直接还原炼铁行业中两段粉煤气化工艺模拟的研究

根据碳和水蒸汽、二氧化碳气化是吸热反应的原理,开发了用化学反应法回收高温煤气显热的煤基两段组合式新气化工艺,在发电及钢铁行业有着非常广阔的应用前景.论文用模拟软件Aspen Plus,建立了两段(一段气流床,二段固定床)组合式粉煤气化模型,模拟直接还原炼铁过程(DRI)中的两段组合式气化工艺.研究在二段是否补加水蒸汽,以N2及CO2作为粉煤输送介质的气化工艺指标,模拟结果表明:二段炉内补加水蒸汽时,将会增加二段气化用煤量,而降低了出口煤气中的有效气含量.因此两段气化工艺用于炼铁行业时,选择一段气流床的粉煤以CO2作为输送介质,既增加二段炉内的气化剂,又增加整个气化工艺出口煤气的有效气成分,满足直接还原炼铁行业的要求.     

两段式气化工艺流程的ASPEN PLUS软件模拟

针对目前Shell、Texaco气化技术的不足,本文提出了一种新型的两段气化工艺,以达到充分利用煤气显热的目的.借助Aspen Plus过程模拟平台,运用Gibbs自由能最小化方法,模拟两段式水煤浆进料的气化工艺流程,同时建立二段固定床气化模型.考察了加入二段同定床气化炉内的煤虽及蒸汽煤比对出口煤气组分、温度及整个气化工艺的冷煤气效率、有效气产率等气化指标的影响.结果两段式气化工艺能有效利用一段炉煤气中的显热,提高气化炉的冷煤气效率.同时通过研究,还得到了不同工艺下的最佳条件.本论文所得结论为进一步研究该新型组合式气化工艺提供参考.     

水煤浆气化过程的计算机模拟

以60万吨/年煤制甲醇装置为背景,采用.Aspen Plus模拟了其中的水煤浆气化过程。将复杂的水煤浆气化过程分解为煤裂解、挥发分燃烧、气化反应、水激冷、灰分分离等子过程,由子过程的组合构成完整的气化炉模型。用现场装置实际运行数据验证了模型的可靠性,模型计算结果与现场数据吻合良好。以此模型分析了主要操作条件一水煤浆浓度、氧煤比、气化温度、气化压力一对气化过程的影响,结果是,水煤浆浓度和氧煤比对粗煤气组成和温度影响明显:提高水煤浆浓度,粗煤气温度及有效气成分（CO+H₂）的含量均升高;提高氧煤比,粗煤气温度上升,有效气成分（CO+H₂）含量下降。     

高炉热风炉流量设定及自控专家系统

高炉的热风炉流量优化设定专家系统的特点是不要求完善的基础自动化和复杂，昂贵的分析器。根据冶金工厂实际情况。自动设定热风炉各加热期的煤气和空气流量，在达到废气温度管理期时，自动计算剩余加热时间和按此自动修正设定的流量，并按实际预热煤气和空气温度与预定值偏差，换炉的剩余蓄热量以及使用热风温度和流量自动修正所设定热风炉各加热的流量。此外还能在预热空气压力变化时自动修正气阀门位置，本系统在实际应用中，取得了良好效果。     

撞击气流床气化炉内浓度场和温度场的数值模拟

运用PDF燃烧模型模拟以柴油为模拟气化介质的撞击气流床气化炉气化时的过程,结果与实验较吻合。还考察氧燃料比与合成气组成的关系,分析了气化炉中的温度和浓度分布情况。模拟结果表明:氧燃料比与合成气组成关系很大,随着氧燃料比例降低合成气中有效气(CO H2)浓度升高;通过温度变化预测撞击火焰上升的高度,得出模拟条件下撞击火焰上升的高度与气化炉内径之比在1.0左右;随着反应进行,气化炉轴向上O2浓度迅速下降,H2浓度逐渐升高,H2O浓度逐渐降低。     

高炉热风炉全自动控制专家系统

叙述高炉热风炉的流量及自动换炉的优化设定专家系统，其特点是不要求完善的基础自动化和复杂、昂贵的分析器。根据实际情况，设置专家系统自动设定热风炉各加热期的煤气和空气流量，在达到废气温度管理期时，自动计算剩余加热时间和按此自动修正设定的流量，系统还按实际预热煤气和空气温度与预定值之间的偏差和换炉的剩余蓄热量以及使用热风温度和流量，自动修正所设定热风炉的各加热期的流量或换炉时间。此外还能在预热空气压力变化时自动修正空气阀门位置。本系统在实际应用中，取得了良好效果。     

生物质能综合利用两层通用决策支持系统的研究

在制定生物质能生产计划时,影响决策者的因素不仅包括生物质供应链本身的不同环节,而且包括生物质系统对于社会、环境和经济的影响及其在某个特定的国家内开发的困难程度。为了综合考虑上述因素,本文提出生物质能两层通用决策系统(gBEDS),其核心是数据库,包括基本的生物质信息和详细的决策信息,此外,还包括方案数据库和为新用户提供示范的案例库。在数据库的基础上,决策系统包括单元过程(UP)的模拟模块和用于优化决策的遗传算法。在图形界面的帮助下,用户可以自行定义生物质供应链,并进行环境、经济、社会或其他方面的评价;在生物质能生产全生命周期的模拟和优化模型的基础上,系统采用数据挖掘方法(模糊c均值聚类和决策树)确定最优的生物质原材料收集存储和转化工厂的地理位置。使用Matlab开发生物质供应链的生物质计划参数(例如费用和CO_2排放)的计算模型。同时,用地理信息系统(GIS)对生物能转化工厂和存储数据作可视化表达,以支持用户在智能输出的基础上做出决策。因此,gBEDS支持生物质能国家计划者,制定一种有效的生物质能生产计划并作出综合评价,地方的设计和实施者确定优化、详细的单元过程实施上述计划。日本森林废物发电的实例研究表明了上述方法的有效性和可行性。     

新型两段组合式气化产气热值的RBF神经网络预测模型及遗传算法优化

气化效率对IGCC绿色发电的效率有着很大影响.现有气流床煤气化技术存在热回收方案不尽合理之处,华东理工大学提出了回收化学热新型两段组合式气化技术,一段气流床二段固定床组合气化,将一段气化合成气后的高温显热,在二段气化炉内转化为化学热,提高总气化热效率.本文采用基于径向基函数网络(RBF)模型,预测此气化工艺产气的低位热值,并用遗传算法优化网络参数,将模型计算结果与实验比较,两者吻合较好,表明模型预测该流程的低位热值性能稳定,精度高.     

多元料浆气化流程建模及分析

多元料浆气化技术(MCSG)是能源化工领域中煤炭清洁利用的新技术,主要用于合成氨、合成甲醇等基础化工原料工业以及燃料、制氧行业.化工流程模拟在化工过程的开发设计、挖潜改造、节能增效和生产指导方面是1种科学高效的研究方法.本文对多元料浆气化流程建立了流程模拟模型,并对操作参数和工艺条件变化时的情况进行了模拟分析.本文利用所建模型对1个年产15万吨合成氨和15万吨甲醇的煤气化流程进行了模拟,粗煤气中有效气体H2和CO误差分别为0.35%和1.49%,其他各组分误差一般也低于1%～2%.模拟结果验证了煤气化流程模型能准确的反映生产实际情况.此外,由于洗涤塔的操作参数将影响出口的粗煤气中的有效气体H2和CO的组成,本文分析了出洗涤塔操作参数对粗煤气中有效气体(H2和CO)流量的影响,当温度压力以及入洗涤塔工艺冷凝液分别变化10%时,有效气体变化分别为6.896e,1.7‰和0.16%,并提出了相应的调控策略.     

基于虚拟仪器技术的煤气发生炉气化层温度控制系统设计

以煤为原料的间歇式固定层煤气发生炉(简称造气炉)气化层温度和状态是造气炉正常运行和提高制气能力，节能降耗的关键参数，是实现造气炉闭环控制的先决条件。基于LabV1EW的虚拟仪器温度测控系统是针对造气炉工艺流程的运行特点的要求而设计的，通过在线气化层温度测量，实时检测造气炉温度状态和变化趋势，实现对工艺参数的动态调整和闭环控制。该文介绍了利用虚拟仪器技术的软件开发平台LavV1EW，造气炉气化层温度的实时测控的设计方案、软件设计和系统实现。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.