延性β相稳定性与合金元素合金化行为的研究

基于余氏固体与分子经验电子理论，利用平均原子晶胞模型计算了Ti3Al基合金中延性β相的价电子结构，给出了其价电子结构信息——相结构因子nA，σN，F。用相结构因子nA，σN，F分析讨论了β相价电子结构与稳定性的关系及合金元素的合金化行为。认为β相及含不同合金元素的β相的精细价电子结构是金属间化合物α2-Ti3Al合金化与Ti3Al基合金选择Nb，V，Mo3种合金元素作为常用合金化元素的微观本质原因。     

V、Mo对β-γ TiAl合金α、β两相相变的影响

以Ti-Al-M三元合金(M为V,Mo强β相稳定元素)为对象,研究了合金元素V、Mo对铸态组织以及不同热处理条件下显微组织的影响。V、Mo元素可以改变传统TiAl合金的凝固路径,避开包晶反应,还能将β相保留至室温。在合金淬火组织中,增加V、Mo元素含量可以发生马氏体转变。在两步热处理过程中,增加Mo元素含量,合金更倾向于发生α→β＋γ及β→β＋γ相变。     

典型钛合金在简谐振动中的能量消耗和裂纹扩展行为

本文研究了近β-Ti合金、近α-Ti合金和(α+β)-Ti合金在0～-110℃、频率为200 Hz简谐振动过程中的振动模量及裂纹扩展行为,分析了温度对简谐振动中裂纹扩展速率及位错分布的影响,揭示了裂纹扩展机制。结果表明：低温下的简谐振动会加剧位错堆积与缠绕,从而增大阻尼,降低钛合金的振动回弹能力,提升钛合金的减振性能。其中,近β-Ti合金的储能模量整体比近α-Ti合金的低28.97%,其损耗模量和阻尼分别比(α+β)-Ti合金的高16.4%和9.88%,其低温下的减振性能优于其他两种钛合金。简谐振动在β相内产生的位错在相界累积并向相内滑移,导致应力集中和界面处微裂纹的产生,进而发生穿晶断裂。此外,伴随着β相中二次裂纹的产生,裂纹尖端受到不同方向的阻力,消耗了额外的简谐振动能量,尤其是当温度低于-60℃时,次生裂纹有效延缓了裂纹扩展速率。简谐振动在α相内产生的位错首先在相内被激活并不断向相界堆积,导致相内能量高于相界,裂纹发生沿晶扩展。在-60～-110℃温度区间,更低的损耗模量和阻尼使简谐振动能量作用在裂纹沿晶扩展上,增大了α相裂纹扩展速率。     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金中不同区域电子结构及应力腐蚀机理分析

利用计算机编程建立了Al--Zn--Mg--Cu合金 (7175铝合金) 中α--Al, η相及α--Al大角度晶界原子集团模型, 采用递归法计算 合金中Zn, Mg, Cu和H的环境敏感镶嵌能、原子间相互作用能、Fermi能级和态密度等电子结构参数, 分析了合金的应力腐蚀机理. 计算 结果表明: Mg, Cu和H容易在晶界偏析. Mg对H具有吸引作用, 促进H在晶界偏析, 引起晶界氢脆; Zn增大晶界与晶内的电位差, 降低合 金抗腐蚀性; Cu能减小晶界与晶内Fermi能级差, 降低晶界与晶内的电位差, 具有减缓合金腐蚀的作用. 计算结果还表明: η相的Fermi能 级最高, 腐蚀过程中作为阳极优先溶解. 由于η相俘获H, 当晶界析出断续η相时可减弱晶界H的偏析, 提高抗腐蚀性; 但晶界连续分布η相则形成腐蚀通道, 加速腐蚀进程.     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu超高强铝合金晶界偏聚与腐蚀机制研究

采用自编软件建立Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金中α-Al、η(MgZn2)相及晶界含η相的α-Al大角度晶界原子集团模型.用递归法计算合金中Zn、Mg、Cu的环境敏感镶嵌能、原子相互作用能,α-Al和η相结合能、费米能级等电子参数.并依据电子参数分析合金的腐蚀特性.结果显示:合金元素Mg、Cu容易在晶界偏析,Mg、Zn形成η相原子集团.因Mg在晶界偏析,晶界析出的η相较为粗大,晶内形成的η相比较细小.计算还表明:η相的费米能级最高,在腐蚀过程中作为阳极优先溶解.合金元素Zn具有增大晶界、晶内电位差的作用,降低合金的抗腐蚀性.Cu能减小晶界与晶内费米能级差,降低晶界与晶内的电位差,具有减缓合金腐蚀的作用.     

合金γ-TiAl价电子结构的计算及其力学性能

利用固体与分子经验电子理论计算了合金γ-TiAl及γ-TiAl、α—Ti、β-Ti、α2-TiAl的价电子结构；利用价电子结构给出的信息-相结构因子αN、F、ρL/V、ρC/V和键络的空间分布nα，讨论了γ-TiAl、合金γ-TiAl的价电子结构及其与力学性能的关系，分析了合金元素的合金化行为，提出了改善γ合金力学性能的有效途径。     

Ti-6Al-4Mo(Cr,V)合金的组织特征及拉伸性能

比较分析了Ti-6Al4Mo、Ti-6Al-4Cr、Ti-6Al-4V钛合金经热处理后的显微组织及拉伸性能.结果表明,在相同的热处理状态下,Ti-6Al-4Mo、Ti-6Al-4Cr、Ti-6Al-4V钛合金中的α相尺寸呈现Mo、Cr、V依次增大的趋势.而不论热处理状态是否相同时,单位质量合金元素的强化效果均按照Cr、Mo、V的顺序降低.三种合金在α+β两相区退火后,具有较好的塑性且塑性基本相当,但Ti-6Al-4Mo合金经β退火后拉伸塑性较低.     

热暴露和热盐暴露的交互作用对Ti811合金热盐应力腐蚀性能的影响

Ｔｉ８Ａｌ１Ｍｏ１Ｖ（Ｔｉ８１１）合金对热盐应力腐蚀（ＨＳＳＣ）较敏感,单个因素对合金ＨＳＳＣ行为影响已有研究,而复合因素的影响研究很少。采用工业生产的Ｔｉ８１１合金棒材,经双重退火后,研究了热暴露和热盐暴露的交互作用对合金ＨＳＳＣ性能的影响。结果表明：４２５℃实验条件下,热暴露和热盐暴露交互作用与单热盐应力腐蚀相比使合金的ＨＳＳＣ性能明显降低。延伸率由１８％降至６％;合金中存在位错在晶界处塞积诱发的沿晶裂纹,腐蚀产物易于在裂纹尖端积聚。导致沿晶断裂,加速腐蚀。此外,在交互作用过程中,合金中α２（Ｔｉ３Ａｌ）脆性相的析出以及晶间β相发生转变,使合金的ＨＳＳＣ敏感性增大,并加速热盐应力腐蚀。     

β稳定元素对钛合金α相强化行为的影响

采用显微硬度测试结合宏观试样拉伸性能测试法,研究β稳定元素Mo、V、Cr、Fe对钛合金α相强化行为的影响。结果表明:β稳定元素Mo、V、Cr、Fe对α相的强化作用明显大于α稳定元素Al。在Ti-xMe合金中添加6%(质量分数,下同)的Al,α相的硬度和抗拉强度得到显著提高。在有6%Al元素的条件下,合金元素对钛合金α相的强化能力与没有Al元素时相同,其强化作用由大到小的顺序为:FeCrMoV。在Ti-xCr、Ti-xV,Ti-xMo、Ti-xV,Ti-xFe、Ti-xV这3组不同成分的合金相中添加6%Al,其强度之差变小。     

合金元素对β-Ti25Nb合金的结构稳定性与弹性性质的影响

采用密度泛函理论的缀加平面波加局域轨道的第一性原理和超晶胞方法对β结构的Ti75Nb25以及Ti68.75Nb25X6.25(X为Mo,Sn,Ta和Zr)合金的能量、电子结构以及弹性性质进行了理论计算.通过对比这几种合金的结构稳定性和弹性性质,发现Mo和Ta元素既能起到稳定β-Ti25Nb相作用,又能使其弹性常量增加.而Sn 对β结构的稳定性影响较小,Zr却降低了β结构的稳定性,且两者对弹性常数的影响均较小.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。