关于钢铁制造流程优化与产品优化问题的讨论

强调在新世纪里中国钢铁企业要注意研究钢铁制造流程的功能,指出制造(生产)流程对钢厂的生存和发展有着广泛的关联度和综合影响力,制造流程的结构优化是钢厂增强市场竞争力和拓展社会经济功能的有效手段。简要地叙述了钢铁制造流程的构成要素是"流"、"流程网络"和"程序"。"流"按一定的"程序"在"流程网络"中动态有序地、准连续地、紧凑地运行,可以实现多目标优化。讨论了中国钢铁企业生产流程优化的现状和发展方向,还就中国钢铁产品优化过程中有关炼钢、轧钢方面的问题进行了总体性探讨。在新世纪前20年,要集中有关资源加速发展薄板及其深加工产品,以实现中国钢铁产品的结构调整,促进钢厂结构的优化。     

关于新一代钢铁制造流程的命题

21世纪钢铁工业面临的是一种最新形式的综合性挑战,它包括了经营成本、产品质量与性能、生产效率与合理规模、能耗与过程排放、环境与生态等多目标群优化.这些挑战,主要应从钢厂生产流程整体优化来解决.新一代钢铁制造流程的研究内涵应包括：高效率、低成本的洁净钢生产平台技术;工序间动态-有序运行的“界面技术”;流程工程集成技术;系统、高效的能源转换技术;废弃物再资源化技术;产业链接技术;流程物理模型与虚拟现实技术.总之,要通过钢铁制造流程的研究开发,拓宽钢厂生产流程的功能——即钢铁产品的制造功能、能源转换功能和废弃物再资源化功能-增强市场竞争力和可持续发展能力.     

关于钢铁制造流程优化与产品优化问题的讨论

强调在新世纪里中国钢铁企业要注意研究钢铁制造流程的功能 ,指出制造 (生产 )流程对钢厂的生存和发展有着广泛的关联度和综合影响力 ,制造流程的结构优化是钢厂增强市场竞争力和拓展社会经济功能的有效手段。简要地叙述了钢铁制造流程的构成要素是“流”、“流程网络”和“程序”。“流”按一定的“程序”在“流程网络”中动态有序地、准连续地、紧凑地运行 ,可以实现多目标优化。讨论了中国钢铁企业生产流程优化的现状和发展方向 ,还就中国钢铁产品优化过程中有关炼钢、轧钢方面的问题进行了总体性探讨。在新世纪前 2 0年 ,要集中有关资源加速发展薄板及其深加工产品 ,以实现中国钢铁产品的结构调整 ,同时也促进了钢厂结构的优化     

钢铁流程结构分析及能耗评价

钢铁制造流程是一个由多个工序组成的复杂的物理化学过程,物质流和能量流按照一定的路径和规律在工序系统间运行。文章从钢铁制造流程物质流和能量流分析出发,把传统钢铁长流程划分为四个层次,构建了以铁素物质流为主线,能源转换环节相对独立的流程能耗分析和评价体系。     

钢铁制造流程的解析和集成

对钢铁制造流程中若干深层次的理论问题进行了科学分支意义上的讨论，对工序功能集的解析－优化、工序关系集的协调－优化和流程工序集的集成－优化等给予物理－数学方面的概述和描述，提出了对可能发展起来的学科分支－冶金流程学的展望，同时进一步指出，制造流程的系统理论和制造过程的信息系统是２１世纪制造科学、制造工业发展的共性基础理论。     

钢铁制造过程的多维物流控制系统

本评说针钢铁制造流程模化为物态转变、物性控制和物流控制相互融合的多维物流控制系统。该系统是由“刚性组元”、“柔性组元”的集合和各组元间关系集合组成的“粘性”系统，其运行方式为“准连续／间歇”性质的“弹性链／半弹性链”的稳定或非稳定谐振。系统在外界“刺激”作用下，将产生不同类型、不同滞后度的“响应”。在此基础上提出了钢铁制造流程系统集成描述的理论框架，并指出了钢铁工业和钢厂结构优化的目标。     

荐读|殷瑞钰院士最新力作——冶金流程集成理论与方法(英文版)

正本书是一部关于冶金过程工程理论与工程运行实践并重的专著。作者近年来对冶金流程动态运行的物理本质进行了深入的理论探索,以三类物理系统为理论基础,阐述了流程动态运行的基本概念、要素和规律,讨论了制造流程中物质流、能量流、信息流相互作用和协同运行的关系,提出了建立新一代钢铁制造流程的理论框架和钢     

敏捷虚拟企业三维进化树模型的研究

论述了敏捷虚拟企业(AVE)的特征,同时参考敏捷制造中RRS设计准则以及生物进化理论构建AVE的三维进化树模型.在AVE三维进化树形成过程中,首先以招投标的形式进行虚拟企业的伙伴选择,然后由产品的工艺规程和各盟员企业的制造资源信息制定AVE的逻辑制造单元(LMU),随后根据灰色关联理论对AVE的制造资源进行寻优处理以构造AVE的物理制造单元(PMU),从而在流程层、功能层、资源层三个层次上形成AVE全生命周期的三维进化树模型,达到AVE制造资源优化配置的目的.     

智能热处理及其发展前景

本文在论证热处理重要性的基础上,提出了智能热处理的基本架构,并指出智能热处理是智能制造的重要组成部分.热处理计算机模拟是智能热处理的核心技术,而热处理模拟软件则是涉及知识产权的重要载体,各国都十分重视其研发和工程应用.热处理模拟技术呈现出4个显著的发展趋势,即全流程建模、扩展求解域模型、多尺度性能预测、多场耦合建模.最后,作者就智能热处理需要重点关注的重大科学问题和共性关键技术进行了讨论.     

表面科学与工程在纳米技术发展与应用中的直接作用

表面科学与工程在纳米技术的发展与应用中发挥着特殊的作用，尤其在纳米尺度材料的制备和纳米制造等领域。在纳米材料领域，纳米晶块材料的界面问题和纳米尺度的分子自组装的表面与界面问题是极富挑战性的前沿工作。在纳米制造领域，微机械部件的微纳米尺度的操作手设计和运动副表面的微观失效、摩擦磨损和润滑等问题也将开辟表面科学与工程新的研究领域。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。