seed oil to 75.3 g/100 g of total fatty acids in concord seed oil. The oils were also high in oleic acid and low in saturated fat. Ruby red grape seed oil recorded the highest oxidative stability index of 40 h under the accelerated conditions. Total phenolic content (TPC) was up to 100 times lower in the oils than in the flours. Lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol levels were also measured. DPPH radical-scavenging capacity ranged from 0.07 to 2.22 mmol trolox equivalents (TE)/g of oil and 11.8 to 15.0 mmol TE/g of flour. Oxidative stability of menhaden fish oil containing extracts of the seed flours was extended by up to 137%. HPLC analysis was conducted to determine the levels of free soluble, soluble conjugated and insoluble bound phenolics in the seed flours. The phenolic compounds analyzed included catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, quercetin, gallic acid, and procyanidins B1 and B2. Antiproliferative activity was tested against HT-29 colon cancer cells. All of the seed flours and muscadine seed oil registered significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of cancer cell growth. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of developing value-added uses for these seed oils and flours as dietary sources of natural antioxidants and antiproliferative agents for optimal health.     

NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF MANGO (MANGNIFERA INDICA) SEED KERNEL FROM NIGERIA

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed kernel from Nigeria were analyzed for proximate composition, inorganic ions, amino acid composition, tannin and fatty acid composition. Mango seed kernel had 44.4% moisture content, 6.0% protein, 12.8% fat, 32.8% carbohydrate, 2.0% crude fiber, 2.0% ash and 0.39% tannin. Mango kernel fat contained high amounts of stearic (46.3%) and oleic (40.0%), while palmitic, linoleic, arachidonic and behenic acids were present in small quantities (<6.6%). Of the inorganic ions detected, potassium (365 mg/100 g), phosphorus (140 mg/100 g), magnesium (100 mg/100 g) and calcium (49 mg/100 g) were present in high levels, while iron, sodium, manganese and zinc were present in small levels (< 11.0 mg/100 g). The mango seed kernel is potentially a good source of nutrients for human and animal feed.     

葡萄籽油甘油三酯组成及结构分析研究

本研究采用气相色谱、胰脂酶水解法分析葡萄籽油脂肪酸组成和甘油三酯结构。结果为:其不饱和脂肪酸含量达89.34%,人体必需脂肪酸亚油酸含量为75.25%;并根据1,3–随机–2–随机分布学说计算出葡萄籽油甘油三酯组成,主要甘油三酯为LLL,含量达42.35%、Sn–LOL16.69%、Sn–POL2.18%、Sn–LLP5.52%;还采用红外光谱测定葡萄籽油官能团结构等;表明葡萄籽油是一种极具开发价值食用植物油。     

The fatty acid and tocopherol constituents of the seed oil extracted from 21 grape varieties (Vitis spp.)

BACKGROUND: Fatty acids and tocopherols in appropriate quantities are invaluable attributes that are desirable in seeds of agricultural products. Studies have generally focused on the evaluation of the oil and tocopherol components of oil crops. Recently, investigations revealed that the grape seed has robust potential in the production of healthy fatty acids as well as tocopherols. This study was thus conducted to determine the oil and tocopherol components of grape seeds, obtained from various grape cultivars of different species, including two rootstock varieties. RESULTS: The grape seed oil concentration of the studied varieties ranged from 7.3 to 22.4%. The determined fatty acid profiles of the genotypes conformed to the pattern described in the literature for grapes. Linoleic acid is the major component comprising 53.6–69.6% of the total, followed by oleic (16.2–31.2%), palmitic (6.9–12.9%) and stearic (1.44–4.69%). The oils of all the seeds analysed showed a preponderance of α‐tocopherol (ranging from 260.5 to 153.1 mg kg^?1 oil extract). β‐Tocopherol, γ‐tocopherol and δ‐tocopherol were also detected with the general means of 0.98, 22.2 and 0.92 mg kg^?1, respectively. Linoleic acid showed a significantly negative correlation with all the fatty acids analysed. The strongest negative correlation existed between linoleic and oleic acids (r = ? 0.834, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Present investigations indicated that oil content, fatty acid composition and tocopherol constituents of grape seed show great variation among the genotypes. Markedly higher proportions of linoleic acid with considerable amounts of tocopherols found in the oil samples suggest that grape seed is a good source for culinary, pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

人工加速老化对茶叶籽储藏特性的影响

研究了人工加速老化对茶叶籽含水率、含油率、可溶性蛋白、脂肪酶、脂肪氧化酶活性、酸价、过氧化值的影响及脂肪酸组分的变化。结果表明,人工加速老化促进茶叶籽老化进程,老化程度与老化强度成正比。随着人工加速老化时间的延长,茶叶籽含水率上升,可溶性蛋白含量下降;茶叶籽脂肪酶活力下降,脂肪氧化酶活力上升;茶叶籽油酸价和过氧化值增高;茶叶籽含油率逐渐升高,不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值下降,单不饱和脂肪酸与多不饱和脂肪酸比值上升。通过对茶叶籽老化不同阶段储藏特性的测定可以预测茶叶籽劣变程度。     

全国十三省茶叶籽的含油率和脂肪酸组成研究

对收集到的全国十三个省的茶叶籽油样品作了测定分析。结果表明,茶叶籽含油率中等,仁干基含油率可达30%以上,且茶叶籽油是一种低酸价、低过氧化值和高稳定性、高营养价值的油种。经测定,其酸价低于1.0mg KOH/g,过氧化值为0.2～1.6meq/kg左右,且氧化稳定性良好。茶叶籽油样品中脂肪酸种类较稳定,棕榈酸含量均值15.53%,硬脂酸均值2.92%,油酸均值57.28%,亚油酸均值22.30%,脂肪酸组成中饱和脂肪酸:单不饱和脂肪酸:多不饱和脂肪酸为1:3:1,较为接近人体所需脂肪酸的比例要求。     

续随子冷榨油脂肪酸及蛋白质氨基酸组成分析

采用机械压榨法获取续随子冷榨油,通过化学方法分析其理化指标,并用气相色谱-质谱(GC-Ms)联用仪分析续随予油脂肪酸的组成和含量,用氨基酸自动分析仪确定续随子蛋白质氨基酸的组成和含量.结果表明:续随子冷榨油含7种脂肪酸,主要为油酸(达84.42%),不饱和脂肪酸占其总量的92.98%,具有很好的营养价值;且续随子油脂肪酸组成与理想柴油替代品的分子组成相类似,是我国发展生物柴油的理想原料.氨基酸分析结果表明:续随子蛋白质含17种氨基酸,主要为谷氨酸(3.597%),天冬氨酸(1.953%)等,氨基酸种类齐全,含量较高,是一种具有很高的药用价值的蛋白质资源.     

葡萄籽提取物抑菌活性及葡萄籽油化学成分对比研究

研究了葡萄籽提取物的抑菌活性,并测定了两种葡萄籽油的化学成分。以宁夏贺兰山东麓产区两种酿酒葡萄的葡萄籽为原料,通过微生物抑菌圈实验,测定了葡萄籽不同极性有机溶剂提取物、两种葡萄籽油对三种细菌的抑菌活性;同时,采用气相色谱联合质谱法(chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)测定了葡萄籽油的化学成分。结果表明,葡萄籽提取物的抑菌活性由强到弱排列如下:正丁醇萃取物(N-butanol part of 95% ethanol total extracts,TEN)>95%乙醇总浸提物(95% ethanol total extracts,TE)>石油醚萃取物(Petroleum ether part of 95% ethanol total extracts,TEP)>乙酸乙酯萃取物(Ethyl acetate part of 95% ethanol total extracts,TEE)>两种葡萄籽油(Oil-1、Oil-2);TEN样品在0.20 g/mL浓度时对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌显示出强抑菌效果,对枯草芽孢杆菌也显示出较强抑菌效果。此外,两种酿酒葡萄的葡萄籽油化学成分种类相似,Oil-1、Oil-2中分别鉴定出11个和10个化合物,主要组成成分为脂肪酸和酯类,但各成分含量差异较大,Oil-1、Oil-2的亚油酸含量分别为55.36%、43.97%,除亚油酸外Oil-1中其余相同成分的含量均低于Oil-2。本实验提示葡萄籽正丁醇萃取物可以应用于食品的保鲜防腐,为葡萄籽的药用食用开发利用提供基础理论支持。     

烤烟种子的表面特性和主要化学成分分析

为了探明不同品种烤烟种子的外观形态和化学成分与遗传亲本之间的关系,观察比较了烤烟种子的表面特征,并对种子中的蛋白质和高级脂肪酸含量进行了分析。结果表明,亲缘关系相近的种子其外观形态具有一定的相似性。烤烟种子所贮存的内含物主要是蛋白质和脂肪,而且参与脂肪构成的脂肪酸大多是不饱和脂肪酸,不同品种烤烟种子中蛋白质和脂肪酸的含量存在较大差异。     

Fatty Acids Composition of Apple and Pear Seed Oils

In this study, oil content and fatty acid composition of apple and pear seeds were analyzed. Apple (cv. red Fuji) seeds and pear (cv. Dangshan Suli) seeds contained a large quantity of oils (apple seed oil, 291 g/kg seed; pear seed oil, 179 g/kg seed). Eleven types of fatty acids were identified in apple and pear seed oil; c16:0, c16:1, c18:0, c18:1, c18:2, c18:3, c20:0, c20:1, c20:2, c22:0, and c24:0. The dominant fatty acids in apple seed oil were c18:1 (43.03 g/100g oil), c18:0 (26.47 g/100g oil), and c16:0 (5.60 g/100g oil). The same three fatty acids were also dominant in pear oil (c18:1, 56.80 g/100g oil; c18:0, 20.28 g/100g oil; and c16:0, 6.39 g/100g oil). Compared with previous research, an additional six fatty acids were found in apple seed oil (c16:1, c18:3, c20:1, c20:2, c22:0, and c24:0). Unsaturated fatty acids comprised 70.598 g/100g oil of apple seed oil and 77.846 g/100g oil of pear seed oil. In conclusion, apple seeds and pear seeds contain a large quantity of oil comprised of many fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids. These data suggest that apple and pear seeds could be new sources of edible oils.     

葡萄籽油的脂肪酸组成、抗氧化活性及其在可食性口红中的应用

以葡萄籽为原料,采用索氏提取法提取葡萄籽油,对其脂肪酸组成及抗氧化活性进行分析,并考察其应用于可食性口红中的可行性。结果表明:葡萄籽油中主要不饱和脂肪酸含量高达76.26%,且以亚油酸(61.69%)为主;葡萄籽油的总抗氧化能力为0.735 mmo/L,羟自由基清除能力为56.49%,超氧自由基清除能力为57.60%;葡萄籽油与甜杏仁油比例为1∶1时,制备的可食性口红清爽、滋润,品质佳,稠度与延展性与市售口红无显著差异,说明葡萄籽油可用于口红产品中。     

Effect of cold press and soxhlet extraction systems on fatty acid,tocopherol contents,and phenolic compounds of various grape seed oils

In this study, fatty acids, tocopherol contents, and phenolic compounds of the grape seed oils obtained with cold‐pressed and soxhlet extraction systems from several grape seeds were investigated. Linoleic acid contents of cold‐pressed oils varied between 59.61 and 72.13%. In addition, linoleic acid contents of oils obtained with soxhlet system changed between 58.51 and 71.17%. While α‐tocotrienol contents of oil samples extracted with cold‐pressed change between 13.21 and 34.71 mg/100 g, α‐tocotrienol contents of oils obtained by soxhlet system in all grape varieties varied between 8.89 and 33.89 mg/100 g. In addition, while ?‐tocotrienol contents of cold‐pressed oils range from 15.47 to 39.95 mg/100 g, ?‐tocotrienol contents of soxhlet extraction oils in all grape varieties were determined between 13.47 and 35.75 mg/100 g. Both systems' oils are rich in catechin, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid. While catechin contents of cold‐pressed oils change between 427.80 and 847.14 mg/kg, catechin contents of soxhlet extraction oils in all grape seeds ranged from 537.11 to 836.88 mg/kg.

Practical applications

Cold‐pressed grape seed oil stands out as a suitable alternative to other commonly used vegetable oils because of its higher amounts of essential fatty acid, and many others bioactive compounds. Grape seed oil is being used in various fields such as cosmetics and cooking. Because the cold‐pressing does not need both heat and chemical treatments, cold‐pressed oils are being preferred for natural and safe food products by consumer. The consumption of vegetable oils rather than solid fats is crucial to maintaining health. As known, grape seed oil is an environment friendly oil due to a by‐product of wine and grape juice‐making processes.     

Seed protein,fat and fatty acid profile of Amaranthus species

The protein, fat and fatty acid composition in the seeds of 41 lines of amaranth Amaranthus spp including both the grain and vegetable types were analysed. Protein varied from 103 to 183 g kg^?1 and fat from 8 to 68 g kg^?1. Hexadecanoic, octadecenoic and octadecadienoic acids were the major fatty acids of the oil.     

3种芍药属植物种子不同部位成分分析

目的：分析3 种芍药属植物种子不同部位化学成分,探索3 种芍药属植物种子开发及综合利用前景。方法：采用高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用及其他多种测试手段测定3 种芍药属植物种子的千粒质量、籽壳和籽仁含量、籽粕含量、籽油含量及组成、籽壳及籽饼粕中主要化学组成及含量。结果：凤丹籽、紫斑籽和芍药籽3 种芍药属植物种子千粒质量分别为280.16、263.64 g和187.68 g;3 种芍药属植物种子籽壳含量占种子质量31%以上,籽饼粕含量占种子质量37%以上;饼粕中均含有大量的蛋白质和单萜苷类化合物,籽壳中均含有较多的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素以及低聚茋类化合物。结论：芍药籽油组成和主要不饱和脂肪酸含量与牡丹籽油非常近似,可开发为高级食用油;3 种芍药属植物种子籽壳和籽饼粕中均含有多种活性成分,具有重要的研究开发价值;油用牡丹籽饼粕和籽壳开发利用对于油用牡丹产业的健康发展具有重要作用。