热等静压态FGH96合金的热变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟压缩试验机对热等静压态FGH96合金进行了不同温度和应变速率的等温热压缩试验,研究了FGH96合金在变形温度分别为1040、1070、1100、1130 ℃,应变速率为0.001、0.01、0.1和1 s^-1,最大真应变为0.7条件下的高温热变形行为,分析了真应力-真应变曲线,建立了本构方程,并利用Origin软件构建了热加工图,结合变形温度和应变速率对组织的影响确定了FGH96合金合适的热加工参数。结果表明,热等静压态FGH96合金的真应力-真应变曲线呈现典型的动态再结晶特征,其峰值应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的增加而增加,结合本构方程、热加工图以及微观组织确定了FGH96合金合适的热加工区域为变形温度1060~1080 ℃,应变速率0.0001~0.004 s^-1。     

GH1016合金热变形本构方程及临界变形条件

为了研究GH1016合金的高温热变形行为,利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行变形温度在1000～1150℃范围内,应变速率为0. 1～10 s-1,总压缩变形量为60%的热压缩试验,通过获得的真应力-真应变曲线研究了其变形行为。研究结果表明:真应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的升高而增加。在一定的变形温度下,随着应变速率的增加,峰值应力和峰值应变均增加;在一定的应变速率下,随变形温度的升高,峰值应力和峰值应变减小。根据真应力-真应变曲线中的峰值应变和峰值应力数据,利用数据拟合的方法分别求得了GH1016合金的热变形本构方程和临界变形条件方程。在本实验条件下,GH1016合金发生动态再结晶的热激活能为456. 55 k J·mol-1。     

Cu-Ni-Si-P-Cr合金高温热变形行为及动态再结晶

在Gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机上,采用高温等温压缩试验对Cu-Ni-Si-P-Cr合金在应变速率为0.01~5 s 1、变形温度为600~800℃条件下的流变应力行为进行研究,利用光学显微镜分析合金在热压缩过程中的组织演变及动态再结晶机制。结果表明:Cu-Ni-Si-P-Cr合金在热变形过程中发生了动态再结晶,且根据变形温度的不同,真应力—真应变曲线的特征有所不同。流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大。从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性得出该合金热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和本构方程。     

端子连接器用Cu-Fe-P-Zn-Sn-Mg合金的热变形行为

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,采用等温压缩试验,研究了Cu-Fe-P-Zn-Sn-Mg合金在变形温度为750~950℃、应变速率为0.01~10s-1条件下的流变应力的变化规律,测定了其真应力-应变曲线,并分析了合金在热压缩过程中的组织演变规律。结果表明,合金的真应力-应变曲线具有典型的动态再结晶特征,其流变应力随变形温度的降低以及应变速率的提高而增大,且变形温度越高、应变速率越小,合金越容易发生动态回复和再结晶。在试验基础上,计算并建立了合金热变形过程中流变应力与变形温度和应变速率之间关系的热压缩高温变形本构方程。     

TC27钛合金高温热压缩变形行为

在Thermecmastor-Z试验机上进行热压缩实验,在应变速率0.01~10 s~(-1)、变形温度900~1150℃条件下对TC27钛合金的变形行为进行研究并建立其本构方程。结果表明,该材料为温度和应变速率敏感材料。在变形初始阶段,流变应力随真应变的增加迅速增大,达到应力峰值后随真应变的增加缓慢降低,最后趋于相对稳定的状态。流变应力随温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增加而增加。热压缩实验过程流变应力随应变速率和变形温度的变化规律可以用材料的本构方程来表征,变形激活能为Q=300 k J/mol。     

Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si合金的高温塑性变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行等温恒应变速率热压缩实验，探究了Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si合金在应变速率为0.1～10 s^-1、变形温度为1173～1323 K及最大变形量为60%条件下的高温塑性变形行为。探究了工艺参数对真应力-真应变曲线的影响，采用Arrhenuis模型构建了耦合应变的本构方程，基于动态材料模型及Babu流变失稳准则构建了热加工图。结果表明，Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si合金的流动应力随应变速率的减小及变形温度的增加呈下降并趋于平稳的趋势，且温度敏感性在低温区比高温区强。真应力-真应变曲线在变形温度1173～1273 K下的α+β相区呈现出动态再结晶特征，在变形温度为1323 K的β相区呈现出动态回复特征。建立的耦合应变的Arrhenuis本构方程具有较高的预测精度。利用Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si合金热加工图，确定了该合金最优塑性变形工艺参数为变形温度为1230～1323 K和应变速率为0.1～0.816 s^-1。     

非真空熔铸Cu-Cr-Zr合金的热变形行为及动态再结晶临界条件

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机对Cu-0.90Cr-0.18Zr合金在变形温度为500~800℃、应变速率为0.01~1 s-1变形条件下进行热压缩变形实验,研究该合金的流变应力、本构方程及动态再结晶临界条件。结果表明:Cu-Cr-Zr合金的流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增加而增加,计算出该合金的热变形激活能为584.87 kJ/mol并构建本构方程;利用合金的lnθ-ε曲线出现拐点及-(lnθ)ε-ε曲线出现最小值来研究动态再结晶临界应变。     

Mg-5Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr耐热镁合金热压缩变形行为

采用铸造的方法制备了Mg-5Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr耐热镁合金,对实验材料进行固溶时效处理,在应变速率0.002~0.1 s~(-1)、变形温度350~500℃、最大变形量70%条件下,利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行热压缩变形实验,分析材料在不同变形条件下的真应力真应变曲线及组织变化。结果表明:在恒应变速率下热变形,真应力水平随温度升高而降低;在相同温度下进行压缩变形,实验合金的真应力随应变速率的增加而提高;实验合金适合热加工的温度在400℃以上;对数据进行处理,得到了实验材料的热变形激活能Q=222.433 k J/mol,本构方程为ε=1.70×1014[sinh(0.015σ)]3.77exp[-222433/(8.314T)]。     

挤压态ZK60镁合金的热压缩变形行为

为了研究挤压态ZK60镁合金的热变形行为,利用Gleebe-3500热模拟机在变形温度为523~723 K、应变速率为0.01~10 s~(-1)的条件下对挤压态ZK60合金进行了热压缩变形试验。通过真应力-真应变曲线分析了挤压态ZK60合金流变应力与应变速率、变形温度之间的关系,通过引入Z参数建立了挤压态ZK60合金的流变应力本构方程,并观察了其在热压缩过程中的显微组织变化。结果表明:挤压态ZK60合金的真应力-真应变曲线属于动态再结晶型,并且合金的流变应力在高变形温度或低应变速率条件下较低。在变形温度降低或应变速率升高时,动态再结晶晶粒变小,但动态再结晶进行的不充分,再结晶晶粒分布不均匀。通过本构方程计算出挤压态ZK60镁合金的变形激活能Q=122.884 k J/mol,应力指数n=5.096。     

6082铝合金的高温本构关系

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟机,研究6082铝合金在350℃～500℃、应变速率10-2s-1～5s-1、最大变形程度60%条件下的热压缩变形行为。得到了高温下该铝合金的真应力-应变曲线。分析流变应力与应变速率和变形温度之间的关系,建立了高温热变形的本构关系。推导出包含Arrhenius项的Zener-Hollomon参数所描述的高温流变应力表达式。为减少应变的影响,建立4阶多项式对材料参数进行拟合,得到改进的本构方程,并与实验值进行对比。结果表明,应变速率和变形温度对6082铝合金流变应力有显著影响,流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增大而增大。该合金属于正应变速率敏感材料,合金热变形过程受热激活控制,激活能为145.977kJ/mol。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。