荧光光谱组合二阶校正的芳香族化合物同时测定

芳香族化合物混合体系,由于结构相似导致光谱重叠,难于用常规方法直接定量检测。色谱法则存在操作烦琐、分析时间长等缺陷。本文采用二阶校正中的平行因子分析法与三维荧光光谱相结合,通过数学分离代替化学分离,实现了对邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、酪氨酸、吲哚4种物质的同时定量测定,采用核一致诊断法确定了体系组分数,分辨出了物质的激发光谱和发射光谱。实验结果表明,此方法可用于未知干扰共存下芳烃化合物的同时直接快速定量测定,可用于环境样品中多环芳烃的直接定量测定。     

二阶校正法与三维荧光光谱相结合直接测定人体血浆中的水杨酸

水杨酸、萘普生及血浆背景干扰组分,这三者荧光光谱重叠严重,如果不经分离,无法用常规方法定量分析水杨酸.本文利用二阶校正的优势,将三维激发发射荧光光谱与平行因子分析算法和交替三线性分解算法相结合,快速分析测定血浆中的水杨酸.当因子数选为4时,用两种算法获得的回收率分别为(103.8±3.5)%和(98.4±1.4)%.实验结果表明,此方法可用于干扰组分共存下,快速定量测定血浆中的水杨酸,从而可用于研究阿斯匹林的代谢过程.     

三维荧光二阶校正法直接快速测定血浆样中川芎嗪和阿魏酸含量

本文将三维荧光光谱与二阶校正方法相结合用于人体血浆样中的中药药理活性成分川芎嗪和阿魏酸含量的直接测定.尽管预测样存在血浆内源荧光物质的基体干扰,但由于该方法基于“数学分离”的思路和具有“二阶优势”,仍能对荧光光谱严重重叠的血浆样中的目标分析物进行直接同时定量测定,为川芎嗪和阿魏酸在体内的代谢监控及其药效研究提供了一种新思路.获得的预测样中川芎嗪和阿魏酸的平均回收率分别为(95.7±2.2)％和(100.8±2.5)％.该方法简单、快速,结果可靠.     

三维荧光结合交替三线性方法测定中药升麻和人体血浆中升麻素的含量

本文利用化学计量学交替三线性分解(ATLD)方法解析三维荧光数据,在有未知干扰组分共存的情况下,对中药升麻和人体血浆中升麻素的含量和回收率进行了测定,利用核一致诊断法判断得到的组分数是2。中药升麻和血浆体系的背景与升麻素有严重的重叠,用ATLD方法得到的解析光谱与真实光谱几乎完全重合,定量解析结果也令人满意。测定结果显示,标准曲线法和二阶标准加入法得到的中药升麻中升麻素的含量分别为0.061±0.003%和0.055±0.002%,回收率为89.8±4.7%,人体血浆中升麻素的回收率分别为102.7±1.6%。实验结果表明,此法可用于干扰组分共存下中药升麻和人体血浆中升麻素的快速准确定量分析。     

激发-发射矩阵荧光结合二阶校正法测定人体血浆样和牛蒡子药材中的牛蒡苷含量

本文利用激发-发射矩阵荧光与二阶校正算法相结合,实现快速测定人体血浆样和牛蒡子对照药材中的牛蒡苷含量.采用二阶校正方法的平行因子分析(PARAFAC)和交替归一加权残差(ANWE)两种算法进行解析,所得血浆基体干扰下牛蒡苷的回收率分别为(98.7±1.4)%和(99.7±1.6)%,实现了对血浆样中的牛蒡苷含茸的直接快速定量测定.此外,用上述两种方法对牛蒡子药材中的牛蒡苷含量进行快速测定,所得结果与液相色谱方法结果进行比较,结果令人满意.实验结果表明,此方法方便快捷,可用于复杂试样中未知干扰共存下牛蒡苷含量的测定.     

利用近红外光谱技术同时检测奶粉中的多个掺假成分

利用近红外光谱技术对奶粉中含有多种掺假物的情况进行了定性判别分析.样本集除12个纯正奶粉样品外,146个掺假奶粉样品中分别加入了植脂末,天然大豆分离蛋白粉和麦芽糊精中的1～3种,掺假物的总含量范围在1.96%～35.9%之间.用Thermo Scientific Antaris MX型近红外光谱仪测量样本近红外光谱,采用非线性迭代偏最小二乘法(NIPALS)提取主成分,然后利用马氏距离进行线性判别分析,建立了1个8类判别模型.在138个样本集的交叉验证中,判别准确率达99.28%,20个测试样本的判别准确率达100%.另一方面,将3种掺假物中的1种作为未知干扰掺假物,用不含未知干扰物的样本建立了定性判别模型,然后用含有未知干扰物的样本进行验证.在植脂末作为未知干扰的情况下,判断奶粉是否掺假的准确率有100%,判断大豆分离蛋白粉和麦芽糊精是否掺入的准确度分别为78.94%和88.42%;而使用麦芽糊精作为未知干扰物时,调用模型判别奶粉是否掺假,准确率依然有100%,但判断植脂末和大豆蛋白粉掺入情况的准确率只有34.74%和32.63%.研究表明近红外光谱技术可以对奶粉中的掺假情况和掺假物种类进行快速判断;当掺假物定性判别模型遇到未知干扰时,使用该方法虽然可以对奶粉是否存在掺假进行判断,但对掺假物种类难以进行正确判别,因此建模样本集应包含尽可能多类型的掺假物.     

一种基于分类的融合算法

提出了一种基于分类的融合算法 ,可用于融合低分辨率多光谱影像和配准的高分辨率全色波段影像 .算法的主要步骤如下 :(1)将 1m高分辨率全色波段影像和 4 m低分辨率多光谱影像进行几何配准 ;(2 )采用监督或非监督分类算法对高分辨率影像和配准的多光谱影像进行统一分类 ;(3)根据每一类所对应的高分辨率全色波段影像直方图和相应的空间关系 ,对配准后单个波段的多光谱影像进行调整 .(4)采用柱状坐标系对调整后的多谱影像进行 HIS(Hue,Intensity,Saturation)变换 ,并反变换至 RGB(red,green,blue)彩色空间 ,从而得到融合影像 .以天安门附近 10 0× 10 0大小 IKONOS的 1m高分辨率全色波段影像和 4 m多光谱影像为例 ,对融合算法进行了验证 .实验结果表明 :(1)此算法可以融合分类信息、全色波段的高分辨率信息和多光谱波段的光谱信息 ,突出分类信息作为先验知识的重要性 [1 ] ;(2 )在精确分类的基础上 ,可部分消除目标物边界的假彩色现象 ,有较好的目视判读效果 ;(3)对融合过程中 ,先验知识与空间关系的加入作了一些有益的尝试 .     

三维荧光光谱结合二阶校正算法用于化妆品中芦丁含量的测定

本文利用2种分别基于交替三线性分解算法(ATLD)和自加权交替三线性分解算法(SWATLD)的二阶校正算法与三维荧光光谱相结合,对化妆品中的芦丁进行直接定量分析.当选取组分数为3时,ATLD和SWATLD获得的平均回收率分别为(94.4±2.7)%和(100.2±1.1)%.另外,采用品质因子,如灵敏度(SEN)、选择性(SEL)和检测下限(LOD)评估了这2种算法所得结果的准确性.实验表明这2种算法能成功地用于分析化妆品中芦丁的含量,而且在这个体系中,SWATLD的性能较ATLD稍优.     

酚与水的相互作用的量子化学研究

运用B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)方法分别计算了苯酚、1-萘酚、1-蒽酚、1-并四苯酚、2-萘酚和9-菲酚与水的相互作用。研究结果表明稠环体系越大,结合能越强,酚与水的相互作用并不仅仅体现在水与酚羟基形成的氢键位点上,并且受到稠环体系的影响。芳环的增多与结合能的增加呈二次函数关系,结合能范围在25.7kJ/mol～7.2kJ/mol。     

影响土壤中PAHs降解的环境因素及促进降解的措施

土壤中的多环芳烃(PAHs)类有机污染物的生物有效性低,不易降解。本文综述了影响污染土壤中多环芳烃降解的环境因素和促进降解措施的研究进展。影响土壤中多环芳烃降解的因素,包括水分、养分、土壤物理条件等;促进土壤中多环芳烃降解的措施有:向污染土壤添加有机溶剂、利用冯顿反应、添加堆肥和有机物料等。从目前研究来看,应当通过促进多环芳烃从土壤上解吸和培育具有较高多环芳烃降解能力的微生物来促进多环芳烃污染土壤的修复。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.