球墨铸铁中球化率和石墨大小的数字评定

正一、概述球墨铸铁被广泛用来制作一些韧性要求高且形状复杂的工件。随着球墨铸铁应用范围的扩大,其金相检验也更加严格。球墨铸铁金相组织典型特征是在其基体上分布着球状石墨,其形态、大小等对球墨铸铁的性能有重要的影响。准确测定石墨的球化率及大小,是对球墨铸铁组织性能进行评定的基本要求。对于球墨铸铁的球化率和大小的评级,往往采用目测金相组织图片与国家标准图谱相对照的方式来确定其球化级别和石墨大小级别。显然这种方式不仅评判速度慢,而且评定结果易受主     

纳米石墨/铝基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用粉末冶金和热压烧结的方法制备了纳米石墨/铝基复合材料,分析了纳米石墨加入量对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:纳米石墨的加入量为1%时,在基体中易于分散,可以显著降低复合材料的摩擦因数;但随着纳米石墨含量的增加,材料的磨损量也相应增大.     

Ti3SiC2替代石墨对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料性能的影响

Ti3SiC2作为一种新型的金属陶瓷材料，具有良好的导热性、耐腐蚀性与高温抗氧化性。探究在动车组粉末冶金闸片中应用Ti3SiC2替代石墨作为润滑相对摩擦材料性能的影响。在粉末冶金闸片摩擦材料中加入不同含量的Ti3SiC2替代石墨，观察摩擦表面氧化膜的变化，分析Ti3SiC2加入量对摩擦材料力学性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：随着Ti3SiC2替代石墨加入量的增加，摩擦材料的剪切强度逐渐提高，使用Ti3SiC2替代全部石墨（质量分数18%）时，剪切强度提高了6倍；在350 km/h高速制动时，摩擦表面形成了氧化膜，随着Ti3SiC2加入量的增加，氧化膜的覆盖面积不断增大并呈现连续分布状态；当Ti3SiC2质量分数大于9%后，在高速制动时摩擦材料的摩擦磨损量和摩擦因数明显降低，Ti3SiC2替代全部石墨后摩擦因数降低了36.8%，摩擦磨损量降低了67.5%。     

提高QT400—18球墨铸铁力学性能的现场经验

球墨铸铁是用一定成分的铁水经球化处理和孕育处理后获得球状石墨的铸铁。其化学成分特点是:碳、硅含量高,锰含量低,硫、磷更低,并含有镁及稀土元素等球化剂。球墨铸铁可分珠光体球墨铸铁和铁素体球墨铸铁。 QT400—18是典型的铁素体球墨铸铁,它的塑性、韧性较高,多用来代替低碳钢或可锻铸铁制造受压阀门、机器底座、汽车后桥壳等。 球铁的力学性能可通过合金化和热处理获得,通过改变加热温度可以得到不同的基体组织和性能。 为了推广以铸铁代替铸钢,提高经济效益,我厂经过几年的生产实践,通过调整热处理工艺,提高了     

热分析技术对提高铸铁质量的作用（下）

五、热分析在球墨铸铁质量控制中的作用在球墨铸铁生产中经常出现球化剂、孕育剂的成分含量、加入量一致,球化铁液量和球化温度一致,而获得的球化率却有着很大差别,有时甚至发生球化失败的质量事故。其主要原因是对铁液中的活性氧含量不掌握。当原铁液中的活性氧含量发生变化时,球化加入的镁首先与铁液中的活性氧和硫发生反应,剩余的活性镁才对铁液的球化及石墨的生长方向发挥作用。     

合金元素对室温油分级等温淬火贝氏体球铁组织和性能的影响

采用一种新的室温油分级等温淬火工艺获得低合金贝氏体球墨铸铁;研究了硼、铜、锰对贝氏体球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响,并讨论了球墨铸铁的性能滞后现象,即等温淬火后随时问延长硬度增加的现象。结果表明：硼和锰能提高硬度,降低韧性;铜提高韧性。合理加入合金元素有利于提高贝氏体球铁的性能。贝氏体球墨铸铁有性能滞后现象,其实质是溶质类拖曳作用。     

谈球墨铸铁的孕育处理技术

球化和孕育处理是生产球墨铸铁的两个重要步骤。孕育处理不仅起到消除渗碳体的作用,而且能使石墨球细化、圆整、分布均匀,从而获得更高的力学性能。 1.孕育处理的作用 (1)增加石墨球的数量,提高其圆整度,细化石墨球。球墨铸铁的球状石墨来源于两个方面:一是铁液中碳原子的浓度起伏和温度起伏形成的自发晶核;另一个是非自发晶核。 球墨铸铁的共晶结晶是在液相中形成首批石墨球开始的,这些石墨球单独在液相中一直长大到相当尺寸。由于石墨球的生长,其周围的铁液会发生贫碳,形成一个环绕石墨球的环形液态贫碳区。在一定珠冷却     

优化组织球铁的力学性能及其微观断裂行为

根据球铁断裂过程中石墨及石墨-基体界面的微观力学行为,对球铁组织进行优化设计.以强相(马氏体)或强韧相(奥氏体-贝氏体组织)环包围石墨,基体组织为马氏体或奥氏体-贝氏体组织,加上适量的铁素体,并通过快速加热短时保温后淬火或等温淬火获得.实验结果表明,优化组织球铁具有很高的强韧性.采用扫描电镜动态拉伸观察优化组织球铁断裂过程,发现微裂纹在石墨-基体界面萌生并沿界面扩展,马氏体环或奥-贝环阻碍界面裂纹的萌生与扩展,基体中的硬相和软相分别提高球铁的强度和韧性,这些都有利于提高优化组织球铁的强韧性.     

淬硬组织球墨铸铁的研制

1.序言铸铁与钢在材质方面的根本区别,就是铸铁由高C 及高Si 组成,组织中存在着石墨相。就石墨在铸铁中的任务及功过来说,虽然明确可使铸造性、衰减性、切削性、耐烧伤性及耐热冲击性等工艺性能得到提高,但对断裂而言,石墨相成为裂纹发生的起源点,该裂纹传播提供了优先的途径,故对强韧性来说成为致命的弱点。铸铁的强韧化在历史上已是多年的研究课题。至今,从石墨组织和基体组织的两面来看,许多的研究和努力都是重复的。其中,从球铁的强度和延展性接近钢的水平这一     

用改性纳米SiC粉体强化灰铸铁的性能

研究了不同含量的改性纳米SiC粉体对灰铸铁显微组织、力学性能及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：与原灰铸铁材料相比,经改性纳米SiC粉体强化处理后的灰铸铁组织明显细化,珠光体含量增加,力学性能、耐磨性能明显提高,当纳米SiC粉体含量为0．1％时,强化材料的性能提高最大,其抗拉强度提高了22．7％,硬度增加了9．3％。     

Influence of load and speed on wear characteristics of grey cast iron in dry sliding — selection for minimum wear

The wear of grey cast iron in dry sliding conditions has been studied with the aims of (1) finding the influence of working conditions on the wear rate, and (2) determining the region of speed and load where low wear is accomplished. Grey cast iron with flake and nodular graphite was submitted to investigation using a pin-on-disc machine. The results indicate that the flake graphite cast iron is more suitable for applications at speeds greater than 4 m s⁻¹ and lower loads, while nodular cast iron has greater wear resistance at lower speeds in the range of loads investigated - from 50 N cm⁻² to 200 N cm⁻²     

Improvement of ductile iron wear resistance through local surface reinforcement

Ductile iron (DI) or spheroidal graphite cast iron is an attractive ferrous material being widely used due to its combination of low cost and good combination of strength, toughness and fatigue endurance. However, under severe service conditions, experienced in seashore, earth-moving and mining applications the performance and reliability of DI are limited due to its poor wear resistance. Wear resistance of DI can be improved through different heat treatment and surface engineering techniques, each having some limitations and drawbacks. Recently, a new method called OPTICA has been introduced, which through local reinforcement with inserts improves wear resistance of ductile iron without compromising other properties.Results of the present investigation show that tribological properties of ductile iron can be greatly improved by local surface reinforcement. Through the formation of carbides a hard transition or functional gradient zone is formed around the inserts, which then carries the load and improves wear resistance of ductile iron, at the same time maintaining low friction. However, wear resistance of reinforced ductile iron can be improved even further, using proper austempering process. If austempered at 350 °C, wear resistance of ductile iron will become comparable or even better than reference Hadfield grade steel. In this paper reinforced or reinforcement refers to locally alloyed material in preselected zones of the casted object if not specified otherwise.     

球墨铸铁断裂韧度的可靠性分析

通常球墨铸铁与其他铸铁材料一样被认为属于脆性材料，断裂韧度应该用线弹性力学理论进行研究。本文发现由于球墨铸铁中的石墨呈球状，当裂纹通过石墨时，裂纹扩展机理将发生相应的变化，结果显示用弹一塑性理论来研究球墨铸铁的断裂韧度是适应和有效的。对可靠度为95％球墨铸铁断裂韧度的区间估计进行分析，以便对工程中的断裂韧度提供相关的数据。     

激光热处理在汽油机凸轮轴上的应用研究

对稀土镁球铁凸轮轴激光热处理硬化的组织和生进行了分析，并探讨了磨损机理，激光处理后的凸轮轴变形小，具有良好的耐磨性，这对实际应用很有意义。     

Widerstand gegen abrasiven verschleiss und dynamische bruchzähigkeit weisser vanadingusseisen

The wear behaviour under abrasive sliding loading, the structure and dynamic fracture toughness of white cast iron containing (4 – 6)% V are considered in this paper. In wear systems containing hard abrasive particles (silicon carbide), the dynamic fracture toughness and wear resistance increase with increasing austenite content in the structure. In systems with less hard abrasive particles (e.g. flint, garnet) these alloys exhibit a combination of high fracture toughness and high wear resistance. The vanadium-alloyed white cast irons with a predominantly austenitic matrix show more favourable values with respect to both dynamic fracture toughness and wear resistance in comparison with a simultaneously tested chromium white cast iron.     

Improvement on Sliding Wear Behavior of Al/Cast Iron Tribopair by CNT's Reinforcement of an Al Alloy

The results presented in this work show the wear characterization of Al-Si matrix composites reinforced by multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under dry reciprocating sliding conditions against a grey cast iron (GCI) The wear resistance is investigated as a function of the carbon nanotube (CNT) content that varied from 2 to 6 wt%. The results demonstrated that the CNT content plays a relevant role in the wear behavior by substantially reducing the wear loss of Al-Si CNT composites. Further, it reduces the wear loss of the grey cast iron counterface. A physical model able to explain the improved behavior in both mating materials is depicted from experimental results.     

Cr/C对含4%Ni高铬耐磨耐蚀铸铁性能的影响

采用对比试验的方法探讨了不同Cr/C的比值对含4%Ni高铬耐磨耐蚀铸铁硬度、耐磨性及冲击韧性的影响规律。结果表明:无论固定C还是固定Cr,改变Cr/C的比值对4%Ni高铬耐磨耐蚀铸铁性能都有显著的影响,尤其当含C量较低时,Cr的变化对材料性能的影响更明显。通过调整不同的Cr/C,可以获得不同的硬度、耐磨性和冲击韧性组合的材料。     

加硼高铬铸铁

从降低成本和提高耐磨性的角度出发 ,对高铬铸铁进行了加硼的试验研究。考察了加硼量和热处理工艺对高铬铸铁的硬度和冲击韧性的影响 ,并进行了销盘磨损试验。实验结果表明 :只要添加适量的硼和采取合适的热处理工艺 ,可以使高铬铸铁的碳化物细化 ,基体淬透性增加 ,并使高铬铸铁的硬度和韧性同时得到提高 ,从而增加了材料的耐磨性。     

Sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron

The effects of sliding velocity, heat-treatment and graphite shape on sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron were studied. Two types of graphite crystallized chromium white cast irons having flaky or spheroidal and another type of 2.6C–15Cr white cast iron were prepared for this study. The effect of sliding velocity on wear resistance was studied by the Okoshi type and pin-on-disk type wear tests on materials which have experienced “as cast” and “heat-treated” conditions. The Okoshi type wear test results are divided into two relationships depending on sliding velocity or distance. Two regimes, initial wear and steady-state wear, existed for wear loss and sliding distance. A characteristic form of wear curve with a peak and a minimum was obtained when correlating wear loss and sliding velocity. The wear resistance of graphite crystallized chromium white cast irons were superior to that of 2.6C–15Cr white cast iron. In the results of pin-on-disk tests, there was no clear difference in the reported wear loss and friction coefficient among the alloys. However, an opposite tendency has appeared in the wear loss and friction coefficient: the wear loss value reached a peak in the wear curve at 0.52 m/s, while the friction coefficient reached a minimum at 0.52 m/s.