信号的低比特位数表示：一种新颖低比特位数的∑-△调制器

摘要：通过设计一种新的噪声整形滤波器，本文提出了一种新颖的∑-△调制器结构，可用于实现用较低比特位数的数字信号表示较高比特位数的输入信号．该调制器与传统的∑-△调制器相比，其输出数字信号比特位数(或动态范围)降低了许多．理论推导分析和仿真对比的结果表明，在量化噪声整形和噪声频谱上，该调制器的各项性能有了很大的提高，而且证明了这类调制器是稳定的．     

∑-△调制器在SIMULINK下的噪声模型

为了满足在行为级对∑-△调制器进行完整仿真的需要，提出了在SIMULINK环境下∑-△调制器的噪声模型，包括采样时钟抖动、开关热噪声(kT／C噪声)、运算放大器的有限增益、有限带宽、压摆及饱和电压等非理想因素。在给出具体噪声模型的基础上，构造出二阶∑-△调制器模型。通过仿真，验证了噪声模型的正确性。     

∑-△A/D转换器中电压放大型运放的高线性度设计

高阶、高精度是当前∑-△调制器的设计趋势，随着系统结构越来越复杂，带内量化噪声的噪声背景逐渐降低，已不再成为制约调制器精度的主要瓶颈。整个系统的线性失真度对调制器最终精度的影响越来越大，甚至成为决定因素。为提高∑-△调制器的线性度，对运算放大器这一主要非线性源进行了深入的分析，并提出若干优化方案。最后，通过一个三阶单环∑-△调制器结构进行了仿真验证。采用电压放大、AB类输出的运算放大器结构，大大减小了系统功耗。     

一种用于过采样∑-△ A／D转换器的抽取滤波器

采用0．8μm CMOS工艺，实现了一种用于过采样∑-△ A／D转换器的数字抽取滤波器。该滤波器采用多级结构，梳状滤波器作为首级，用最佳一致逼近算法设计的FIR滤波器作为末级，并通过位串行算法硬件实现。芯片测试表明，该滤波器对128倍过采样率、2阶∑-△调制器的输出码流进行处理得到的信噪比为75dB。     

∑—△调制噪声整形的研究

介绍∑－△调制器的基本结构，分析∑－△调制技术对噪声进行整形的基本原理及过采样率、∑－△调制器的级数对整形效果的影响，从中获得了一些有用的结论。     

一种新型Sigma-Delta调制器结构的研究

本文提出一种新颖的∑-△调制器结构设计，实现用较低比特位数的数字信号表示较高比特位数的高速信号。与传统的∑-△调制器不同，该调制器采用了新颖的量化噪声整形滤波器使输出信号具有较低比特位数。在调制器的结构设计中，采用了流水线一反馈型的实现结构，使处理过程消除了乘法运算。该结构易于系统实现和提高处理速度。本文用Simulink对调制器进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明本文提出的调制器适合于高速信号的实时处理。     

∑-△调制器在非理想环境中的仿真

摘要：介绍了一整套Simulink模型，利用其可以对任何∑-△调制器的性能进行详尽的仿真。给出的模型中考虑了大量∑-△调制器的非理想因素，例如采样时钟抖动、kT／C噪声和运算放大器参数(噪声、有限增益、有限带宽、转换速率和饱和电压)等。针对每个模型给出了详尽描述和所有实现细节。文中所有仿真的对象为一典型的二阶SC ∑-△调制器结构。最后的仿真结果论证了仿真模型的正确性。     

应用于ADSL的多位∑-△数／模转换器的设计

提出了一种应用于ADSL数据传输的多位电流模∑-△数／模转换器(DAC)。采用多位∑-△调制器，可以在低过采样率和低调制器阶数下设计出高性能的调制器。通过采用动态元素匹配(DEM)技术，降低了由于电流模DAC(Steering DAC)电路中电流源单元的不匹配带来的噪声，进一步改善了输出信号的信噪比。     

∑-Δ调制噪声整形的研究

介绍∑-△调制器的基本结构,分析∑-△调制技术对噪声进行整形的基本原理及过采样率、∑-△调制器的级数对整形效果的影响,从中获得了一些有用的结论.     

基于高阶单比特∑△调制器的频率综合器

本文介绍了高阶单比特∑△调制器在小数分频频率综合器中的应用。普通小数分频频率综合器容易产生很大的杂散频率，采用∑△调制器可以有效消除杂散频率降低相位噪声。由于多比特MASH结构的非线性，这里采用单比特高阶∑△调制器（CIFB），最后提出实现电路。     

基于PWM和Sigma-Delta调制的数字音频功率放大器的实现

介绍了一种新型的功率放大器,通过Sigma-Delta调制和PWM(脉宽调制)技术,将音频数字信号转换成PWM信号,经外接的模拟低通滤波器还原出原始的音频信号.该功率放大器在保持高品质声音的同时能够极大地提高电源的使用效率.分析了信号处理过程中非线性误差产生原因,提出了相应的纠正措施,还介绍了PWM和高阶Sigma-Delta调制器的设计及实现方法.     

COMPARISON OF SIGMA-DELTA MODULATOR FOR FRACTIONAL-N PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER

This paper investigates the design of digital Sigma-Delta Modulator （SDM） for fractional-N frequency synthesizer. Characteristics of SDMs are compared through theory analysis and simulation. The curve of maximum-loop-bandwidth vs. maximum-phase-noise is suggested to be a new criterion to the performance of SDM, which greatly helps designers to select an appropriate SDM structure to meet their real application requirements and to reduce the cost as low as possible. A low-spur 3-order Multistage Noise Shaping （MASH）-1-1-1 SDM using three 2-bit first-order cascaded modulators is proposed, which balances the requirements of tone-free and maximum operation frequency.     

Optimum Design for RF Windows in Millimeter Wave High Power Tubes

The pill-box and block RF windows for millimeter wave (MMW) tubes are presented. The pill-box window is suitable for broadband MMW tubes. And the block window can be used for high power tubes in short MMW. The equivalent circuits for two windows are given. To reach better match characteristics in wider operating bandwidth, the optimum design methods for pill-box and block window in MMW tubes are described in this paper. The testing results show that the theoretic computation is fast and useful accuracy. The design methods possess references value to designer for MMW tubes.     

Analysis of Transmission Characteristics for Single and Double Disk Windows

The work reports about window design studies for both the JET EP ECRH project and the ASDEX-Upgrade ECRH system. Detailed calculations of the millimeter wave transmission characteristics for conventional single-disk windows, for frequency tunable double-disk windows and for ultra-broadband Brewster windows have been performed. The geometry of the window units has been optimized in order to obtain a suitable transmission characteristic, i.e. power reflection less than ?20 dB within a frequency bandwidth of about 1 GHz around the chosen frequencies. In particular the influence of mechanical tolerances on the transmission characteristic has been investigated in order to specify the mechanical dimensions of the CVD-diamond disks and the window unit. In case of a Brewster window, the thickness has been optimized to get low power reflection over a wide angles range around the Brewster angle.     

Asynchronous Sigma-Delta analog-to digital converter based on the charge pump integrator

The concept of the asynchronous Sigma-Delta analog-to-digital converter (ASD-ADC) based on the charge pump integrator is discussed in the paper. A two-level conversion scheme is utilized. The first level is accomplished by amplitude-to-pulse-width mapping in the asynchronous Sigma-Delta modulator. The other level consists in the time-to-digital conversion. The ASD-ADC belongs to a class of mean value converters since the digital outputs correspond to the mean values of the input signal in time windows of varying width. The configurations of the charge pump modulator either with bipolar, or with unipolar controlled current sources are presented. The design of the charge-pump-based modulator model using classical solutions of bipolar technology is exemplified. The input/output simulation results of the designed asynchronous Sigma-Delta modulator (ASDM) are reported. Next, the design of the time-to-digital converter, the analysis of the quantization error, and two concepts of the converter digital output interface are presented. The comparison of the minimum transmission bit rate of the serial output port(s) for both concepts is carried out. Finally, the procedure of evaluation of the ASD-ADC key design parameters for speech signal supporting a possible original input signal recovery is exemplified.     

40GHz窄时间窗口的实现及其在高速光时分复用系统中的应用

Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OT-DM) is known to be capable of transmitting single channel high bit rate data stream with low speed electro-optical components. A cost-effective, compact and stable short time window with low insert loss, low phase noise, low timing-jitter and high speed performance is essential for ultrahigh speed OTDM systems using phase and amplitude modulation formats. In this paper, we review three promising methods to obtain 40 GHz short time window including Electro-Absorption Modulator ( EAM ), Dual-Parallel Mach-Zehnder Modulator (DPMZM) and Fiber Loop-Polarization Modulator (FL-PolM). Subpicosecond short pulse source generation, optical time division demultiplexing and clock recovery are realized respectively by using the short time window based on the three methods. By using DPMZM based pulse source and EAM based Clock Recovery (CR) and demultiplexer, error free transmission of 640 Gbit/s (160 Gbaud/s Pol-Mux DQPSK) single channel signal over 400 km single mode fiber is proven to be experimentally successful.     

RE Pulse Shapes for Selective Excitation in NMR Imaging

It is shown that the requirements of an RF pulse needed to produce a slice for use in NMR imaging approximate the requirements of the windows used for calculating the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). This approach gives an interesting insight into the physical background of pulse shape tailoring. One of the more successful DFT windows is the 3 term Blackman-Harris window, which is tailored to produce minimum sidelobes. The results of applying radio frequency (RF) pulses modulated to give this window shape is given. The pulse shape produces a uniform magnetization over a range of frequencies with a quasi-linear phase shift making it suitable for producing a slice for NMR imaging when an echo is produced via an inverse magnetic field gradient.     

On the heating of output windows of microwave tubes by electron bombardment

An account is given of an experimental investigation of the behavior of output windows, the particular type chosen for study being the cylindrical type in a cavity resonator. By feeding microwave power into the cavity and measuring electric field and the heat dissipated in the window and in the metal walls, a non-linear window-heating effect was discovered above a certain critical field strength. In this condition, watts dissipated at the window vary as the fifth or higher power of the electric field strength and the resulting thermal stresses may easily destroy it. Further experiments were performed on various modifications of the original structure in order to isolate and study the phenomena responsible for the heating. Some of these tests were made using an axial magnetic field. It was found that there are two distinct mechanisms of heating, one requiring the presence of the magnetic field and the other one not requiring it. Both involve energy exchange between the electric field and the window by free electrons which dance on the window surface synchronously with the alternating field and multiply by a secondary emission or multipactor process above a certain field strength. The critical field strength may be greatly reduced by the presence of contaminating films on the dielectric surface, and may be greatly increased by suitable surface treatment. It is shown that these effects are not restricted to cylindrical windows but will tend to occur at any dielectric surface in vacuum if the tangential RF field is strong enough.     

Transparent monitoring of rise time using asynchronous amplitude histograms in optical transmission systems

This paper describes the analysis, simulations, and proof-of-principle experiment on transparent monitoring of relative rise time using asynchronously sampled amplitude histograms in optical transmission systems. The method described is based on the count in a selected amplitude window between the mark and space levels. The method is evaluated under various amplitude windows and Q-factor values and is compared with synchronously sampled eye-diagram-based measurements. The results demonstrate that the 40-60% amplitude window is generally suitable for system rise-time monitoring purposes without clock information.     

On the Use of Asymmetric Windows for Robust Speech Recognition

This paper deals with the problem of searching for a suitable window for robust speech recognition in noisy conditions. A set of asymmetric windows, so-called DDR _c,w , are proposed which are controlled by two parameters, center c and width w. These windows are derived from the DDR window used in the higher-lag autocorrelation spectrum estimation (HASE) method and act over the OSA (One-Sided Autocorrelation) in order to perform spectral estimation. The two parameters, c and w, allow us to control the level of weight given to the first noisy autocorrelation coefficients and to emphasize the important ones. Finally, it is shown that the best window of the proposed set is the DDR _62,200. This window is centered around the average pitch of human speech and it provides a higher speech recognition performance over the Aurora-2 and Aurora-3 databases than those obtained by previously proposed windows.