两种超高强度钢的谱载疲劳行为及断裂机制和形貌的研究

对两种超高强度钢的实际谱载疲劳行为及疲劳裂纹起裂、扩展的机制进行了研究,结果表明等温热处理的300M钢谱载疲劳寿命是30CrMnSiNi2A钢的1.2倍;疲劳裂纹起始为台阶状并以条带机制为其控制机制;扩展阶段为小平面解理加条带扩展机制;二次裂纹起裂位置与马氏体束界面有关。     

LY12—CZ和LC4—CS铝合金在多种环境中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展

文中对两种常用铝合金LY12—CZ和LC4—CS在各种环境中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率与实验室空气中的数据进行了比较,揭示了不同的腐蚀环境对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。腐蚀环境的参加使两种铝合金的裂纹扩展速率明显加快,其影响的严重程度由重到轻依次为:盐水,盐雾,盐雾+SO_2,潮湿空气。LC4—CS合金比LY12—CZ合金对环境因素表现更为敏感,其疲劳裂纹扩展抗力在腐蚀环境中的降低更为显著。     

超声疲劳试验方法对S06钢疲劳性能及裂纹萌生机制的影响

采用超声疲劳试验方法和试样尺寸相近的高频疲劳试验方法对S06钢进行疲劳性能试验,将试验数据和试样断口形貌进行对比,研究超声疲劳试验方法对S06钢疲劳性能和裂纹萌生机制的影响.结果表明:在相同的应力水平下,超声加载频率下S06钢的疲劳寿命高于高频疲劳试验测得的疲劳寿命;超声疲劳试验中裂纹全部从表面萌生,而高频疲劳试样裂纹有表面萌生和内部萌生两种机制.分析了超声加载频率对S06钢疲劳性能和裂纹萌生机制产生影响的原因:对疲劳性能的影响与金属材料的晶体结构和裂纹尖端的化学反应有关,对裂纹萌生机制的影响与试样表层残余应力松弛有关.     

高频载荷下高强钢的超高周疲劳及热耗散研究

应用超声疲劳试验技术,对两种高强度钢(42CrMo4,100Cr6)在20kHz频率下的超高周疲劳性能进行测试分析.实验结果表明:两种钢的S -N曲线在106周发生了明显的变化,出现了水平渐近线.尽管23个42CrMo4钢试样用于1010周的疲劳试验,但在8.76×107循环周次以上,没有疲劳破坏发生,42CrMo4钢存在疲劳极限,而100Cr6钢的S -N曲线呈现台阶型.高精度热成像仪检测不同载荷条件下疲劳试样温度的变化结果显示:温度的变化与试验材料和加载水平有关.试样温度的快速升高发生在超声疲劳试验的初期,温度的变化反映了材料内部的热耗散过程.裂纹萌生后,微裂纹处不可逆的局部塑性变形导致裂纹萌生区温度急剧升高,疲劳试样内部温度场的变化反映材料的疲劳损伤过程.SEM观察表明:在长寿命区,疲劳裂纹常萌生于试样内部或次表层组织缺陷处.     

腐蚀条件下高强钢超高周疲劳性能及损伤机理研究进展

在疲劳载荷作用下，材料发生裂纹萌生、扩展直至断裂的周次在107以上的过程被称为超高周疲劳。部分高强钢机械部件需在恶劣环境中服役，服役期间承受的疲劳载荷周次高达108～1011，高强钢在腐蚀环境中的超高周疲劳问题成为影响结构可靠性、安全性的关键问题，是航空航天、汽车、高铁等领域亟待解决的难点。得益于金属材料在传统疲劳问题上的总结积累与先进试验手段的助力，诸多学者开发出多种新的试验方法，有针对性地对高强钢在腐蚀条件下的超高周疲劳问题展开研究。目前，关于腐蚀条件下高强钢超高周疲劳性能退化规律及损伤机理、腐蚀条件下裂纹萌生竞争机制及裂纹初期扩展行为、氢对高强钢超高周疲劳性能及颗粒亮面形成机制的影响等核心问题的认识愈发清晰，逐渐从对试验现象的描述与归纳深入到对损伤机理的探索与推演，而且部分研究成果已经逐步在工程实践中得到应用。本文首先从S-N曲线等角度简述了高强钢无腐蚀条件下的超高周疲劳损伤特征;然后总结了典型腐蚀介质对高强钢超高周疲劳性能的影响，并指出氢脆断裂为高强钢在腐蚀环境中的断裂机理之一;随后详述了氢对高强钢超高周疲劳性能及颗粒亮面形成机制的影响研究进展;最后对几个关键问题进行了展望。     

新型低碳贝氏体钢的力学与腐蚀疲劳性能

为研究低碳贝氏体钢在热处理后的力学、腐蚀疲劳性能,采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射分析研究了一种新型贝氏体钢力学性能,并在自来水和盐水腐蚀介质中研究了其腐蚀疲劳性能.结果表明:与轧材比较,A、B、C钢轧材经正火回火热处理后,表现出更优异的综合力学性能和抗腐蚀疲劳性能;而含Si高的A钢具有更优异的韧塑性及抗腐蚀疲劳性能.含Si的贝氏体钢中的贝氏体铁素体(BF)板条间残余奥氏体(Ar)膜对氢致裂纹的扩展速率有突出的抑制作用.     

几种高强度钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为的研究

本文研究了ＧＣ－４，３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＮｉ２Ａ和３００Ｍ超高强钢的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为。考虑了环境，热处理制度，应力比和频率对裂纹扩展的影响。研究结果表明：腐蚀环境和热处理制度对疲劳裂纹扩展有显著影响。在侵蚀性环境中随频率降低，裂纹扩展大幅度上升，随应力比提高，环境影响加剧。利用扫描电镜对试样断口形貌进行了分析，并讨论了高强钢的腐蚀疲劳机理。     

金属工程材料腐蚀疲劳行为研究进展

合金钢、不锈钢等金属工程材料在服役过程中受到交变荷载以及腐蚀性介质的共同作用,使工程结构发生腐蚀疲劳,造成金属工程材料的承载能力降低和服役寿命缩短。因此,揭示载荷-环境体系下材料的腐蚀疲劳开裂规律对工程结构的前期设计及使用寿命预测都有深远意义。金属工程材料腐蚀疲劳失效的机制包括裂纹萌生和扩展两部分。目前的研究主要集中于裂纹扩展寿命,对裂纹萌生的研究较少。裂纹萌生机制仍存在争议,主要的观点有点蚀加速裂纹形成理论、滑移带优先溶解理论、保护膜破裂理论和吸附理论等。目前,关于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展机制的研究主要有阳极溶解和氢致开裂两种观点。影响腐蚀疲劳寿命的主要因素分为材料因素、力学因素及环境因素三方面。目前力学因素的研究主要集中于应力比、加载频率、加载波形等;材料因素的研究主要为显微组织及合金元素;环境因素的研究包括介质温度、浓度、含氧量、pH值及外加电位等。本文综述了金属工程材料腐蚀疲劳开裂机制及影响因素的研究现状,归纳了金属腐蚀疲劳的研究成果与不足,并在此基础上提出了下一步的研究方向及发展趋势,为相关领域的研究人员提供新思路。     

低合金高强度钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率和扩展寿命的断口反推估算

通过对疲劳失效件的断口扫描电镜分析和二次复型电镜分析,对等幅载荷的疲劳试验零件的疲劳裂纹扩展速率及扩展寿命进行了估算。估算结果表明,从微观角度获得的数据与宏观分析结果符合得很好,从而认为在等幅载荷的情况下,把疲劳裂纹扩展条带对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行估算用于低合金超高强度钢是可行的。     

残余压应力对45钢疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的影响

本文研究了４５钢不同缺口半径及经预压，喷丸处理后对试样弯曲疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的影响。研究结果表明：随着试样缺口根部半径的增大，试样的弯曲疲劳裂纹萌生寿命增加。     

CORROSION FATIGUE OF AN HSLA STEEL

Abstract— Single-pitted specimens of an HSLA steel, were tested in laboratory air and in 1 M NaCl solution to study the influence of a corrosive environment on its fatigue life.
The growth of fatigue cracks and the partitioning of the fatigue life into fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack propagation were studied by photographing the pit and the cracks developing on it periodically during testing. Non-propagating or dormant surface cracks were not observed in this study. Fractography using SEM showed the locations of fatigue crack initiation. The mechanisms of corrosion fatigue were studied by performing tests in 1 M NaCl at different test frequencies. Corrosion pits proved to be crack initiation sites. Hydrogen embrittlement was found to be unimportant in the corrosion fatigue of HSLA steel in this study. The 1 M NaCl corrosive environment appeared to reduce the fatigue life of this material by a dissolution mechanism. The effect of pit depth was studied by testing specimens having various pit depths. An effect of pit size was apparent. Fatigue life decreased with increasing pit depth. Pit depth, rather than the ratio of pit depth to pit diameter, influenced fatigue behaviour. A non-damaging pit depth was found.     

Fatigue life prediction of corrosion-damaged high-strength steel using an equivalent stress riser (ESR) model. Part II: Model development and results

The fatigue life of metallic aircraft structural components can be significantly reduced by environmentally induced corrosion. However, there have historically been no analytical methods to quantify the specific fatigue life reduction of individual unfailed corroded components with any reasonable degree of confidence. As part of a NAVAIR high-strength steel corrosion–fatigue assessment program, methods were studied to predict the impact that corrosion-induced surface roughness has on the fatigue life of high-strength steel aircraft components. The steels of interest produce general corrosion in patches as well as localized material loss similar to pitting. In addition, this type of corrosion has characteristic features over a wide range of scales. Consequently, traditional finite element analysis approaches are not well suited to this problem, since the mesh required to accurately reflect the fine details distributed over the entire corrosion patch make computation unrealistic. Therefore, approximate methods were developed that allow localized regions of interest of high stress to be identified. Subsequently, a simple notch metric formula is employed to approximate the stress riser in these regions of interest. Finally, an extension of Peterson’s fatigue notch sensitivity theory is applied to these small “notches” that has the result of suppressing the effect of smaller notches compared to larger notches in the prediction of life. Each region of interest is assigned a probability of crack initiation as a function of fatigue cycles, based on a probabilistic strain–life analysis using the predicted notch factor. The net life (to crack initiation) for the component is then the product of the survivabilities of all of the individual regions of interest on the component surface. Tests on corroded fatigue specimens have been conducted to both calibrate the parameters in the Peterson model as well as to test the life prediction capability of the approach. Predictions from the resulting model have demonstrated that an empirical approach to corrosion surface damage can be utilized to generate probabilistic life predictions that have substantial engineering value in assessing the residual fatigue life of corroded AF1410 steel components, and that the modeling technique can capture the significant corrosion features that cause fatigue cracking in most cases, especially for more severely corroded surfaces.     

Pre-strain effect on fatigue strength characteristics of SUH660 plain specimens

Precipitation particles in precipitation-strengthened materials are considered to be cut by pre-strain treatment, which affects the fatigue strength. In this study, fatigue tests were performed on precipitation-strengthened stainless steel SUH660 to investigate the effect of pre-strain on fatigue crack initiation and propagation characteristics. Fatigue test results showed that pre-strained specimens have a shorter fatigue crack propagation life compared to non-strained specimens; this is the opposite of results observed in carbon steel. The accelerated fatigue crack growth observed in pre-strained specimens was first assumed to be caused by precipitate cutting. A dislocation accumulation model for the fatigue crack tip in the precipitation-strengthened material was then suggested. Buff-polished specimens were also used for the fatigue tests, and the results showed that the work-hardened layer had a significant impact on the fatigue strength and fatigue life.     

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS

Abstract— Fatigue crack initiation and propagation in duplex stainless steels are strongly affected by microstructure in both inert and aggressive environments. Fatigue crack growth rates in wrought Zeron 100 duplex stainless steel in air were found to vary with orientation depending on the frequency of crack tip retardation at ferrite/austenite grain boundaries. Fatigue crack propagation rates in 3.5% NaCl solution and high purity water are increased by hydrogen assisted transgranular cyclic cleavage of the ferrite. The corrosion fatigue results are interpreted using a model for the cyclic cleavage mechanism.     

基于Beach Marking方法的钢结构疲劳裂纹检测研究

研究裂纹的形成和扩展规律是钢结构疲劳断裂的一个重要课题。该文讨论了一种十分经济有效的检测钢结构疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展的方法,即Beach Marking方法。首先简要总结了该方法的发展历史和研究现状,并系统归纳了其基本原理和关键问题。同时,通过焊接H型钢梁的试验案例,探索该方法应用在大尺寸构件上的实际效果,并具体展示该方法的设计步骤和应用过程。试验表明,Beach Marking方法简单实用,关键在于设计合理的疲劳荷载序列;通过分析疲劳断口上留下的疲劳弧线,并结合断裂力学理论,可以获得疲劳裂纹的扩展规律和参数,为钢结构疲劳寿命数值分析提供科学依据。     

Corrosion fatigue behaviour and microstructural characterisation of G20Mn5QT cast steel in 3.5‐wt% NaCl solution

Corrosion fatigue behaviour and microstructural characterisation of G20Mn5QT cast steel are investigated in simulated seawater. Fractography is performed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The macroscale fracture surface and microstructure of the failed specimen are acquired including the crack initiation, crack propagation, and pitting evolution. The maximum cyclic stress (S) versus number of cycles to failure (N) curves is derived by three‐parameter fatigue curve method. Fatigue life is predominantly controlled by the corrosion pitting‐induced crack initiation when tested in simulated seawater at lower stress levels. As the maximum cyclic stress is less than 185 MPa, the chloride ion erosion is the main influence factor, which affects the fatigue failure of the G20Mn5QT cast steel in simulated seawater.     

A model for predicting crack initiation in forged M3:2 tool steel under high cycle fatigue

AISI type M3 class 2 tool steel (or in German designation DIN: HS6-5-3 tool steel) is most commonly used in tooling industry, and also in some engine parts. Those components are usually subjected to cyclic stresses and mostly fail by fatigue. Fatigue crack initiation in this material occupies large fraction of total lifetime and strongly depends on microstructural features of primary and eutectic carbides, such as shape, shape ratio, volume fraction, the distribution of carbides as well as load ratio. To model fatigue initiation mechanisms of forged M3:2 tool steel, McDowell’s model was modified and developed for different length-scales. For fatigue crack formation and short crack growth, a hierarchical approach was used and the life time of these stages were estimated based on the local cyclic plasticity. Through this relation the effect of microstructural features on both fatigue crack formation and short crack growth in the material were identified. The results of the proposed model have explicitly reflected the influence of microstructural features on both fatigue crack formation and propagation in forged M3:2 tool steel. Moreover, the model can be used for improving the fatigue resistance of a tool steel component.     

Beanspruchungssynchrone elektrochemische Messungen an SwRK-beanspruchten Proben aus rost- und säurebeständigem Stahl

Stress Synchron Electrochemical Measurement with Stainless Steel in Corrosion Fatigue The stress transient corrosion current behaviour (tensile stress of varying magnitude) of stainless steel (Type 306 and AF 22) in corrosion fatigue was studied in aqueous sulfidic acid solutions at temperatures up to 70 °C. It was found that the transient current is set by the alternating strain rate and is no function of the total applied stress. In the state of unfractured specimen surface the transient corrosion current describes the passive layer like an ?mechanical impedance”? and is therefore no function of experimental time. Crack initiation is marked by a typical deforming of the transient current signal (phase shift and increasing amplitude). This indicates the state of starting crack much more earlier than any other signal and is therefore an excellent help in studying corrosion fatigue crack initiation.     

Fatigue behaviour of bare and pre-corroded magnesium alloy AZ31

Constant amplitude fatigue tests have been performed using smooth specimens of a rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy in order to assess the fatigue behaviour of the material. The tests were periodically interrupted and replicas were taken from the surface of the specimens in order to reveal crack initiation and early crack propagation. Based on the derived S–N curve a very high stress sensitivity of the fatigue life can be concluded; it may be attributed to the inability of the material to accumulate fatigue damage in terms of cyclic plasticity at the early stage of fatigue. Fatigue cracks initiate already after few fatigue cycles between strain incompatibility points (e.g. grain boundaries) due to difficulties in satisfying the von Mises criterion. The initiation and propagation mechanisms of the fatigue cracks are characterized as cleavage. Furthermore, the corrosion susceptibility of the material has been investigated in a salt spray environment. It becomes evident that the presence of corrosion damage, in terms of corrosion pitting, results in the development of stress concentration, facilitating essentially the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. Thus, the fatigue limit is reduced to 50% of the respective value of the un-corroded material.     

0Cr16 Ni5 Mo不锈钢疲劳性能研究

通过疲劳试验对 0Cr16Ni5Mo不锈钢疲劳性能和海水中的腐蚀疲劳性能进行了研究 ,并对断口特征进行了金相及SEM分析。结果表明 :钢的σ-1 、σ-1SCC 和τ-1 分别为 5 5 0MPa、40 8MPa和 2 85MPa ,σ-1 、τ-1与σb 、σ0 .2 之间符合奥金格公式。不同条件下的疲劳断口特征各异 ,纯旋转弯曲疲劳断口属正常形貌 ,而扭转疲劳断口的扩展阶段疲劳条带不明显 ,这与受力条件复杂有关。海水介质中疲劳开裂具有表面多条裂纹源特征 ,裂纹尖端的应力集中加速裂纹扩展造成腐蚀疲劳强度降低 ,裂纹扩展至断裂符合正常疲劳断裂机理。