Paste-like self-flowing transportation backfilling technology based on coal gangue

A paste-like self-flowing pipeline transportation backfilling technology with coal gangue as aggregate is proposed to remove the potential damage caused by coal gangue piles. As well, the difficult problems of recovering high quality safety coal pillars and deep mining of the Suncun Coal Mine (SCM), Xinwen Coal Group, Shandong are resolved. The physical-chemical properties of coal gangue, optimized proportion of materials, backfilling system and craft in the SCM were studied in the laboratory and then an industrial test was carried out on high quality coal pillars under a town. The results show that finely crushed kaolinized and fresh gangue with granularity less than 5 mm can be used as aggregate with fly ash to replace part of the cement and a compos-ite water reducer as an additive, accounting for 1.0%-1.5% of the total amount of cement and fly ash. The recommended proportion is I(cement):4(fly ash): 15(coal gangue), with a mass fraction of 72%-75%, theological paste-like properties and a strength of more than 0.7 MPa at 7 d. The sequence of adding cement, fly ash, water reducer and then coal gangue ensures that the suspended state of the slurry, reducing the wear and jam of pipelines. The working face is advancing continuously by the alternating craft of building block walls with coal gangue and backfilling mined-out gobs with paste-like slurry. The recovery rate is as high as 90% with a backfilling cost of 36.9 Yuan/t, good utilization of coal gangue and no subsidence on the surface. This technology provides a good theoretical basis and application experience for coal mines, cement backfilling with paste-like slurry.     

Hydraulic calculation of gravity transportation pipeline system for backfill slurry

Taking cemented coal gangue pipeline transportation system in Suncun Coal Mine, Xinwen Mining Group, Shandong Province, China, as an example, the hydraulic calculation approaches and process about gravity pipeline transportation of backfill slurry were investigated. The results show that the backfill capability of the backfill system should be higher than 74.4 m^3/h according to the mining production and backfill times in the mine; the minimum velocity （critical velocity） and practical working velocity of the backfill slurry are 1.44 and 3.82 m/s, respectively. Various formulae give the maximum ratio of total length to vertical height of pipeline （L/H ratio） of the backfill system of 5.4, and then the reliability and capability of the system can be evaluated.     

Cemented backfill technology based on phosphorous gypsum

Physical-chemical properties of phosphorous gypsum, proportion and cemented mechanism of slurry with gypsum as aggregate were studied to remove the harms of gypsum pile, combining with difficult problems of excessive mined-out gobs, enormous ore body under roadway and low recovery ratio of Yongshaba Mine, Kaiyang Phosphor Mine Group, Guizhou Province, China. An appropriate backfill system and craftwork were designed, using shattering milling method to crush gypsum, double-axles mixing and strong activation mixing way to mix slurry, cemented slurry and mullock backfill alternately process. The results show that gypsum is fit for backfilling afterwards by adding fly ash, though it is not an ideal aggregate for fine granule and coagulate retardation. The suggested dosage (the mass ratio of cement to fly ash to gypsum) is 1:1:6–1:1:8 with mass fraction of solid materials 60%–63%. Slurry is transported in suspend state with non-plastic strength, and then in concretion state after backfilling. The application to mine shows the technology is feasible, and gypsum utilization ratio is up to 100%. Transportation and backfill effect is very good for paste-like slurry and drenching cemented slurry into mullock, and the compressive strength and recovery ratio are 2.0 MPa and 82.6%, respectively, with the maximum subsidence of surface only 1.307 mm. Furthermore, the investment of system is about 7×10⁶ yuan (RMB), only 1/10 of that of traditional paste backfill system. Foundation item: Project (2006BAB02A03) supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program; Project (08MX16) supported by Mittal Scientific and Technological Innovation Projects of Central South University during 2008     

低水胶比下工业废渣与水泥熟料的相互作用

探索了工业废渣与水泥熟料相互作用的定量指标.以掺惰性材料———刚玉粉的水泥水化样作参比样,研究和分析了低水胶比下粉煤灰、煤矸石与水泥熟料的相互作用.实验中粉煤灰掺量为10%~80%,煤矸石掺量为20%~60%,龄期为1~672 h.结果表明,水泥中掺入粉煤灰和煤矸石,由于水泥熟料用量降低而产生的稀释作用促进了水泥熟料的水化,而其他物理化学作用则依工业废渣的掺量、水化样龄期的不同而表现为促进或延缓水泥熟料的水化.     

粉煤灰廉价吸附剂资源化利用的现状和对策分析

粉煤灰是燃煤电厂排放的固体废弃物,其大量堆积造成环境污染和资源浪费,对粉煤灰的资源化利用近年来引起人们的广泛关注.粉煤灰呈多孔结构,具有良好的吸附性能,可用作处理废水中污染物质的廉价吸附剂.本文对粉煤灰吸附剂在水污染治理中的研究现状进行分析和总结,在此基础上,根据粉煤灰的组成和性质,提出粉煤灰资源化利用的方向为化学处理提高吸附性能和成型造粒以利于其工业化利用.     

基于骨架构建污泥固化体收缩与开裂特性的研究

针对传统污泥固化方法中固化污泥体易收缩开裂等问题,基于骨架构造原理,用煤矸石作为骨料,加入水泥、生石灰、粉煤灰等固化材料,按照不同配比对污泥进行一系列的固化实验。考察了在28 d养护龄期污泥固化结实体的开裂与收缩特性。研究表明加入煤矸石作为骨料能有效地抑制固化污泥的收缩与开裂,生石灰能抑制开裂,粉煤灰对污泥固化体的收缩开裂特性影响较小。     

自燃煤矸石细粉、粉煤灰制备泡沫混凝土的试验研究

本研究利用硅酸盐水泥和自燃煤矸石细粉、粉煤灰等混合材料,采用预制气泡后混合的方法制备出高性能泡沫混凝土,并研究了自燃煤矸石细粉、粉煤灰泡沫混凝土的干表观密度对泡沫混凝土的抗压强度与导热系数的影响。研究结果表明,随自燃煤矸石细粉、粉煤灰泡沫混凝土干表观密度的增加,泡沫混凝土抗压强度和导热系数也增加。     

菌根与豆科植物组合在煤矿区废弃物的生态效应

以煤矿区2种特有的固体废弃物粉煤灰、煤矸石为基质，分别对2种AM菌根真菌与3种豆科植物白三叶草、紫花苜蓿和刺槐之间的匹配关系进行了研究，以宿主植物的生物量、吸磷效率、侵染率和菌根依赖性为标准，初步筛选出G．mosseae为优势菌根菌株．结果表明：在煤矿区特殊立地条件下生长的AM菌根真菌与豆科植物形成了2个最佳优势组合，即煤矸石与粉煤灰混合物和粉煤灰中紫花苜蓿与优势菌株摩西球囊菌（G．mosseae）组合，煤矸石与河沙混合物中刺槐与地球囊霉菌（G．geosporum）组合．这2种优势组合促进了植株的生长，菌根与植物间表现出良好的相互依赖性和较高的菌根侵染率，促进了植株对不同基质中磷的吸收，取得了明显生态效应．     

Mechanical properties of gangue-containing aluminosilicate based cementitious materials

High performance aluminosilicate based cementitious materials were produced using calcined gangue as one of the major raw materials. The gangue was calcined at 500℃. The main constituent was calcined gangue, fly ash and slag, while alkali-silicate solutions were used as the diagenetic agent. The structure of gangue-containing aluminosilicate based cementitious materials was studied by the methods of IR, NMR and SEM. The results show that the mechanical properties are affected by the mass ratio between the gangue, slag and fly ash, the kind of activator and additional salt. For 28-day curing time, the compressive strength of the sample with a mass proportion of 2：1：1 （gangue： slag： fly ash） is 58.9 MPa, while the compressive strength of the sample containing 80wt% gangue can still be up to 52.3 MPa. The larger K^＋ favors the formation of large silicate oligomers with which AI（OH）4- prefers to bind. Therefore, in Na-K compounding activator solutions more oligomers exist which result in a stronger compressive strength of aluminosilicate-based cementitious materials than in the case of Na-containing activator. The reasons for this were found through IR and NMR analysis. Glauber＇s salt reduces the 3-day compressive strength of the paste, but increases its 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths.     

全煤矸石-粉煤灰烧结砖试制研究

本文通过利用采煤过程中排放的煤矸石和火电厂排放的粉煤灰（湿排飞灰）这两种工业废渣的烧结砖试验研究,摸索出了全煤矸石-粉煤灰烧结砖的基本制造参数,以煤矸石为基本原料,探索出粉煤灰掺入量对烧结砖质量的影响。另外,对由于掺入粉煤灰而产生的经济效益进行了综合分析。     

夏热冬冷地区不同新型墙体材料试验研究

以安徽省两淮矿区固体废弃物粉煤灰和煤矸石制备的烧结煤矸石空心砖、粉煤灰混凝土空心砌块（内填XPS板）、粉煤灰蒸压加气混凝土砌块三种新型围护结构材料为研究对象,将上述三种新型墙体材料砌成模拟实验房,与传统粘士实心砖同条件下进行热工性能对比试验研究,并进行微观结构机理分析,结果表明三种新型墙体材料保温隔热性能具有明显的提高,可作为夏热冬冷地区自保温砌块应用。     

Remediation and monitoring of abandoned mines

paper describes a recent study on using fly ash for backfilling abandoned room and pillar mines.Detailed investigations on fly ash properties such as the strength and stiffness of settled fly ash, flowability of fly ash grout, as well as chemistry and environmental aspects of fly ash backfill have been undertaken in the laboratory. Numerical modelling was also conducted to quantify the effects of fly ash backfill on the stability of underground pillars. The laboratory tests showed that with a solid concentration of approximate 50%, fly ash grout has an excellent flowability and very low viscosity. It is capable of penetrating and filling almost any voids underground if designed properly and settling as a reasonably stiff solid to provide support to the pillars. Several different types of strength tests proved that a consolidated fly ash should exhibit a friction angle above 42°. 3D numerical modelling on interaction between fly ash backfill and underground pillars has shown that fly ash backfill to 90% roadway height can raise the factor of safety(Fo S) of a marginally stable area to above 1.6, which is the number often used in rock engineering design for long term stability. Chemistry and leachate analysis of representative fly ash samples from a local power station showed that the elemental concentrations in the fly ash solid sample are lower than the allowed contaminant threshold and specific contaminant concentration levels. Geotechnical monitoring in the high risk areas of an abandoned mine has been carried out as part of the risk management and control for potential subsidence. The monitoring has been very helpful in understanding the ground behaviour around the abandoned mine which can provide timely information to the parties concerned in order to make correct decisions to control the subsidence risk.     

Dry coal fly ash cleaning using rotary triboelectrostatic separator

More than 80 million metric tons of fly ash is produced annually in the U.S. As coal combustion by-product. Coal fly ash can be converted to value-added products if unburned carbon is reduced to less than 2.5%. However, most of fly ash is currently landfilled as waste due to lack of efficient purification technologies to separate unburned carbon from fly ash. A rotary triboelectrostatic separator has been developed and patented recently at the University of Kentucky with unique features. Several fly ash samples have been used to understand the effects of major process parameters on the separation performance. The results show that compared to existing triboelectrostatic separators, the rotary triboelectrostatic separator has significant advantages in particle charging efficiency, solids throughput, separation efficiency, applicable particle size range.     

Creep properties and resistivity-ultrasonic-AE responses of cemented gangue backfill column under high-stress area

To investigate the creep and instability properties of a cemented gangue backfill column under a highstress area, the uniaxial compression creep tests were conducted by single-step and multi-step loading of prismatic samples made of cemented gangue backfill material(CGBM) under the high stressstrength ratio. The creep damage was monitored using an electrical resistivity device, ultrasonic testing device, and acoustic emission(AE) instrument. The results showed that the CGBM sample has a creep hardening property. The creep failure strength(CFS) is slightly larger than the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS), ranging in ratio from 108.9% to 116.5%. The instantaneous strain, creep strain, and creep rate increase with increasing stress-strength ratio in the single-step loading creep tests. The instantaneous strain and creep strain decrease first and then increase during the multi-step loading creep process. The axial creep strain of the CGBM column can be expressed by the viscoelastic-plastic creep model. Creep instability is caused by the accumulation of strain energy under multi-step loading and the continuous lateral expansion at the unconstrained middle position during the creep process. The creep stability of a CGBM column in a high-stress area can be monitored based on the variation of electrical resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV), and AE signals.     

Applied technique of the cemented fill with fly ash and fine-sands

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新疆石煤料团流化床焙烧提钒试验研究

在一台小型流化床燃烧试验台上对新疆石煤料团进行了焙烧特性的试验,着重考察了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、流化风速、添加剂种类对焙烧成球率的影响,并对飞灰、底渣、床料进行收集采样,利用水浸、质量分数为2%的Na2CO3溶液、6%的H2SO4溶液、10%的H2SO4溶液对各种样品浸取提钒,研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、浸取方式对转浸率的影响.结果表明:采用水泥为添加剂,温度为930℃,焙烧时间为90min,采用质量分数为10%的H2SO4溶液酸浸,可得较高焙烧成球率和转浸率,钒总回收率约为55.1%,同时可有效回收石煤热能,用于产汽发电.     

基于液氮吸附实验的煤层夹矸孔隙结构特征研究

煤层夹矸存在孔隙,具有吸附气体的能力。为研究沁水盆地新景矿煤层夹矸孔隙特征,选择8#煤层夹矸和15#煤层夹矸进行液氮静态吸附法实验研究。根据实验结果对新景煤矿8#煤层夹矸和15#煤层夹矸孔隙结构特征中的比表面积、孔径、孔径占比进行分析。结果表明:新景8#煤层夹矸主要以微孔和小孔为主,微孔和小孔占总孔比的92%以上,新景15#煤层夹矸主要由微孔、小孔和中孔为主,微孔、小孔占67%,中孔占到32%左右。微孔、小孔孔径大小与比表面积和吸附量有较强的相关性。     

缓凝水泥的生产试验研究

介绍了缓凝水泥生产的全过程,通过一系列的小磨试验和生产试验,用磷石膏、粉煤灰和煤矸石等原材料在较短的时间内成功生产出一批批性能优良的缓凝水泥;同时指出了复掺煤矸石、粉煤灰或石灰石比单独使用磷石膏来延长和调节水泥凝结时间效果更好,并且石灰石的缓凝效果优于煤矸石,初、终凝时间均可延长30～35 min左右.     

Resistivity and thermal infrared precursors associated with cemented backfill mass

The stability of cemented backfill mass is important to keep miners and equipment safe in underground backfill miming.The stress-strain behavior, resistivity and thermal infrared(TIR) characteristics of backfill mass under uniaxial compression were investigated. The monitoring system consisted of a TIR observation system, a stress-strain monitoring system and a resistivity measurement system. Precursory information for impending failure of cemented backfill mass was collected, including TIR, strain and resistivity precursors. The sensitivity and difference of different monitoring information to the same failure event were compared.The results show that the time-space evolution process of the resistivity and TIR is basically the same as the whole process from compression deformation to failure of backfill mass, and the time variation of resistivity and TIR is obviously characterized by stage.The resistivity precursor turns out earlier than the TIR and the strain. The resistivity relation with loading compression is anti-symmetry, decreasing as the compression stress increases before the peak strength of backfill mass. However, when the backfill mass enters into the phase of failure, the resistivity starts to increase as the stress increases. The change of the resistivity growth direction can be regarded as the resistivity-caution-point for the failure of backfill mass under uniaxial compression. It is also indicated that the TIR information mainly represents the surface temperature evolution in the process of compression before the backfill enters into the plastic-yield state. It can be a valuable tool to obtain the precursors for failure of cemented backfill mass for backfill mines.     

夏热冬冷地区不同墙体材料节能冬季试验研究

对利用两淮矿区固体废弃物制备的夏热冬冷地区常用的三种新型墙体材料（粉煤灰蒸压加气混凝土砌块、粉煤灰混凝土空心砌块、烧结煤矸石空心砖）与传统粘土实心砖进行了冬季同环境下的能耗评价、环境评价等技术方面的对比试验研究.结果表明,新型墙体材料节能降耗指标均优于传统粘土实心砖,其中粉煤灰蒸压加气混凝土砌块相对较好.