烟气轮机转子叶片失效分析

本文通过金相、化学分析以及扫描电镜和能谱仪等分析手段,对激光修复后失效的某烟气轮机转子叶片进行化学成分分析、断口宏微观形貌以及金相组织观察,综合分析了叶片断裂失效原因.结果表明,叶片断裂主要起源于熔覆层中的缺陷和微裂纹;叶片存在明显的晶界宽化,在晶界形成连续的碳化物薄膜,降低了叶片硬度和冲击韧性,是叶片发生沿晶断裂的主要原因.     

复合材料单向板的拉伸失效

由于复合材料断裂特征的复杂性,尚未给出所受载荷与断裂特征之间的关系,通常认为失效模式与层板的基体、纤维类型及试验温度有关。本研究通过拉伸试验、断口观察等方法研究了碳纤维与玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料单向板在-55、23及70℃的0°拉伸失效行为,分析了单向板0°拉伸的断裂特征、失效模式及其影响因素。结果表明:复合材料单向板的0°拉伸主要有2种失效模式,纤维基体断裂和界面失效;由于2种失效模式所占的比例不同,形成多种断口形态;失效模式、断裂特征与复合材料的拉伸强度关系不大,主要与界面的结合强度有关;试验温度、纤维、基体等对其断裂特征与失效模式的影响也主要是界面强度变化所致。     

多元高铬合金铸铁在SCHLICK抛丸机上的应用

SCHLICK抛丸机是从西德进口的钢结构预处理设备 ,为取代进口易损配件叶片 ,采用多元高铬合金抗磨铸铁试制 ,该材料经热处理后 ,显微组织为马氏体 +条块状一次碳化物及在回火马氏体基体上析出的颗粒状二次碳化物 ,硬度HRC6 4～ 6 7,ak为 3J·cm-2 ～ 5J·cm-2 ,经现场生产考核 ,使用寿命与原进口叶片相当。     

两种低铬铸铁拋丸机叶片的失效分析与对比

本文对具有不同使用寿命的两种低铬铸铁抛丸机叶片(常用叶片和试制叶片),进行了失效分析及磨面形貌观察。失效分析表明:常用叶片既有正常失效,又有早期失效;试制叶片却没有发生早期失效;造成早期失效的主要原因是常用叶片内部有铸造缺陷。正常失效的叶片磨面形貌观察表明:常用叶片磨面受弹丸的切削作用和冲击作用而造成的切削痕迹、裂纹和剥落坑比试制叶片严重的多,因而其耐磨性比试制叶片低;磨面形貌差异的原因是由于这两种叶片的共晶碳化物形态和分布的特征不同以及叶片的硬度不同而造成的。     

高氮不锈钢滚轮滚针轴承外圈动载失效原因分析

国内某轴承厂开发某型号滚轮滚针轴承,在动载试验过程中出现外圈开裂失效的问题,针对该问题进行分析。采用金相显微镜、维氏硬度计、扫描电镜等检测分析手段,从多个方面分析轴承失效的原因。结果表明：锻车滚轮滚针轴承金相组织中的网状碳化物存在,大大增加了材料脆性,使得外圈在轴承运转中、外力作用下快速脆性开裂;从断口形貌分析,开裂断口处是以脆性断裂为主、塑性断裂为辅;从扫描电镜EDS能谱分析知,轴承外圈基体和二次析出相中含氮化合物大量流失导致的氮元素含量过少,是造成其脆性断裂的主要原因。因此,滚轮滚针轴承外圈开裂失效原因为网状碳化物存在与氮元素含量流失所引起的脆性断裂。     

高钒高速钢、高铬铸铁冷轧辊磨损试验研究

通过对高钒高速钢、高铬铸铁轧辊试样的冷轧模拟试验研究表明,高钒高速钢由于其均匀分布、形态较好的高硬度碳化物使其耐磨性大幅提高,在同等试验条件下为高铬铸铁试样的4.4倍.微观分析表明,轧辊试样磨损机理主要表现为疲劳剥落,浅层剥落主要表现为棘齿裂纹的萌生、扩展与断裂的过程;高铬铸铁轧辊试样深层失效主要表现为MC3型碳化物的断裂并形成裂纹源并在疲劳循环过程中断裂失效,高钒高速钢轧辊试样MC型碳化物有少量破碎并形成晶间裂纹源,主要失效方式表现为碳化物颗粒剥落,并对此进行了定性的力学解释.     

回火温度对H10MOD二次硬化钢组织和力学性能的影响

利用SEM和TEM技术研究了H10MOD二次硬化钢在不同温度下回火的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:H10MOD钢淬火后在600～700℃回火时,基体中主要碳化物是M2C和M23C6。随回火温度的升高,碳化物的总量逐渐增加,而硬度由47.2 HRC降至26.1 HRC。在600～625℃回火时,冲击韧性保持在34 J左右,几乎没有变化,这说明碳化物对韧性的恶化被位错回复抵消了,此时的断裂机制为准解理断裂;高于625℃回火时,韧性迅速增加,说明位错回复导致的韧性增加量远大于碳化物粗化导致的韧性减小量,此时断裂机制为韧窝断裂。     

PQF无缝管连轧辊断裂失效分析

无限冷硬球墨铸铁无缝管轧辊在服役过程中连续发生多起大面积深层破碎断裂事故,为查找轧辊发生断裂失效原因,对破碎块的断口宏观形貌、显微组织、化学成分及轧辊表面硬度进行了分析。结果表明:基体开花状石墨及长枝条状共晶碳化物和缩孔缺陷的存在是轧辊在轧制过程中发生瞬时脆性断裂的主要原因。     

燃气轮机低压压气机转子叶片断裂分析

某型燃气轮机运行近1 000 h后,发生2片低压压气机转子叶片脱榫断裂和同级多片榫头裂纹故障。通过对断裂和裂纹叶片外观观察、断口分析、化学成分分析、硬度检测和金相检验等手段,确认了断裂和裂纹叶片失效模式相同,均属振动疲劳断裂,盘和叶片配合不良引起微动磨损是该级叶片早期振动疲劳断裂的主要原因。盘、片配合不良主要是由于配合面间无防磨损涂层,在应用过程中产生氧化和磨损引起的;通过盘和叶片榫齿配合面涂干膜润滑,有效解决了盘片配合面微动磨损问题。     

燃气轮机二级动叶片失效分析

对燃气轮机二级动叶片失效件进行了化学成分分析、金相组织观察、晶粒度测定、夹杂物检查及断口分析。结果表明，叶片断裂的原因是在长时间高温作用下，碳化物(M23C6)析出并集聚于晶界，近晶界处出现贫铬区，产生表层晶界严重氧化过烧，使热强性降低，材料脆化而产生断裂失效。     

钢结硬质合金的磨料磨损耐磨性

对五种不同成分的钢结硬质合金的磨粉磨损耐磨性在两种不同的磨损条件下进行了系统地研究，分析了各种钢结硬质合金的显微组织，并测定了它们的整体宏观硬度。试验结果表明，钢结硬质合金中碳化物的种类、含量以及钢基体的组织和硬度对其耐磨性均有着显著的影响。碳化物和钢基体的硬度越高以及碳化物的体积分数越大，则钢结硬质合金的耐磨性也越高，工具钢结硬质合金的耐磨性明显高于高锰钢结硬质合金的耐磨性。     

不同类型碳化物在基体中的分布对高速钢轧辊性能的影响

通过对具有不同组织的两种进口高速钢轧辊及一种国产辊环进行冷热疲劳试验及摩擦磨损试验,研究了不同类型碳化物在基体中的分布对高速钢轧辊性能的影响。结果表明,在晶界处分布的大块未溶共晶碳化物周围容易萌生裂纹,且大块的未溶共晶碳化物在经过多次冷热疲劳循环后容易碎裂并脱落,在磨损过程中,大块未溶共晶碳化物同样容易发生碎裂及脱落现象,大大影响耐磨损性能;裂纹容易沿晶界处分布的碳化物扩展,且晶界处分布大块的未溶共晶碳化物或碳化物联结成网状容易促进裂纹的扩展;晶界处M2C型碳化物与晶界成一定角度分布,具有一定阻碍裂纹扩展的作用;不同类型碳化物在基体中的弥散分布对于提高其耐磨性能具有很大作用。     

THE INFLUENCE OF C ON THE OXIDATION AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF Fe-Cr-Mn ALLOY AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

A kinetic oxidation test and an isothermal oxidation test of Fe-Cr-Mn alloys containing0.50％ to 2.69％ C were carried out at 800 and 660℃ in atmosphere.A high temperatureabrasive wear test of the alloys was also done in a self-made wear tester.A study of themorphology of the oxide film and the element distribution in the subsurface indicated that:(1) with increasing C content of the alloys the amount of eutectic carbide increased andthe Mu content in the matrix participating in the oxidation process decreased,resultingin an increase of the oxidation resistance of the alloys:(2) The high temperature wearresistance of the alloys was closely related to the bulk hardness of the alloy and theamount of eutectic carbide.The increase in hardness of the alloys increased the hightemperature wear resisance.However,it must be emphasized that the wear resistanteffect of the carbides depends strongly on the support provided by the matrix.     

金刚石钻头胎体材料碳化钨一铸钢丸的试验研究

本文介绍了一种新的金刚石钻头胎体材料碳化钨-铸钢丸,这种钻头体材料的特点是钻头体表面使用铸造碳化钨材料,心部使用铸钢丸材料,从而实现钻头体表面耐磨抗冲蚀,心部高强高韧的特点.测试了这种钻头体心部材料的力学性能和表层材料的耐磨抗冲蚀能力,同时还介绍了使用含胶碳化钨粉涂抹在钻头模具表面和石墨替棒表面的方法.由于钻头体心部力...     

深冷处理对Cr14Mn2V2高铬铸铁组织转变和磨损性能的影响

分别采用X射线衍射(XRD)、电子透射电镜(TEM)和磨损测量(WT)等方法研究了深冷处理对高铬铸铁显微组织和磨损行为的影响。深冷处理能有效地降低高铬铸铁中的残余奥氏体含量,促进细微碳化物的析出,但不能完全将奥氏体转化为马氏体。大量马氏体的形成和微小二次碳化物的析出,显著提高了高铬铸铁的耐磨性。当残余奥氏体含量约为15%时,材料的耐磨性能达到最好,残余奥氏体量较多或较少都不利于耐磨性的提高。结果表明,亚临界加深冷处理试样的磨损性能较未深冷的试样有较大的提高。     

Study of composite spark-alloyed coatings based on titanium carbide using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

This work discusses composite coatings obtained by electro-spark alloying and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. It has been established that the generated composite coatings consist of titanium carbides, which are uniformly distributed in the metal matrix. The titanium carbide grain sizes are in the range of 0.1?C4.0 ??m. The coarse grains of titanium carbide in the coating consist of disperse carbides with sizes of less than 1 ??m. The study of the structure of the composite coatings in friction tracks has demonstrated that the generated coatings possess high wear resistance.     

高硬度钢焊缝第二相的强化及增韧

研究了在Ｎｂ,Ｔｉ,Ｚｒ,Ｖ和ＲＥ共存的高碳焊缝中碳化物和基体组织的特点及对韧性的影响。结果表明,多元强碳化物元素与ＲＥ的综合作用,可诱使碳化物早期大量弥散析出。析出过程发生在焊缝凝固之前,同核心多维析出是碳化物由液相直接析出的主要机制;强碳化物元素与碳符合比规律,可导致基体“贫碳”而转变为板条马氏体（Ｍ１）,最终获得以碳化物强化为主的高硬度兼高韧性焊缝。     

Microstructural characterization and abrasive wear performance of HVOF sprayed Cr3C2–NiCr coating

Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process with different spray parameters to examine dominant microstructural factors in abrasive wear of the coatings. The microstructure of the HVOF sprayed Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The apparent average size and volume fraction of carbide particles in the coatings were estimated through a quantitative imaging analysis. The formation of carbide phases in the coating was discussed based on the TEM observation results. The abrasive wear behavior of the coating was evaluated by the dry rubber wheel abrasive wear test and the wear mechanisms were elucidated. Influences of apparent size and volume fraction of carbide particles on the abrasive wear weight loss were examined through correlating the proposed relation with the experimental results. Results showed that Cr₃C₂ particle size was significantly reduced after the spraying and Cr₇C₃ carbide was present around Cr₃C₂ particles, and Cr₂₃C₆ carbide was dispersed in NiCr alloy matrix with a nano-crystalline structure. The three carbides were formed in the coating through different mechanisms. The removal of carbide particles in the coating was mainly responsible for the abrasive wear of the coating. The content and particle size of the Cr₃C₂ carbides were the two key factors controlling the abrasive wear of the HVOF sprayed Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings.     

Friction and surface chemistry of implantation- modified metal-carbide composites

Dry sliding friction measurements were performed on model carbide- metal composite samples containing 24–42 vol.% carbide. Wear debris, located preferentially on the carbides, were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis and Auger scanning microscopy. The friction and wear of the composite samples were found to be influenced by the compatibility (degree of mutual solubility) of the carbides with the steel counterface, as well as by local inhomogeneities in the carbide distribution. Friction tests were also made on the samples following high fluence titanium implantation. Implantation resulted in increased friction and wear, possibly owing to an implantation-induced softening or degradation of the carbides.     

Tribological characteristics of WC-based claddings using a ball-cratering method

Tungsten carbide-based thick coatings are used as wear resistant claddings or surface overlays in industrial applications to counter erosive and/or abrasive wear problems. Three-body abrasive wear behaviour of infiltration brazed tungsten carbide (WC) claddings was investigated using a ball-cratering method, a version with a free ball, with slurry containing 150–300 μm silica sand particles. Three WC claddings tested had different volume fractions and size distribution of carbides that resulted in their different bulk hardness and the matrix was a Ni–Cr based alloy. It was found that the wear rates of all WC claddings were almost constant with testing time or distance travelled by a rotating ball. The wear rates were independent of the slurry delivery rate and did not increase with increasing rotating ball roughness. The wear rates were affected by the material characteristics of WC claddings such as the volume fraction of carbides, directly related to bulk hardness, and carbide size distribution. SEM examination found that three-body rolling wear was a dominating wear mechanism. The softer matrix was worn out preferentially, leaving behind protruding and weakly-supported carbides. Small solid carbides were then dislodged and larger cemented WC/Co carbides were gradually worn out by a combination of microcracking and attrition.The abrasive characteristics of WC claddings in the ball-cratering tests were then compared to the characteristics of nominally identical materials in the standard ASTM G65 and G76 tests, as reported in the literature, and similarities and differences found are reported. Also, the in-field wear mechanisms found in the WC cladding were compared to the mechanisms observed in the ball-cratering tests.