CATALYTIC TREATMENT OF HAMMAM AL-ALIL BITUMEN USING NICKEL HEXANOATE

Abstract

Ham mam Al-Alil bitumen (HAB) is found in the Hammam Al-Alil area. The bitumen obtained from this area was found to be mixed with sand, sulfur and sedimentation. Purification of the sample from foreign materials was fulfilled. Asphaltenes were removed by treatment with heptane and the petrolenes obtained were eatalytically cracked using nickel hexanoate and ethanol. The study revealed the heavy nature of such bitumen and supported the idea of the geological and chemical information that deals with Mishraq sulfur deposit and the Qaiyarah crude oil; i.e., Hammam Al-Alil bitumen is Qaiyarah crude oil, which was reduced by Mishraq sulfur. The study of the carbon distributions was carried out using pmr spectroscopy and employing various equations with modification used by previous workers.     

CATALYTIC TREATMENT OF QAIYARAH HEAVY CRUDE OIL,PETROLENES FRACTION,USING NICKEL OCTANOATE

Abstract

Qaiyarah crude oil is considered as one of the heaviest crude oils in the middle east. Various studies have proved its asphaltic nature. Our study is concerned with the heptane soluble material (petrolenes) - its purification and separation into its generic compounds. The extract was fractionated by double bed column and studied spectroscopically using pmr. Catalytic treatment of the petrolene was carried out in the presence of nickel octanoate using ethanol as a solvent and reductant. The study revealed that there was a considerable activity of the catalyst in terms of reforming and hydrocracking reactions.     

CATALYTIC TREATMENT OF QAIYARAH HEAVY CRUDE OIL, PETROLENES FRACTION, USING NICKEL OCTANOATE

Qaiyarah crude oil is considered as one of the heaviest crude oils in the middle east. Various studies have proved its asphaltic nature. Our study is concerned with the heptane soluble material (petrolenes) - its purification and separation into its generic compounds. The extract was fractionated by double bed column and studied spectroscopically using pmr. Catalytic treatment of the petrolene was carried out in the presence of nickel octanoate using ethanol as a solvent and reductant. The study revealed that there was a considerable activity of the catalyst in terms of reforming and hydrocracking reactions.     

载镍硅磷酸铝分子筛的催化活性研究

用浸渍法制备了Ni/SAPO-5分子筛、Ni/AlPO_4-5分子筛、Ni/AlPO_4胶体3种催化剂,用催化色谱法研究了它们对正己烷裂化的催化活性和产物分布,并进行了IR、EPR、XRD分析。结果表明:B酸、Ni°都是裂化反应的活性中心,在Ni/SAOP-5(R)上既有氢解活性中心,也有异构化活性中心;催化活性随还原流量的增大而增大,低还原温度可得到较高的裂化活性。     

机场沥青的技术要求与标准

机场道面和公路路面处于不同状态下工作。用于机场道面的沥青材料应是优质沥青，并且符合机场沥青的技术要求。此外，本文还对优质沥青的生产、市场等问题进行了讨论。     

CATALYTIC TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM ASPHALTS

ABSTRACT

Catalytic Sulphurization of residual asphalts obtained from Nigeria;i crudes has been investigated at 210 - 250 °C for a period of 1 hour. The overall effect of the reaction was the manifold increase in the asphaltene content of the sulphurized asphalt. The growth of asphaltenes however decreases with temperature which is in sharp contrast to the non-catalytic reaction reported in the literature. Kinetic analysis shows that the apparent reaction order varied from 1.75 to 3.60 while the rate constant follows a decreasing trend with temperature. These results indicate that the role of the catalyst in the sulphurization reaction is to lower the temperature of the reaction.     

CATALYTIC TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM ASPHALTS

Catalytic Sulphurization of residual asphalts obtained from Nigeria;i crudes has been investigated at 210 - 250 °C for a period of 1 hour. The overall effect of the reaction was the manifold increase in the asphaltene content of the sulphurized asphalt. The growth of asphaltenes however decreases with temperature which is in sharp contrast to the non-catalytic reaction reported in the literature. Kinetic analysis shows that the apparent reaction order varied from 1.75 to 3.60 while the rate constant follows a decreasing trend with temperature. These results indicate that the role of the catalyst in the sulphurization reaction is to lower the temperature of the reaction.     

金属卟啉催化加氢脱金属的初步研究

在装有工业加氢脱金属催化剂（ICR）的高压连续微型反应装置中,对镍－2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18－八乙基卟啉（Ni-OEP)和氧钒－2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18－八乙基卟啉（VO－OEP）的加氢反应进行了初步探索,金属卟啉的加氢脱金属历分为两步,第1步,金属卟啉的一个外环双键加氢生成金属卟酚（二氢金属卟啉）;第2步,金属卟酚分解,金属沉积在催化剂上,金属卟酚的分解过程比较复杂,它可被进一步加氢成四氢卟啉和八氢金属卟啉,在相同反应条件下,VO－OEP比Ni-OEP容易催化加氢脱金属, 吡啶和二硫化碳的存在不改变金属 啉加氢脱金属反应过程,但啉啶对金属卟啉的催化加氢脱金属反应有抑制作用,而二硫化碳具有促进作用。     

漆原镍催化加氢制备间甲苯胺

制备了漆原镍U-Ni-A(S)催化剂,用于间硝基甲苯常压下催化加氢制备间甲苯胺,考察了加氢条件对间硝基甲苯转化率的影响。结果表明,在展开剂为醋酸、m(锌粉):m(NiCl_2·6H_2O)=3:2时,制得的漆原镍催化剂具有良好的催化活性;在m(漆原镍):m(反应物)=5:3,以甲醇作溶剂,反应时间1.5 h,氢气流速15 mL/min条件下,间硝基甲苯转化率达100%。催化剂具有良好的稳定性,循环使用10次催化活性不变。新鲜催化剂可能放置7 d。     

EXTRACTION OF HEAVY OIL AND BITUMEN USING VAPORIZED HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS

The huge natural resources present in the form of heavy oil and bitumen may be the principal source of fuel for human civilization in the coming century. However, due to very high viscosities of these crudes the use of conventional recovery techniques is not feasible. The viscosity decreases drastically with increase in temperature; this principle is utilized in thermal recovery processes like SAGD. Using long horizontal wells, very high production rates can be achieved in this process. However, steam processes suffer from energy inefficiency largely due to heat losses to the cap and base rock. This can be avoided if instead of steam, solvent is used to reduce viscosity.

In the proposed process, “Vapex”, vaporized hydrocarbon solvents are used to extract heavy oil and bitumen using the concept of gravity drainage. Hydrocarbon solvents, when present in sufficient concentration, causes deasphalting of these crudes. Although deasphalting improves the quality of the produced crude, the possibility of reservoir plugging due to asphaltene deposition is an important concern for using this process Experiments carried out in Hele-Shaw cells indicated higher extraction rates with deasphalting compared to that without deasphalting leading to the conclusion that asphaltene deposition may not be a constraint for the process. This was confirmed in experiments carried out in scaled packed model. The experimental results showed that the flow rates achieved in the porous media are higher than those obtained by scaling up the results of Hele-Shaw cell experiments carried.out under identical conditions of temperature and pressure. This is due to the extended interfacial contact, capillary imbibition, surface renewal and transient mass transfer at the interface. Production rates predicted from these experimental results are attractive for field operations     

近红外分析方法快速测定沥青蜡含量

建立了傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术快速测定沥青蜡含量的分析方法。选择适当的近工外光谱范围,得到了沥青的近红外吸收谱图。对谱图作相应的处理后,采用偏最小二乘方法建立模型,并选择了最佳主因子数。实验结果表明,近红外分析方法与标准分析方法（SH／T0425）的测定结果一致,该方法具有重现性好、分析速度快、使用样品量少等特点,是一种好的沥青蜡含量快速测量方法。     

近红外分析方法快速测定沥青蜡含量

建立了傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术快速测定沥青蜡含量的分析方法.选择适当的近红外光谱范围,得到了沥青的近红外吸收谱图.对谱图作相应的处理后,采用偏最小二乘方法建立模型,并选择了最佳主因子数.实验结果表明,近红外分析方法与标准分析方法(SH/T0425)的测定结果一致.该方法具有重现性好、分析速度快、使用样品量少等特点,是一种较好的沥青蜡含量快速测量方法.     

QUANTIFICATION OF BITUMEN PARTICLES IN AEROSOL AND SOIL SAMPLES USING HP-GPC

ABSTRACT

A method for identifying and quantifying bitumen particles, generated from the wear of roadway asphalts, in aerosol and soil samples has been developed. Bitumen is found to be the only contributor to airborne particles containing organic molecules with molecular weights larger than 2000 g pr. mol. These are separated and identified using High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography (HP-GPC) with fluorescence detection. As an additional detection method Infra Red spectrometry (IR) is employed for selected samples, The methods have been used on aerosol, soil and other samples.     

CATALYTIC REACTION OF CO4 WITH CH4OVER NICKEL CATALYST

ABSTRACT

The reaction between CO₂and CH₄was carried out in a fixed-bed continuous flow reactor over y-alumina supported nickel metal, reaction temperature was 773-1073°K and reaction pressure 0.1-0.13MPa with different ratios of CH₄C0₂. Catalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS and IJTA. It was found that Ni/y-alumina had higher activity, selectivity and stability when it was made in strong acid(pH?2) or strong base (pH?ll) solution. In this reaction syngas with lower ratios of H₂/CO was produced.     

QUANTIFICATION OF BITUMEN PARTICLES IN AEROSOL AND SOIL SAMPLES USING HP-GPC

A method for identifying and quantifying bitumen particles, generated from the wear of roadway asphalts, in aerosol and soil samples has been developed. Bitumen is found to be the only contributor to airborne particles containing organic molecules with molecular weights larger than 2000 g pr. mol. These are separated and identified using High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography (HP-GPC) with fluorescence detection. As an additional detection method Infra Red spectrometry (IR) is employed for selected samples, The methods have been used on aerosol, soil and other samples.     

CATALYTIC REACTION OF CO4 WITH CH4OVER NICKEL CATALYST

The reaction between CO₂and CH₄was carried out in a fixed-bed continuous flow reactor over y-alumina supported nickel metal, reaction temperature was 773-1073°K and reaction pressure 0.1-0.13MPa with different ratios of CH₄C0₂. Catalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS and IJTA. It was found that Ni/y-alumina had higher activity, selectivity and stability when it was made in strong acid(pH≤2) or strong base (pH≤ll) solution. In this reaction syngas with lower ratios of H₂/CO was produced.     

纳米镍粉的制备及其对对硝基苯酚催化加氢的影响

采用改进的化学还原法制备了一系列纳米镍粉催化剂,在对硝基苯酚催化加氢反应中考察了制备条件对纳米镍粉催化活性的影响,并与纳米镍粉的XRD表征结果相关联,期望得到纳米镍粉的最佳制备条件。结果表明,随水合肼用量的增加,纳米镍的催化活性先增加后基本保持不变,适宜的水合肼用量为n(N_2H_4·H_2O):n(Ni~(2+))=1.5;随氢氧化钠用量的增加,纳米镍的催化活性先增加后下降,适宜的氢氧化钠用量为n (NaOH):n(Ni~(2+))=1.5:1;随反应温度的增加,纳米镍的催化活性先增加后下降,适宜的反应温度为76℃;随停留时间的延长,纳米镍的催化活性逐渐下降,适宜的停留时间为2 min。HRTEM表征表明最优条件下制备得到的纳米镍粉粒径较小,约25 nm左右,其对硝基苯酚加氢速率达19.4 mmol/(min·g)。     

EVALUATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF NICKEL IN COPROCESSING USING MODEL SYSTEMS

The catalytic activity of nickel, a trace metal indigenous to residuum used in coprocessing of coal and petroleum residuum, was investigated in hydrogenation and heteroatom removal reactions using model systems at coprocessing conditions. Hydrocarbons and heteroatomic species of S, N, and O having similar chemical structures to some compounds present in coal and residuum were used as models. The active Ni catalyst was generated in situ by thermal decomposition of organic nickel complexes, all of which were active for hydrogenation of the models selected except for nickel naphthenate. The active Ni promoted ring saturation in aromatic and heteroatomic compounds rather than ring hydrogenolysis or heteroatom removal. In the presence of either elemental sulfur or organic sulfur compounds, the catalytic activity of Ni for hydrogenation and heteroatom removal was eliminated. Because of the high sulfur content in coal and residuum, inherent catalytic activity from the nickel indigenous to residuum for hydrogenation and heteroatom removal reactions during coprocessing may be hindered.     

镍沉积对超稳Y沸石催化裂化活性及脱甲基性能的影响

采用人工模拟方法制备了沉积镍的超稳Ｙ沸石,用纯烃反应研究了镍沉积前后沸石的沸化性能,并用生成的烷量作为沸石被镍污染的只于沸石上的镍在催化裂化反应中能被还原 金属镍,裂化产物中甲烷的生成与镍的脱甲基作用相关。     

催化燃烧法在污水处理场的应用

介绍了九江分公司污水处理场采用催化燃烧法处理污水场有机废气的工艺流程以及装置运行情况。通过对试运行的运转数据及标定后的数据进行分析得出,有机废气处理装置运行稳定,处理后气体总烃达到120mg／m3的国家排放标准。