探讨人民防空结构设计原理及要点

在现代建筑中,人防工程是一项极为重要的项目,为了提高人防工程建设质量,人防工程结构设计必须科学合理,这是设计师需要引起重视的关键环节。本文主要从人防概念及设计原理、人防地下室结构设计的特点、人防地下室结构设计的基本原则和高层人防地下室结构设计要点四方面进行分析。     

谈如何做好地下室人防工程建设中的监理工作

在人防地下室工程建设中,做好施工前、基坑施工、地下室施工、人防口部施工、安装施工、人防工程验收的质量控制,保证人防地下室工程的施工质量,满足设计和规范要求,实现平时使用和战时防护的建设目标。     

关于人防地下室裂缝控制的几点分析

结合实践分析了人防地下室裂缝产生的原因,提出了裂缝控制的设计原则与措施,以解决人防地下室的裂缝问题,保证人防工程的质量,充分发挥人防工程的作用。     

浅谈人防地下室防水工程的质量控制

由于许多人防地下室工程长期置于地下水的侵害之下,特别是工程往往受到地形条件的限制,地下水很难降到工程底板标高以下。因此,地下水对人防地下室工程的危害作用是相当大的。做好相应的人防地下室防水工程的质量控制至关重要。     

试析房屋建筑地下室人防工程施工现场技术质量管理

近年来,随着经济的不断发展,建筑行业也得到了快速的发展,房屋建筑地下室人防工程是建筑工程中重要的组成部分,地下室人防工程的建筑水平有了很大的提高。在建筑水平提高的同时,对质量的要求也越来越高,因此本文时房屋建筑地下室人防工程的施工技术进行了分析,有利于提高人防工程的质量管理。     

浅析人防地下室施工质量控制要点

人防地下室是我国当前民用建筑中发展比较快的一项工程,它具有平时和战争两用的过程,在施工建设时应该要重视其施工质量,这样才能够更好的发挥人防地下室的作用。但是一些施工人页在对其进行施工时,没有意识到人防地下室施工质量的重要性,没有严格按照施工要求进行,最终影响到地下室建设质量。本文通过时人防地下室施工质量控制要点进行分析,从而保证人防地下室工程施工质量。     

浅谈监理对人防地下室控制要点

随着国家对国防的需要,人防地下室工程建设的发展迅速,监理单位也开始承担人防地下室的监理任务。而人防地下室的监理因有其特殊性,保证人防地下室工程的质量达到设计图纸及验收规范要求,是监理的重要工作内容。本人通过几个工程监理人防的实践经验,谈一些认识和体会,供大家参考。     

浅析人防地下室结构施工的技术措施

结合工程实例,分析了人防地下室结构施工的特点,针对底板、内外墙、顶板等部位在人防施工中容易出现的质量问题,阐述了人防地下室结构施工中的技术措施。     

人防地下室钢筋混凝土结构施工技术

人防地下室是战时防空,平时防灾的重要设施,由防空地下室外墙、临空墙、防护密闭门门框墙、封堵墙、防护隔墙等组成,其结构的施工质量好坏,将会对人防地下室的正常使用造成一定的影响。文章结合高层住宅楼人防地下室工程实例,对人防地下室钢筋混凝土结构中容易出现质量问题的主要部位,提出了针对性的具体施工技术措施。     

监理人防地下室工程质量的控制要点分析

近年来,国防建设进程不断推进,人防地下室的工程需求不断增加,工程质量控制也成为国家与社会关注的重点。基于质量控制要点的人防地下室施工质量监理,能够保证工程质量符合设计与施工规范,对于提升建筑工程质量具有重大的现实意义。人防地下室工程质量监理对地下室防护单元口部预埋件、防护墙钢筋绑扎、防水、结构裂缝等质量问题是着重进行质量控制的要点。本文着重分析了人防地下室工程质量监理要点,并就其中比较重要的注意事项进行了总结。     

Monitoring airborne particles as mass and number concentrations: implications for air quality management and health

Airborne particulate matter is unique in that it does not have a standard or constant chemical formula or physical structure. This makes classification and measurement problematic. Many different measurement techniques have been devised to quantify airborne particles but few are comparable and it is proving very difficult to measure particles accurately in a way that reflects their potential harm to human health. Such measurements are a pre‐requisite for effective air quality management. This paper reviews the main methods used to quantify airborne particulates in the ambient urban atmosphere. Its aim is to demonstrate the importance of the measurement methods to our interpretation of health risk. Through the use of a case study the paper illustrates how, by using two different types of measurement, very different patterns of health risk are implied.     

大型商业中心室内空气品质分析及措施探讨

通过对两家采用空调系统的大型综合性商业中心的空气品质进行监测，取得大量的数据，分析了室内空气污染物浓度的影响因素，并提出了改善室内空气品质的措施。     

Experimental investigation of a novel desiccant cooling system

Desiccant based air conditioning systems are a suitable way to improve indoor air quality due to its superior humidity control. In this study, a novel desiccant based air conditioning system is designed and tested experimentally to improve the indoor air quality and reduce energy consumption. In the system studied, a heat exchanger, which is not used in this type of systems, for pre-heating the regeneration air with exhaust air is used. This paper reports results of initial operation and operational procedures. The performance of the system and its components is discussed.     

Plant refurbishment in historical buildings turned into museum

Suitable conditioning plant design is only one aspect of a wide problem that concerns thermo-physical building performance and then building envelope characteristics quality. This is really very important when a building is a museum and work of art at the same time, like the Hall of the Five Hundred that is the object of our study. Its need for conditioning is due to its prestige utilization for public meetings; but it must be seen as connected to different interventions for energy saving and rational energy use. Because of the architectural structure of the Hall and lack of space for plant allocation, the solution proposed in this paper is based on the minimum impact and reversibility concept. A movable platform on the existing floor that can hold all plants was proposed. This thin radiant panel solution was studied by a CFD simulation based on the finite volume method in transient conditions. In order to obtain reliable information concerning the fluid dynamic and thermal fields, the simulations were performed by using experimental data carried out by the Opificio delle Pietre Dure as comparison.     

Assessing air quality in Hong Kong: A proposed,revised air pollution index (API)

The Environment Protection Department of Hong Kong has been using an air pollution index (API) to report the status of ambient air quality since 1995. Such an index system was first developed by the USA Environmental Protection Authority. The API compares five main air pollutants, i.e. sulfur dioxide (SO₂), respirable suspended particulates (RSP), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO) and Ozone (O₃) as sub-indexes, which are calculated separately from a segmented linear function that transforms ambient pollutants concentrations into a normalized scale extending from 0 to 500. The resultant pollution level is described by the maximal value of these five sub-indexes. The limitation of this API system is that it considers only one pollutant with the maximum value at a time but reflects other pollutants concurrently. In this study, a revised air quality index (RAPI) is proposed based on the entropy function, which combines the effect of all pollutants on public health. The design of the revised index is based on database of air pollutants collected at two air quality monitoring stations in Hong Kong, i.e. a roadside station in Mong Kok and a general station in Sha Tin. Compared with the existing API, values of RAPI (calculated from data collected for API) at both stations are at higher levels and provide more information of levels of all pollutants. Therefore, RAPI should be representatively and widely used to provide the public with a better indicator of air quality. In addition, variations and oscillations of pollutants concentrations were also examined and the results show that RSP and NO₂ contribute more to the overall pollution level than other components. It is suggested that more abatement strategies be focused on these pollutants to improve air quality in the future.     

Experimental investigation of an innovative low electricity consumption air cooling system for small building application

This paper investigates the development of a low cost air cooling system used for small scale applications. Its operation is based on the rational and efficient use of energy available in conventional freezers, used for other purposes than air conditioning, to cool small areas. In this paper, the proposed air cooling system is applied to small kiosk prototype (called “periptero”), found very often in the streets of Greek cities and villages, used to sell goods to people. The proposed air cooling system is using the low temperature air inside the freezers to cool the air inside the kiosk and provide a better living environment for the owner, particularly during summer period. The basic principle of the system operation and the experimental installation will be described and the experimental results will be presented and discussed.     

Removal of viable bioaerosol particles with a low-efficiency HVAC filter enhanced by continuous emission of unipolar air ions

Continuous emission of unipolar ions has been shown to improve the performance of respirators and stationary filters challenged with non-biological particles. In this study, we investigated the ion-induced enhancement effect while challenging a low-efficiency heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) filter with viable bacterial cells, bacterial and fungal spores, and viruses. The aerosol concentration was measured in real time. Samples were also collected with a bioaerosol sampler for viable microbial analysis. The removal efficiency of the filter was determined, respectively, with and without an ion emitter. The ionization was found to significantly enhance the filter efficiency in removing viable biological particles from the airflow. For example, when challenged with viable bacteria, the filter efficiency increased as much as four- to fivefold. For viable fungal spores, the ion-induced enhancement improved the efficiency by a factor of approximately 2. When testing with virus-carrying liquid droplets, the original removal efficiency provided by the filter was rather low: 9.09 +/- 4.84%. While the ion emission increased collection about fourfold, the efficiency did not reach 75-100% observed with bacteria and fungi. These findings, together with our previously published results for non-biological particles, demonstrate the feasibility of a new approach for reducing aerosol particles in HVAC systems used for indoor air quality control. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Recirculated air in HVAC systems used for indoor air quality control in buildings often contains considerable number of viable bioaerosol particles because of limited efficiency of the filters installed in these systems. In the present study, we investigated - using aerosolized bacterial cells, bacterial and fungal spores, and virus-carrying particles - a novel idea of enhancing the performance of a low-efficiency HVAC filter utilizing continuous emission of unipolar ions in the filter vicinity. The findings described in this paper, together with our previously published results for non-biological particles, demonstrate the feasibility of the newly developed approach.     

空调水系统污染对室内空气品质的影响及其防止措施

根据对空调水系统的检测结果，阐述了空调水系统的主要途径及其对室内空气品质的不良影响，提出了防止空调水系统污染的技术措施。并阐明了提高新风的质和量并不是改善室内空气品质的唯一手段，防止空调水系统污染，是创造健康空调环境，并保护大环境的重要措施。     

Assessment Of Impacts Of A Fossil Fuel Based Power Plant

Prediction of air pollution impacts of a proposed fossil fuel-based power plant has been made using meteorological data, information on stack characteristics and emission rate, baseline air quality and validated model condition. It is observed that under normal operation, the emission rate of SO 2 and NO 2 is significant, while under a worst case scenario, the SPM emission rate is significant. It has been predicted that 24-hr average SO 2 , NO 2 and SPM concentrations due to proposed plant in normal operation would be around 38 w g/m 3 , 40 w g/m 3 and less than 1 w g/m 3 , respectively, beyond the site boundary. The total 24-hr average SPM concentration under the worst case beyond site boundary would be below the national air quality standard for SPM in a mixed industrial area. Therefore, the impact of proposed power plant on local air quality would be acceptable. However, the implementation of a green belt comprising various tree spacies which will act as dust attenuators around the site boundary alongwith efficient control measures at source would efficiently mitigate and minimised pollution impacts from the proposed power plant.     

Experimental studies of thermal environment and contaminant transport in a commercial aircraft cabin with gaspers on

Gaspers installed in commercial airliner cabins are used to improve passengers' thermal comfort. To understand the impact of gasper airflow on the air quality in a cabin, this investigation measured the distributions of air velocity, air temperature, and gaseous contaminant concentration in five rows of the economy‐class section of an MD‐82 commercial aircraft. The gaseous contaminant was simulated using SF₆ as a tracer gas with the source located at the mouth of a seated manikin close to the aisle. Two‐fifths of the gaspers next to the aisle were turned on in the cabin, and each of them supplied air at a flow rate of 0.66 l/s. The airflow rate in the economy‐class cabin was controlled at 10 l/s per passenger. Data obtained in a previous study of the cabin with all gaspers turned off were used for comparison. The results show that the jets from the gaspers had a substantial impact on the air velocity and contaminant transport in the cabin. The air velocity in the cabin was higher, and the air temperature slightly more uniform, when the gaspers were on than when they were off, but turning on the gaspers may not have improved the air quality.