共格沉淀相粗化行为的计算机模拟研究

将微观弹性应变能理论和微观扩散方程相耦合，建立起时效过程微观晶格动力学模型。对溶质浓度为14at％的二元立方点阵模型合金的共格沉淀粗化行为进行模拟。研究发现：该合金沉淀机制以形核长大为主，兼有失稳分解特征；由于共格失配，沉淀相为片状，趋于沿弹性软化方向排列。其粗化作为伴随过程进行，位于软方向上的颗粒继续长大和粗化，位于软方向外的颗粒逐渐消失；而位于同一行或列上的颗粒则遵循：小颗粒溶解，大颗粒长大。     

Ni-Al合金中沉淀相Ni3Al相互关系的微观相场模拟

基于微观相场动力学模型和微观弹性理论,研究了Ni-Al合金中沉淀相Ni_3Al(γ')形貌演化、体积分数以及铝浓度对其相互关系的影响.结果表明,对于所有浓度的合金,沉淀后期,γ'相均沿着[001]和[010]方向规则排列,但是彼此之间存在着不同的相互关系.对于低铝浓度合金,γ'相之间彼此互相独立.对于中铝浓度的合金,γ'相之间主要存在着4种相互关系:L-状,双透镜状,三重组结构和四重组结构.对于高铝浓度的合金,γ'相之间主要呈现双透镜状关系.     

相场法研究弹性畸变能对Ni-Al合金有序化过程的影响

采用微观弹性相场动力学模型,研究由共格错配产生的弹性畸变能对Ni-Al合金沉淀过程中γ′(Ni3Al)相有序化过程的影响。模拟结果表明,对于不同的沉淀机制,如非经典形核、非经典形核与失稳分解的混合机制及失稳有序化,弹性畸变能均阻碍Al原子在β格点的占位,从而阻碍有序化过程的进行。同一时间步长下,考虑弹性畸变能的合金,其γ′相内浓度和长程序参数曲线的高度和宽度均小于忽略弹性畸变能的合金,曲线分布更加弥散。弹性畸变能改变了γ′相的空间排列及微观形貌,最终形成沿弹性"软方向"择优排列的共格微观组织。     

Ni75AlxV25-x合金沉淀相粗化行为的微观相场模拟

基于共格应变的微观弹性理论和微观相场动力学模型,模拟了Ni75AlxV25-x合金沉淀过程的组织演化和粗化行为．结果表明：两种沉淀相颗粒在粗化阶段均表现出明显的取向性．θ相（Ni3V）沿[100]方向的生长趋势明显超过[001]方向,γ’相（Ni3Al）沿（001）方向排列．二相析出顺序与Al含量有关,先析出相的长大和粗化两个阶段比较分明,后析出相的长大和粗化过程同时进行．两种有序相发生粗化以相邻颗粒碰撞并融合为较大颗粒的方式进行．不同浓度的合金两相析出先后顺序及体积分数不同,但最终形貌基本一致,两相均呈长方块状分布,并且具有（001）θ‖{100}γ＇的取向关系．     

相场方法研究Ni-Al-V合金的竞争沉淀过程（英文）

采用微观相场动力学模型,在原子层面上研究Ni75AlxV25-x合金中γ′相和θ相的沉淀过程及微观结构演化。模拟实验结果表明,Al浓度对沉淀序列具有重要的影响。低Al浓度合金中,先析出θ(Ni3V)有序相,随后析出γ′(Ni3Al)有序相;中Al浓度合金中,θ有序相及γ′有序相几乎同时析出;高Al浓度合金中,γ′有序相先析出,θ有序相随后析出。沉淀过程中,θ有序相和γ′有序相长大和粗化过程中存在竞争关系,无论先析出哪种相,θ有序相在粗化的竞争过程中占有优势。因此,沉淀最后形成择优取向的显微组织。     

Ni-Cr-Al合金中D022相和L12相沉淀过程微观相场模拟

基于微观相场动力学模型和微观弹性理论,对Ni75Cr19Al6.0合金的沉淀过程进行了研究.结果表明,合金沉淀初期,DD22相以失稳分解机制从无序基体中析出,L12相以非经典形核长大机制析出,两相均呈现不规则形状且随机分布.共格沉淀相和母相之间的点阵错配度引起的弹性场对沉淀过程产生明显影响,D022相和L12相在沉淀后期表现出强烈的各向异性特征,其形貌均转变为长方块状,沿弹性"软"方向([100]和[001])规则分布,沉淀后期在基体中形成高度择优取向的微观组织.粗化过程中,D022相和L12相的平均半径的立方与时效时间整体上并不满足线性关系,弹性约束系统中的长大规律发生变化.     

Ni75Al21.5Ti3.5合金时效行为的微观相场计算

应用微观相场方法计算了Ni75Al21.5Ti3.5合金873K时效时的沉淀行为.利用原子演化图、长程序参数和成分序参数的演化、有序相颗粒的平均直径、颗粒数目及合金原子在α、β位置占位几率的演化等研究手段,讨论了Al、Ti原子的有序化和原子簇聚过程;有序相的形核机制及粗化行为;原子的择优占位行为.结果表明:有序相颗粒的形核机制为失稳分解机制,Al原子基本达到有序排列,同时存在Ni-Al原子反位,Ti原子未达到完全有序排列,在γ'有序相中择优占据Al位,且有序相生成过程中,前期的生长动力学指数为1/2,后期的生长动力学指数为2/5.     

应变能对Ni_(75)Cr_(16.4)Al_(8.6)合金沉淀过程影响的微观相场研究

采用含应变能的微观相场法,模拟了应变能方式对Ni75Cr16.4Al8.6合金沉淀过程的影响.研究发现,无应变能状态,è相早期沉淀为等成分有序化加失稳分解机制,形成随机分布组织:固定应变能状态,è相早期沉淀为非经典形核长大机制,沿[101]方向长大,逐步转向弹性"软"方向[001],形成高度择优取向组织:渐变应变能状态,è相的早期沉淀机制与无应变能状态类似,组织演化规律接近固定应变能状态.     

不同弹性畸变程度下Ni75Al14Mo11合金沉淀过程的多尺度模拟

基于微观相场模型和第一性原理方法模拟了Ni75Al14Mo11合金在不同弹性畸变能常数下的相变过程。当弹性畸变能从无到有时,沉淀相形貌由椭圆状变为块状,分布由不规则随机排列变为沿弹性"软"方向规则排列,具有一定方向性;弹性畸变能对短程DO22有序相的析出有抑制作用,并且对沉淀粗化过程的影响要大于对析出过程的影响;弹性畸变能对沉淀相的有序化及原子簇聚的影响并不是随着其增加而简单的起抑制或促进作用,而是与其取值范围有关。在相同的外界条件下,Ni、Al元素形成Ni3Al要比Ni、Mo元素形成Ni3Mo容易,导致Ni75Al14Mo11合金在1073 K时效下较易析出Ni3Al。     

Ni75Al15Mn10合金γ′相沉淀过程以及原子占位的微观相场模拟

基于微观相场模型和微观弹性理论,对Ni75Al15Mn10合金γ′相沉淀过程以及原子占位进行了原子层面的计算机模拟。结果表明:合金在1273K进行时效,沉淀早期先析出L10结构,之后随着有序度的增加,逐渐转变为L12结构;原子的有序化早于成分簇聚,γ′相的沉淀机制为等成分有序化+失稳分解的混合机制;γ′有序相的体积分数比γ无序相小,且γ′和γ相的体积分数比值约为60%;Al原子主要占据β格点(γ′相顶角位置),αⅡ和αⅠ格点主要由Mn原子占据,且在αⅡ格点占位几率高于αⅠ格点,Mn原子主要占据Ni位,形成的γ′相为单一的(Ni,Mn)3Al相。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.