大岗山拱坝地震动力反应分析

比较了高低两种水位、不同地震荷载、无限地基辐射阻尼、地震自由场幅差相差对大岗山拱坝非线性动力响应的影响,以及各种工程抗震措施的抗震效果。由以上计算研究成果可以得出,大坝的地震动力反应较为强烈,但是通过计算分析,大坝的横缝开度、坝体应力和位移的量值仍在目前国内工程设计水平可以接受和控制的范围以内。通过有效的抗震工程措施,大岗山拱坝的抗震安全性是有保证的。     

大岗山水电站工程抗震研究综述

岗山水电站工程场地地震安全性评价表明,工程所在区域断裂带活动性强,工程场地基本烈度为Ⅷ度,100 a超越概率2%的基岩场地水平峰值加速度为557.5 gal,大岗山拱坝设防地震加速度为目前国内外已建和在建工程之首,抗震安全成为工程建设的关键技术问题。通过深入开展地震动力反应分析、抗震性能评价及抗震措施设计研究,认为在强震作用下,坝踵部位、底部坝基面和坝体中上部梁向为抗震薄弱部位。通过配置梁向钢筋和跨横缝阻尼器,可显著改善强震下坝体损伤程度并减小横缝开度。采取上述抗震措施后,在设计地震下,坝体整体安全;在校核地震下,坝体整体稳定,并具有较高的安全裕度。     

杨房沟拱坝的动力响应分析

强震区的杨房沟拱坝的抗震安全问题为众多研究者所关注。本文用拉格朗日不连续变形分析（LDDA）模拟拱坝横缝,采用黏弹性边界作为吸能边界来模拟无限地基辐射阻尼,建立了拱坝地震自由场输入模型,进行了杨房沟拱坝动力响应分析,对辐射阻尼和拱坝横缝对坝体应力的影响、拱坝横缝在地震作用下的张开情况以及坝体静动综合应力进行了分析,得出了如下结论,考虑坝体横缝张开和地基辐射阻尼效应影响后,杨房沟拱坝的地震动力响应明显降低,大坝横缝张开度最大为6mm,在横缝止水可允许的变形范围之内,在进一步优化大坝体型基础上,杨房沟拱坝在设计地震作用下的抗震安全是可以保证的。     

超强地震作用下拱坝的损伤开裂分析

本文根据混凝土抗拉软化特性,基于混凝土塑性损伤模型,分析了大岗山双曲拱坝在超强地震荷载作用下的损伤开裂。研究采用非线性有限元的精细网格,考虑横缝非线性效应,应用时域方法分析了高拱坝在超强地震作用下的开裂形式以及损伤随着地震时程的发展情况。研究表明,拱坝在0.56g(PGA)超强地震荷载下坝体中上部梁向损伤指数达到0.9,拱坝该部位可能发生损伤开裂。同时由于损伤使坝体刚度下降导致坝顶位移与横缝开度显著增大,如横缝开度最大由16.2mm增大到36.8mm,因此需要考虑采取坝体抗震加强措施。     

强地震作用下高拱坝的破坏分析

结合混凝土静动态试验,根据连续损伤力学中能量等效原理和有效应力概念,建立了能反映混凝土动态情况下多轴弹塑性损伤破坏模型,该模型考虑了多轴损伤变量和应变率的影响。采用本文模型对强地震作用下(峰值地震加速度为0.557 5g)大岗山拱坝动力响应进行了数值模拟,获得地震全过程拱坝拉损伤、压损伤、总体损伤模式和应变率响应。分析表明,大坝破损的主要原因是由于混凝土的拉伸作用,所得到的大坝破坏模式和模型试验结果一致;大坝不同部位有着明显不同的率响应,其将很大程度上影响坝体混凝土的动态性能。借助损伤力学理论评价了大坝强震后的安全性,结果显示大坝在经历强震作用后总体损伤不大,但坝体存在抗震薄弱部位,设计和施工中应注意采取措施处理。     

地基辐射阻尼对高拱坝非线性地震反应的影响

本文建立了一种拱坝-地基-库水系统地震反应分析的非线性有限元模型,可以同时考虑无限地基的辐射阻尼、坝体混凝土损伤开裂非线性和坝体横缝非线性等影响高拱坝地震反应的关键因素。利用所建立的有限元模型,以我国拟建的大岗山高拱坝为例,分析研究了地基辐射阻尼对坝体混凝土损伤开裂和坝体横缝开度的影响。结果表明,地基辐射阻尼可以明显减小强地震荷载作用下,坝体中上部的损伤开裂程度和坝体横缝的最大张开度,并改变其分布规律。     

杨房沟高拱坝防震抗震设计研究

杨房沟混凝土双曲拱坝最大坝高155 m,坝址所处地区地震烈度相对较大,为此,除了按DL5073—2000《水工建筑物抗震设计规范》的原则、方法和要求进行常规抗震分析外,同时还考虑坝址地形地质条件、计入地基辐射阻尼和横缝张开影响的三维非线性有限元法对大坝及基础进行动力分析,综合分析评价了大坝的抗震性能与抗震安全性。研究结果表明,杨房沟高拱坝在设计地震和校核地震作用下,坝体应力状况较好,坝体横缝最大张开度不会破坏横缝止水设施,满足设计要求。采取的抗震措施能够进一步提高拱坝的整体性和抗震性,杨房沟高拱坝的抗震安全是可以保证的。     

考虑坝料振动硬化特性的高面板堆石坝地震反应研究

阿尔塔什面板坝最大坝高164.8 m,覆盖层深度94 m,大坝抗震按9度设防。坝基覆盖层与坝体总高度达258 m,按变形控制而言,为强震区300 m级超高面板堆石坝。根据坝料室内试验资料,考虑坝料振动过程中的硬化特性,对大坝和坝基组成的系统进行了整体三维有限元计算,通过分析坝体以及坝基防渗墙的地震加速度反应、动应力反应,分析了大坝震后永久变形以及面板与防渗墙连接部位的变形。结果表明:堆石体、面板及防渗墙最大加速度反应为9.8 m/s2,放大倍数在2.7～3.6倍之间,堆石体动剪应力不大于400 kPa,地震反应在容许范围内;大坝震后表现为体积震缩特性,最大震陷110 cm,占坝体与坝基可压缩层总高度的0.4%;大坝地震反应分布规律合理,坝体抗震安全性满足规范要求。研究成果可作为大坝抗震设计优化的依据。     

强震作用下小湾拱坝横缝变形控制研究

在已有研究成果的基础上，以世界上第一高拱坝——292m高的小湾拱坝为工程背景，研究了横缝配筋的控制措施和高拱坝强震横缝变形控制的原则和分析方法，提出了考虑钢筋与坝体混凝土相互作用的横缝配筋三维动力非线性数值模型，对设计地震作用下的小湾拱坝进行了三维动力非线性分析，论证了该控制措施的有效性和可行性，并据此对小湾拱坝横缝配筋的布置进行了探讨，以期为高拱坝的强震控制提供有益的参考。     

乌东德高拱坝抗震设计研究

乌东德水电站地处亚欧大陆地震带,其抗震性能受到广泛关注。采用“静力设计、动力调整”方法进行大坝体形设计,并采用现行抗震规范规定的基本分析方法与非线性有限元法对大坝选定体形的抗震性能与抗震安全性进行分析评价,提出了大坝抗震措施和强震监测设计方案。研究结果表明,乌东德高拱坝在设计与校核地震作用下,坝体应力状况较好,与国内几座高拱坝相比,应力水平较低,横缝开度较小,坝肩抗滑稳定裕度大,大坝-坝基系统具有较强的极限抗震能力。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。