EVM and BER Simulation of an NADC-TDMA Radiophone Influenced by the Operator's Body in Urban Mobile Environments

This paperpresents the performance evaluation of a portable digital radiophoneinfluencedby the operator's body in urban mobile environments, based on the EVM (errorvector magnitude) and BER (bit error rate) simulation. The type of digitalmodulation follows to the NADC-TDMA standard. A new probability densityfunction(pdf) is proposed to describe the statistic of the EVM in an AWGNchannelunder frequency non-selective slowly fading situation. The simulation combinesthe modified Doppler power spectrum (MDPS) method and a gray coding(/4-DQPSK modulation with square-root raised cosine (SRRC) shaping filter.The performance evaluation based on BER uses an ideal matched-filter-basedreceiver. The results show that the closer of the distance between theradiophone antenna and the operator's head, the poorer of the EVM and BERperformance.     

可见光通信光正交频分复用系统符号分解技术抑制LED非线性失真研究

传统重复信号限幅(ISC)技术可以减小非线性LED光正交频分复用(O-OFDM)系统的非线性限幅噪声影响。但ISC系统需要多个LED同时发光,同步和硬件实现复杂,并且误码率(BER)随着信道增益差异的增大而变大。基于此,提出基于单个LED的O-OFDM符号分解串行传输系统,对O-OFDM符号进行限幅分解,然后串行组帧,最后输入到单个LED中。推导了系统理论信噪比表达式,并建立了蒙特卡罗误码率和误差矢量幅度(EVM)仿真模型。结果表明,随着符号分解次数增大,EVM和BER性能显著变好,但通信速率略有下降,并且直流偏置会影响EVM和BER性能。本系统实现简单,避免了信道增益差异引起的BER变差问题。     

Millimeter-Wave Heterodyne Six-Port Receiver： New Implementation and Demodulation Results

This paper presents a new implementation of a millimeter-wave heterodyne receiver based on six-port technology.The six-port model is implemented in Advanced Design System(ADS) using S-parameter measurements for realistic advanced simulation of a short-range 60 GHz wireless link.Millimeter-wave frequency conversion is performed using a six-port down-converter.The second frequency conversion is performed using conventional means because of low IF.A comparison between the proposed receiver and a conventional balanced millimeter-wave mixer shows that the proposed receiver improves conversion loss and I/Q phase stability over the local oscillator(LO) and RF power ranges.The results of demodulating a V-band quadrature phase-shift keying(QPSK) signal at a high data rate of 100 Mb/s-1 Gb/s are discussed.The results of a bit error rate(BER) and error vector magnitude(EVM) analysis prove that the proposed architecture can be successfully used for wireless link transmission up to 10 m.     

Full-duplex radio-over-fiber transport systems based on two modes injection-locked FP LD

A full-duplex radio-over-fiber (ROF) transport system based on two modes injection-locked Fabry–Perot laser diode (FP LD) is proposed and demonstrated. Performances over a 40-km standard single-mode fiber (SMF) full-duplex transmission were investigated. Good performances of bit error rate (BER) and error vector magnitude (EVM) were obtained in our proposed systems. Since our proposed systems use only one FP LD as light source for both down-link and up-link transmissions, it reveals a prominent alternative with advantages in simplicity and cost.     

EVM simulation and analysis in digital transmitter

The error vector magnitude (EVM) is extensively applied as a metric for digital transmitter signal quality compliance in modern communication systems. This article is focused on the effects of local oscillator (LO) phase noise and nonlinear distortion of power amplifier on EVM. This article contributes to below aspects. First, the relationships between EVM and two effects, LO phase noise and nonlinear distortion of power amplifier, are derived and expressed. Second, to simplify the expression, the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) is used to calculate the EVM. Then, an expression for the EVM is derived based on the digital transmitter model that considers local oscillator phase noise and nonlinear distortion of power amplifier. Finally, the math formula of bit error rate (BER) versus EVM is given which can be easier and more useful to predict BER, according to analysis of the relationship between EVM and signal to noise rate (SNR), inspired by the works of Rishad, Md. Shahriar and AHM, 2006. Simulations are carried out to display the performance of EVM based on these relationships.     

正交频分复用信号峰均比抑制技术研究

正交频分复用(OFDM)系统存在峰值平均功率比(PAPR)较高的缺点.通过对PAPR相关特性的深入讨论分析,针对峰值抵消波峰因子降低(PC?CFR)算法引入的非线性失真较大的问题,提出了一种可降低信号非线性失真的峰均比抑制算法,即PC?CFR算法与部分传输序列(PTS)算法联合改进的PAPR抑制方案.仿真结果表明,该方...     

Ultra-High Power and Efficiency Space Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifier Power Combiner With Reduced Size and Mass for NASA Missions

In the 2008 IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society International Microwave Symposium Digest version of our paper, recent advances in high power and efficiency space traveling-wave tube amplifiers for NASA's space-to-Earth communications are presented. The RF power and efficiency of a new $K$-band amplifier are 40 W and 50% and that of a new $Ka$-band amplifier are 200 W and 60%. An important figure-of-merit, which is defined as the ratio of the RF power output to the mass (W/kg) of a traveling-wave tube (TWT), has improved by a factor of 10 over the previous generation $Ka$-band devices. In this paper, a high power high efficiency $Ka$ -band combiner for multiple TWTs, based on a novel hybrid magic-T waveguide circuit design, is presented. The measured combiner efficiency is as high as 90%. In addition, at the design frequency of 32.05 GHz, error-free uncoded binary phase-shift keying/quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) data transmission at 8 Mb/s, which is typical for deep-space communications, is demonstrated. Furthermore, QPSK data transmission at 622 Mb/s is demonstrated with a low bit error rate of ${hbox{2.4}}times {hbox{10}}^{-8}$, which exceeds the deep-space state-of-the-art data rate transmission capability by more than two orders of magnitude. A potential application of the TWT combiner is in deep-space communication systems for planetary exploration requiring transmitter power on the order of a kilowatt or higher.      

基于副载波复用的多输入单输出正交频分复用LED可见光通信系统

提出了一种基于副载波复用的新型的多输入单输出(MISO)正交频分复用可见光通信(OFDM-VLC)系统构架,并且实验验证了2×1和3×1的MISO OFDM-VLC系统传输。分别测量了2×1和3×1的实验系统的误差矢量幅度(EVM)随输入电压变化的曲线图,找出了两个系统各自的最佳偏置范围。在将输入电压设置在最佳偏置范围之内的情况下,改变传输距离,对2×1系统,给出了系统EVM性能变化的曲线图;对3×1系统,给出了系统EVM和误码率(BER)性能变化的曲线图。在没有任何均衡的情况下,两个系统的传输距离都可以长达140cm。     

480-Mbps, Bi-Directional, Ultra-Wideband Radio-Over-Fiber Transmission Using a 1308/1564-nm Reflective Electro-Absorption Transducer and Commercially Available VCSELs

We describe 480 Mbps, bi-directional ultra-wideband (UWB) radio signal transmission over 1 km of single-mode optical fiber. Key components are a highly linear, reflective electro absorption transducer (EAT) and commercially available 1308-nm and 1564-nm VCSELs with 4.8-GHz bandwidth. Detailed EAT and 1308-nm VCSEL distortion analyses and measurements are presented highlighting the low intermodulation and harmonic distortion necessary for typical $-$18-dB wireless channel error vector magnitudes (EVMs). Direct VCSEL modulation with Wimedia supported band group 1 (3.1–4.8 GHz) MB-OFDM UWB signals was modelled with VPItransmissionMaker, suggesting a minimum EVM of $-$18.733 dB at 0.4502 OMI. This was confirmed by 480 Mbps upstream and downstream EVM measurements over fiber of $-$21.4 dB or better. Fully functional, half-duplex, bi-directional data transfer was achieved with interlocked RF switches.      

IEEE 802.16a RS-CC编解码及DSPs实现

依托TMS320C6201 EVM设计具有AD和DA的扩展子板，同时给出RS-CC编解码系统的DSP设计思路和实现方案，最后完成该编解码系统，译码速率可达147．2kbps。     

Power-efficient schemes using directly modulated lasers for intensity modulation and direct detection OFDM-PONs

The intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) passive optical network (PON) has been demonstrated as a cost-effective solution for a long-reach (\(>\!80\,\hbox {km}\)) access system because it can be easily installed and maintained with low cost and complexity. Meanwhile, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely used in PONs due to its high spectral efficiency and strong resistance to dispersion impairments. So, the IM/DD OFDM-PON emerged. The power efficiency has attracted great research interests in IM/DD OFDM-PONs. The previous works achieved power savings from the perspective of MAC-layer or hardware-level optimization, but they neglected designing appropriative algorithms, and the long-reach transmission performance cannot be guaranteed. In this paper, we propose an improved Hughes-Hartogs algorithm (IHHA) to adjust the number of bits and power level allocated for each subcarrier, with the objective to minimize the electrical transmitting power of all subcarriers. The OFDM signal is generated according to the bit/power allocation result of IHHA, and we conduct extensive simulations to verify the long-reach transmission performance of our system. Simulation results show that our system has high power efficiency by using IHHA, and bit error rate satisfies the forward error correction limitation after 100 km single-mode fiber transmission.     

一种采用定点DSP实现的1.8kbps MBE-LPC声码器

提出了一种结合 MBE(多带激励 )模型和 LPC(线性预测编码 )模型的 1 .8kbps声码器 .在这种声码器中 ,采用 LPC特征参数来代表语音帧的频谱 ,利用 LPC残差进行基音提取和多带清浊音判决 ,采用 MBE模型合成语音 ,并在高频浊音带的语音合成中混以清音 .在定点 Mo-torola DSP560 0 2 EVM上 ,可以在 1 .8kbps的码率下对语音进行实时的编解码处理 ,具有存储量和计算量较小的特点 .其合成语音质量超过了 LPC- 1 0 e.     

New metric for <Emphasis Type="Italic">IQ</Emphasis> imbalance compensation in optical QPSK coherent systems

We report on a simple alternative method for the compensation of quadrature imbalance in optical quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK) coherent systems. By introducing a new metric, the phase imbalance can be determined and compensated. The proposed method is theoretically and numerically analyzed. In particular, it is shown that the method exhibits a small bias of estimated phase imbalance value. Thanks to its deterministic property, this bias can be simply compensated by incorporating at the receiver a phase rotator (or phase shift) whose value can be determined based on an analytical analysis. Moreover, the algorithm is also experimentally validated through bit-error-rate and error vector magnitude (EVM) measurements. A good agreement on the performance of the proposed method with that of the Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization procedure is shown in a 20-Gbit/s optical QPSK experiment. The robustness of both methods was verified with up to \(30^\circ \) phase imbalance by comparing the signal with and without phase imbalance compensation. A 10% reduction in EVM is achieved with our method for a high phase imbalance of \(30^\circ \), while the implementation complexity can be reduced owing to the suppression of the use of square-root operators.     

A 60-GHz-Band Analog Optical System-on-Package Transmitter for Fiber-Radio Communications

We developed an analog optical system-on-package (SoP) transmitter for a 60-GHz-band radio-over-fiber (RoF) link. The SoP transmitter consisted of an electroabsorption modulator, radio frequency amplifiers, and a bandpass filter. The 60-GHz RoF wireless link was prepared to measure the performance of the SoP transmitter. The transmission characteristics of 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM) data of the 60-GHz RoF wireless link, including the SoP transmitter, were investigated by measuring the error vector magnitude (EVM) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with a baseband frequency. The EVM of the 60-GHz RoF wireless link was between 2.25% and 2.80%, and the SNR was between 27.36 and 29.31 dB from 140 and 770 MHz, at input baseband power of -9 dBm. The noise figure had the minimum of 8.44 dB at 500 MHz. We successfully transmitted digital community antenna television (CATV) system signals through the 60-GHz RoF wireless link, including the SoP transmitter. Digital CATV signals of 86 channels could be transmitted through the 60-GHz RoF wireless link, and the total throughput was found to be 2.61 Gb/s.     

Estimation of the Bit Error Rate for Direct-Detected OFDM Signals With Optically Preamplified Receivers

In this paper, we provide a numerical bit error rate (BER) estimation approach for direct-detected orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in the presence of optical preamplified receivers. The individual BER of each subcarrier is first computed by considering their electrical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and then the ensemble BER is derived simply by taking the average of all the subcarriers' BERs. The calculated BER is verified by the conventional error-counting approach with high precision and is still accurate with higher quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM) formats, even under the influences of the optical filtering and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) effects. Based on our simulation approach, the required extra power budget for 16- and 64-QAM relative to 4-QAM format are found to be ${sim}$3.8 and 8.2 dB, respectively, at a BER of 10$^{-9}$. Furthermore, we use this approach to compare the receiving sensitivities and PMD tolerances for the previous proposed gapped and interleaved radio-frequency (RF)-tone-assisted OFDM systems. The results show that the gapped OFDM has a better sensitivity while the interleaved OFDM has a more PMD-tolerable capability.      

Stimulate Brillouin Scattering Based Broadband Tunable Slow-Light Conversion in a Highly Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Fiber

An integrated configuration is proposed to convert tunable slow light from signal to another frequency in a wide bandwidth by using a 70 m-long highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (HN-PCF). A 10 GHz RZ signal is delayed by a 10 Gbit/s $2 ^{31} -1$ pseudo random bit sequence (PRBS) stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) pump, and the slow light is converted to another frequency in a broadband by four-wave mixing (FWM). By this way, not only the slow light is converted, but the idler power is enhanced greatly. In our experiment, all-optical controlled 37.5 ps delay time is converted in a 40 nm bandwidth flatly, and 4.7 dB idler power is enhanced simultaneously. The experimental results are in good agreement with those of the theory.      

基于直流光注入直调DFB-LD的可调光毫米波信号产生技术

提出了一种基于直流光注入直接调制分布反馈式半导体激光器(DFB-LD)的载波可调的光毫米波生成方案,利用直接调制DFB-LD的输出瞬态波长随驱动电流增大而蓝移的特点,将直流光注入至直调DFB-LD的0码波长附近注入锁定。锁定的直调激光器在1码时输出的蓝移波长与原注入波长相位相干,再通过光电探测器将拍频信号转换为调制的光毫米波信号。实验重点讨论了40GHz光毫米波的产生,同时完成了30、40、50和60GHz光毫米波的可调谐性实验。本文的方案结构简单,无需外调制器和微波本振,载波可调并可产生高至60GHz光毫米波信号,可作为光/无线混合接入中成本节省的光上变频方案。     

160 Gb/s Time-Domain Channel Extraction/Insertion and All-Optical Logic Operations Exploiting a Single PPLN Waveguide

160 Gb/s all-optical signal processing is demonstrated exploiting pump depletion in addition to sum and difference frequency generation (SFG/DFG) in a single periodically poled lithium-niobate (PPLN) waveguide. 160 Gb/s time-domain extraction and insertion operations of channels are obtained in an optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) system. Moreover, 160 Gb/s digital operations including half-adder, half-subtracter and and/or/xor functions are carried out. The use of pump depletion effect allows to process ultrafast signals due to its high efficiency and ultrafast dynamics. 160 Gb/s bit error rate (BER) measurements confirm the effectiveness of all presented functionalities.      

数字电视的测试分析

有线数字电视的测试主要包括两个方面:码流分析测试和QAM分析测试。其中,射频和调制质量关键指标包括MER(调制误差率)、BER(比特误码率)、C/N(载噪比)、Power Level(平均功率)、EVM、星座图等。针对国内目前多数HFC网络中模拟信号和数字信号同时并存传输的技术体制,测试也需要考虑数字和模拟两方面因素。关于双向网络的测试,数字信号发射设备的测试和网络信号传输设备的测试都做了相关介绍。最后介绍了信道功率的测量和数字信号电平的测试。     

A 5-GHz Wireless LAN Transmitter with Integrated Tunable High-Q RF Filter

A tunable, high-$Q$ RF filter suitable for wireless transmitters has been implemented in a standard digital 0.18-$muhbox{m}$ CMOS technology. Active circuits are used to enhance the $Q$ of two independent LC resonators, which are cascaded to form a wide bandwidth filter that can be tuned in both center frequency and bandwidth. A 5.145-GHz stagger-tuned filter with a 200-MHz bandwidth and 0.8 dB of ripple is demonstrated in an 802.11a sliding-IF transmitter. The transmitter provides spectral mask and EVM-compliant output power of $-$8.26 dBm for a 64-QAM OFDM signal. At lower output power, an EVM of $-$ 32.3 dB is achieved.