Phase-separated Tenmoku “Blue” glaze: Microstructure and coloring mechanism

Yohen Tenmoku, a masterpiece of Jian kiln with bright blue rendering effect under different incident light, is lack research as only three intact pieces exist in the world. Herein, this study was fortunate to work with Jianxing Sun to conduct technical characterization and material analysis of the imitation Yohen Tenmoku (Song). Black oil spots are composed of magnetite (10–25 µm) and Al doping in hematite (1–3 µm) precipitated on the glaze surface. Brilliant blue color a combination of the bright blue structural color resulting from the coherent scattering of amorphous photonic crystals composed of spherical phase separation structures of 130 nm and the coloring of iron ions produced in a weak reducing atmosphere by the addition of high iron glazes with composite alkali (CaO and MgO). Continuous refraction and reflection of the structural color between the blue glass phases gives the glaze a shiny and dazzling blue color.     

Mössbauer study of the black-glazed Jian bowl in the Song dynasty

Jian ware, also known as “Tenmoku,” is one of the famous black-glazed porcelains in China. It was highly coveted in the Song dynasty (960–1279 AD) and was also a tribute to the royal family. The black-glazed Jian wares are mainly made from iron-rich clay. In this study, black-glazed Jian bowl sherds excavated from the Song strata of Jian kiln sites were adopted as test samples. The iron phase and firing techniques of the black-glazed Jian bowl from the Song dynasty were analyzed and discussed through Mössbauer spectroscopy on the both of body and glaze, together with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. According to the different iron content and the unique iron oxide phase reflected in the Mössbauer spectra, we analyzed the firing atmosphere, temperature, and other conditions of the ancient Jian bowl, as well as the difference of iron phase between the body and the glaze layer due to the collapse of the silicate framework. It provides new ideas for deciphering the firing technology and improving the synthesis of ancient black-glazed Jian wares.     

Characterization of the rare oil spot glazed bowl excavated from the Xiao kiln site of north China

“Oil spot”, which is a famous decorating technique of black glazed porcelain in the Song Dynasty, is a representative handicraft of Jian bowls found in the Jian Kiln in southern China. An oil spot black glaze bowl was found in the Xiao Kiln in Anhui Province in a field investigation, which is the first time that this pattern of porcelain was found in this area. Various techniques were performed on this bowl and on another black glaze porcelain piece from the same archaeological layer, including optical microscopy, scan electron microscopy, XRF, Raman spectromicroscopy and XRD. The results show that its main chemical composition is similar to the black glazed porcelain from the Xiao kiln, and the chemical characteristics of the glaze are high Fe₂O₃ (5.14%) and CaO (7.26%) and low Al₂O₃ (11.85%) and the RO content is 0.83which is indicative of a calcium glaze and is close to the components of oil spot porcelains from Shanxi in northern China. The ferric oxide crystalline on the glaze surface indicates the phase transformation of γ-Fe₂O_3→ε-Fe₂O_3→α-Fe₂O₃ in the crystallization layer on the glaze surface and the anorthite crystalline at the junction between the body and the glaze. The vessel could be produced at a relatively high temperature in a specific oxidizing environment.     

Preparation of M@BiFeO3 Nanocomposites (M = Ag,Au) Bowl Arrays with Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity

High surface area BiFeO₃ (BFO) bowl arrays photocatalyst loaded with different size noble metal nanoparticles were successfully prepared by combining templates method and thermal evaporation followed by heating. The structural and optical properties of the BiFeO₃ bowl arrays and the composite M@BFO bowl arrays (M = Ag, Au) were comparatively characterized. The composite M@BFO bowl arrays showed much higher photocatalytic performance than the pure BFO bowl arrays. The enhanced photocatalytic property of the composite structure could be ascribed to the enhanced near‐field amplitudes of localized surface plasmon of the noble metal nanoparticles which boost the separation of electron–hole pairs and the transfer mechanism of electrons.     

Effects of injection angles on combustion processes using multiple injection strategies in an HSDI diesel engine

Effects of injection angles and injection pressure on the combustion processes employing multiple injection strategies in a high-speed direct-injection (HSDI) diesel engine are presented in this work. Whole-cycle combustion and liquid spray evolution processes were visualized using a high-speed video camera. NO_x emissions were measured in the exhaust pipe. Different heat release patterns are seen for two different injectors with a 70-degree tip and a 150-degree tip. No evidence of fuel-wall impingement is found for the first injection of the 150-degree tip, but for the 70-degree tip, some fuel impinges on the bowl wall and a fuel film is formed. For the second injection, a large amount of fuel deposition is observed for the 70-degree tip. Weak flame is seen for the first injection of the 150-degree tip while two sorts of flames are seen for the first injection of the 70-degree tip including an early weak flame and a late luminous film combustion flame. Ignition occurs near the spray tip in the vicinity of the bowl wall for the second injection events of the 150-degree tip, however, it is near the injector tip in the central region of the bowl for the 70-degree tip. The flame is more homogeneous for the 150-degree tip with higher injection pressure with little soot formation similar to a premixed-charge-compression-ignition (PCCI) combustion. For other cases, liquid fuel is injected into flames showing diffusion flame combustion. More soot luminosity is seen for the 70-degree tip due to significant fuel film deposition on the piston wall with fuel film combustion for both injection events. Lower NO_x emissions were obtained for the narrow-angle injector due to the rich air–fuel mixture near the bowl wall during the combustion process. Increasing injection pressure leads to increased NO_x emissions for both injection angles because of the relatively leaner and faster combustion process with higher in-cylinder temperature for the increased injection pressure.     

Wax Ester Rich Oil From The Marine Crustacean,Calanus finmarchicus,is a Bioavailable Source of EPA and DHA for Human Consumption

Oil from the marine copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, which contains >86 % of fatty acids present as wax esters, is a novel source of n‐3 fatty acids for human consumption. In a randomized, two‐period crossover study, 18 healthy adults consumed 8 capsules providing 4 g of Calanus^® Oil supplying a total of 260 mg EPA and 156 mg DHA primarily as wax esters, or 1 capsule of Lovaza^® providing 465 mg EPA and 375 mg DHA as ethyl esters, each with an EPA‐ and DHA‐free breakfast. Plasma EPA and DHA were measured over a 72 h period (t = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). The positive incremental area under the curve over the 72 h test period (iAUC_{0‐72 h}) for both EPA and DHA was significantly different from zero (p < 0.0001) in both test conditions, with similar findings for the iAUC_{0–24 h} and iAUC_{0–48 h}, indicating the fatty acids were absorbed. There was no difference in the plasma iAUC_{0–72 h} for EPA + DHA, or DHA individually, in response to Calanus Oil vs the ethyl ester condition; however, the iAUC_{0–48 h} and iAUC_{0–72 h} for plasma EPA in response to Calanus Oil were both significantly increased relative to the ethyl ester condition (iAUC_{0–48 h}: 381 ± 31 vs 259 ± 39 μg*h/mL, p = 0.026; iAUC_{0‐72 h}: 514 ± 47 vs 313 ± 49 μg*h/mL, p = 0.009). These data demonstrate a novel wax ester rich marine oil is a suitable alternative source of EPA and DHA for human consumption.     

A Novel NADH Model: Design,Synthesis, and its Chiral Reduction and Fluorescent Emission

A novel chiral nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH) model with C₃ symmetry was designed and synthesized. Hydrogens at the C‐4 position of all dihydropyridine rings in the inner part of the bowl could transfer to the substrate with powerful enantioselectivity. This novel C₃ symmetrical NADH model is capable of fluorescence emission at 455 nm when excited at 390 nm.     

Superhydrophilic–underwater superoleophobic TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-coated mesh for separation of oil from oily seawater/wastewater

Oil/water separation is a topic of interest worldwide because of increasing release of industrial oily wastewater and frequent leakage of crude oil. Superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic meshes were fabricated by simple and fast dip-coating of nanosized TiO₂ on a stainless steel mesh with a 50 μm pore size. The coated mesh was used for oil/water separation by gravity-driven filtration without additional energy. After acid treatment and TiO₂ coating of the mesh, its surface property was altered from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic and superoleophobic. Oil/water separation was achieved in 3 s with an efficiency of 98–99%, irrespective of oily water type (seawater or wastewater). Initial separation efficiency was maintained during a test involving 20 recycles. Therefore, the as-made TiO₂-coated mesh can be used in practical applications such as for wastewater purification, and in the petroleum industry.     

Millimeter-sized flower-like clusters composed of mullite and ε-Fe2O3 on the Hare’s Fur Jian Ware

Porcelain that contains micrometer-sized ε-Fe₂O₃, a promising advanced material with unique magnetic properties, has received growing attention these years. Herein, we discovered millimeter-sized unprecedented mullite-ε-Fe₂O₃ clusters organized in a flower-like manner blooming on the Hare’s Fur Jian ware of the Song dynasty (960–1279 A.D.). They are composed of branches radiating from the center, petals growing along the branches, needles on both sides of the petals and reflective platforms distributed all over the flower. After a series of microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations, mullite and ε-Fe₂O₃ were identified to be the main components, and a possible growth process was proposed. The residual quartz in the glaze, the relatively thin glaze on the edge of the bowl and the reducing firing environment were considered to be the main factors for its formation. These results provide a novel access toward the ancient ceramic technologies and inspirations on refractory mullite and magnetic material ε-Fe₂O₃.     

Zeolite nanocrystals prepared from zeolite microparticles by a centrifugation-assisted grinding method

Different sizes of zeolite nanocrystals were fabricated from zeolite microparticles using a centrifugation-assisted grinding method. The zeolite nanocrystal formation can be attributed to the Al₂O₃ bowl mill generation of mechanical stress that fractured zeolite microparticles into smaller fragments. In the present study, the smaller fragments had a wide distribution of size and morphology. Therefore, different sizes of zeolite nanocrystals could be recovered from these smaller fragments by varying the centrifugation process. Zeolite nanocrystal product yields were measured by periodically recovering the nanocrystals from the smaller fragments based on milled zeolite powder. The larger crystals of zeolite were typically irregular in shape, whereas the smaller zeolite nanocrystals tended to be spherical. High product yield of the zeolite nanocrystals was obtained by periodically removing nanocrystals from the milled zeolite powder and recycling the large zeolite particles. Thus, the results from this new hybrid process suggest that it can be used to fabricate differing sizes of zeolite nanocrystals. In addition, the size of the recovered zeolite nanocrystal products was narrow, and the initial zeolite nanocrystal structure was not destroyed by the mechanical stress.     

Über das Fenchelölwachs

Studies on the Wax of Fennel Seed Oil Wax isolated from fennel seed oil was analyzed. It contains 2.8% unsaturated fatty acids (C₁₅–C₁₈) and 97.2% saturated fatty acids (C₁₃–C₂₂). In this investigation chemical, ion-exchange, adsorption and gas-liquid chromatographic methods were employed.     

Rheology of poly(vinyl chloride) dry blends I. A fusion model for evaluating rigid dry blend compound performance

This study of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) dry blend fusion proceeds via scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of material in a sigma mixing bowl fitted torque rheometer. A mathematical model is developed and tested. During the course of the study, degradation behavior was observed some time before the conventional t₂ or the end point of thermal stability. A suitable model for torque changes during degradation was not developed.     

C/S mole ratio of C-S-H gel in a mature C3S paste as determined by edxa

Spot EDXA determinations of the apparent C/S mole ratio of C-S-H gel in a mature C₃S paste yielded an overall estimate of 1.9 ± 0.2, in reasonable conformity with published estimates by other methods. Only a small proportion of individual spots yielded apparent ratios high enough to suggest the influence of CH within the excited zone, implying that previously published EDXA determinations showing high C/S ratios of gel in portland cement pastes were also probably not influenced by this factor.     

Einfluß des Systems Al2O3-CrO3 auf die Kinetik der Autoxydation von Sojaöl I

Influence of the Al₂O₃-CrO₃-System on the Kinetic of Oxydation of Soybean Oil I The effects of the size of specific surface of the carrier in the system Al₂O₃-CrO₃, the degree of oxydation of chromium ions as well as their degree of distribution on the rate of autoxydation of soybean oil were investigated. The results showed, that especially the systems with low specific surface and low content of CrO₃ are effective catalysts. Cr⁵⁺-ions possessed a remarkably high catalytic activity.     

Microbiological synthesis of wax esters by euglena gracilis

Euglena gracias (ATCC 12716) grown on yeast-malt extract medium synthesized wax esters. Saturated even-numbered acids and alcohols (C₁₂ to C₁₈) were major con-stituents, with traces of odd-numbered fatty acids and alcohols. Tetradecanoic acid and tetradecanyl alcohol were the predominant components, and tetradecanyl tetradecanoate was the predominant wax ester. 1Part of a presentation at the American Oil Chemists’ Society Annual Meeting in May 1988 in Phoenix, AZ.     

Improved electrochromic performance of hierarchically porous Co3O4 array film through self-assembled colloidal crystal template

A hierarchically porous cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) array film, in which the skeleton is composed of ordered non-close-packed bowl array possessing nanoporous walls, is successfully prepared by electrodeposition through self-assembled monolayer polystyrene sphere template. As an anodic coloring material for electrochromic application, the hierarchically porous Co₃O₄ array film exhibits enhanced electrochromic properties with higher optical modulation, faster switching speed and better cycling performance, compared to dense Co₃O₄ film. The porous Co₃O₄ array film presents a quite good transmittance modulation with 42% in the visible range and also shows good reaction kinetics with fast response time of about 2 s, much higher than those of the dense film (25% and 4.5 s). The better electrochromic performances of the porous film are attributed to its highly porous morphology, which shortens the ion diffusion paths and provides bigger surface area.     

Malaxation of Olive Paste Under Sealed Conditions

Virgin olive oils from pilot-scale malaxation under hermetically sealed conditions were compared with olive oils from industrial conventional open-to-air malaxation (control). Under sealed conditions, large CO₂ emissions coupled with O₂ depletion occur. Oil samples produced under sealed conditions were less oxidized and contained greater concentrations of antioxidant compounds (especially secoiridoids phenols) than the control. These results were attributed to the reduced O₂ concentration in the hermetically sealed pilot-scale malaxer. The amounts and types of volatile compounds present in the oil were only slightly affected by the treatment.     

Interaction of human plasma high density lipoprotein HDL2 with synthetic saturated phosphatidylcholines

The interaction of human plasma high density lipoprotein HDL₂ (d 1.063–1.125 g/ml) with sonicated dispersions of synthetic saturated phosphatidylcholines, dipalmitoyl- (diC₁₆PC), dimyristoyl- (diC₁₄PC), didodecanoyl- (diC₁₂PC), didecanoyl- (diC₁₀PC), and dioctanoyl- (diC₈PC) L-alpha phosphatidylcholine, was investigated. Incubation (4.5 hr, 37 C) of HDL₂ with diC₁₄PC, diC₁₂PC, diC₁₀PC and diC₈PC followed by gradient gel electrophoresis or preparative ultracentrifugation resulted in a redistribution of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). The extent of redistribution depended on the molar ratio of the phospholipid to HDL₂ in the incubation mixture. Redistributed apoA-I occurred as lipid-free apoA-I and/or as complexes of apoA-I with phosphatidylcholine. Increasing the length of time of ultracentrifugation of the interaction mixtures did not increase the extent of redistribution. No redistribution of apoA-I was detected following incubation and gradient gel electrophoresis or preparative ultracentrifugation of mixtures of HDL₂ with dispersions of diC₁₆PC. Presented in part at the Joint Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society and the Japan Oil Chemists' Society, 1979.     

Nonionic surfactants derived from a new hydrophobic base

Summary A versatile new class of nonionic surfactants has been prepared essentially from ethylene and propylene oxides. The new products are based upon the discovery that a polyoxypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of approximately 900 or higher will function as the hydrophobic unit of a nonionic surfactant which may presumably be represented as HO (C₂H₄O)_a (C₃H₆O)_b (CH₂O₄)_cH. By selection of a polyoxypropylene glycol having a suitable molecular weight and by adjusting the weight ratio of oxypropylene to oxyethylene units in the product, nonionics have been prepared which range in physical form from liquids to solids which are sufficiently hard that they may be flaked. The possibility of wide variation in the molecular weight of the hydrophobic unit and in the weight ratio of the hydrophobic to hydrophilic units in the molecules allows extensive tailoring of the products to give specific control of properties such as solubility in water, detergency, wetting action, and surface tension lowering. Presented at 25th annual fall meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, Chicago, Ill., Oct. 8–10, 1951.     

Kansuinine A Ameliorates Atherosclerosis and Human Aortic Endothelial Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Suppressing IKKβ/IκBα/NF-κB Signaling

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced vascular endothelial cell apoptosis is strongly associated with atherosclerosis progression. Herein, we aimed to examine whether Kansuinine A (KA), extracted from Euphorbia kansui L., prevents atherosclerosis development in a mouse model and inhibits cell apoptosis through oxidative stress reduction. Atherosclerosis development was analyzed in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE^−/−) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) using Oil Red O staining and H&E staining. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with KA, followed by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), to investigate the KA-mediated inhibition of ROS-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. Oil Red O staining and H&E staining showed that atherosclerotic lesion size was significantly smaller in the aortic arch of ApoE^−/− mice in the HFD+KA group than that in the aortic arch of those in the HFD group. Further, KA (0.1–1.0 μM) blocked the H₂O₂-induced death of HAECs and ROS generation. The H₂O₂-mediated upregulation of phosphorylated IKKβ, phosphorylated IκBα, and phosphorylated NF-κB was suppressed by KA. KA also reduced the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase-3 expression, preventing H₂O₂-induced vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. Our results indicate that KA may protect against ROS-induced endothelial cell apoptosis and has considerable clinical potential in the prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.