质量标准

国家技术监督局批准发布六项有关表面活性剂与洗涤剂国标 下列标准经国家技术监督局于1995年12月8日批准发布,1996年8月1日起实施。 1 GB/T8447-1995 工业直链烷基苯磺酸 2 GB/T15815-1995 衣料洗涤剂性能比较试验循环洗涤白棉对照布法 3 GB/T5173-1995 表面活性剂和洗涤剂阴离子活性物的测定(直接两相滴定法) 4 GB/T15816-1995 洗涤剂和肥皂中总二氧化硅含量的测定(重量法) 5 GB/T15817-1995 洗涤剂中无机     

流动注射分析法测定地下水中的阴离子表面活性剂

选用流动注射分析仪测定水样中阴离子表面活性剂,选用自动进样器和在线萃取系统。试验结果表明:在0～2 mg/L范围内,体系信号值(峰面积)与阴离子表面活性剂浓度呈良好的线性关系(相关系数r达0.999以上),样品加标回收率100.0%～102.2%,国家标准物质相对误差小于2%,标准溶液相对偏差小于2%。此方法快速有效、简洁环保,可用于地下水中阴离子表面活性剂的测定。     

两相滴定法分析阴离子表面活性剂含量——二氯甲烷替代三氯甲烷在洗衣粉检测分析中的应用

国标GB/T5173阴离子活性物的测定用两相滴定法,在水和三氯甲烷的两相介质中,在酸性混合指示剂存在下,用阳离子表面活性剂海明1622滴定,测定阴离子活性物。在该反应的基础上,应用二氯甲烷代替三氯甲烷,结果表明,该法具有良好的精密度和准确度(标准差s=0.036,相对标准偏差RSD=0.24%),并且二氯甲烷的毒性只有三氯甲烷的1/10,用二氯甲烷替代三氯甲烷对洗衣粉阴离子含量的检测,具有经济性、安全性、实用性的明显优势。     

复合型表面活性剂离子选择电极的制备及应用

利用自制的阴离子改性聚氯乙烯(PVC)和阳离子改性PVC,辅以增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP),制备了一种复合型表面活性剂离子选择电极.结果表明,在(25±0.5)℃时,该表面活性剂离子选择电极对阴离子或阳离子表面活性剂有很好的响应;该电极可用作电位滴定法测定离子型表面活性剂浓度的指示电极,重复性好,与两相滴定结果相符.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱(SPE-LC)法测定生活污水阴离子表面活性剂

经固相萃取前处理,建立了一种高效液相色谱测定生活污水中阴离子表面活性剂含量的方法。前处理条件优化后(萃取柱选择Oasis MAX固相萃取柱、进样流速为2 mL/min、洗脱液为5%盐酸-甲醇溶液),阴离子表面活性剂的样品回收率均> 90%。经方法学验证,标准曲线方程的线性系数>0.999,而且方法检出限均≤0.01 mg/L;RSD范围0.28%～2.85%,加标回收率95.2%～105.3%。经比对,本方法测定结果与《水质阴离子表面活性剂的测定流动注射-亚甲基蓝分光光度法》(HJ 826—2017)一致且方法精密度优于HJ 826—2017。实际生活废水测试应用表明,被测水样中均可以检出4种阴离子表面活性剂,而其中污水收集池的水样存在超标现象。本方法干扰少,简单便捷易操作,具有一定的推广性。     

表面活性剂强化清洗修复重度金属污染的工业土壤

表面活性剂强化土壤清洗(SESW)技术被用于工业污染土壤的修复处理,土壤中元素包括碱土金属、钠、钾、钙、镁,其含量分别为2866、2036、2783和4149mg/kg,重金属砷、镉、铜、铅、镍和锌的含量分别为4019、14、35582、70、2603和261mg/kg。研究发现,使用不同的表面活性剂能够高效去除铜、镍和锌,部分清除铅、砷和镉。除砷以外,对于后三种金属,自来水比表面活性剂溶液的清除效果更好。表面活性剂的对于所有金属的平均清除率依次为67.1%(Tween 80),64.9%(Surfacpol 14104)和61.2%(Emulgin W600)。对特定金属的清除率依次为TEXAPON N-40(铜、镍、锌清除率分别是83.2%、82.8%和86.6%),Tween 80(镉,锌和铜清除率分别是85.9%,85.4%和81.5%)和Polafix CAPB(镍,锌和砷清除率分别是79%,83.2%和49.7%)。采用POLAFIX LO时去除率最低,仅为45%,远低于自来水的平均去除率50.2%。除了mezquite gum是采用0.1%溶液洗涤之外,其他污染物均采用浓度0.5%的表面活性剂溶液进行洗涤。     

4种阴离子表面活性剂易漂洗性能的比较研究

采用实验室建立的同时测定模拟漂洗硬水条件下泡沫衰减性和织物上表面活性剂的初始/残留吸附量的方法,对家居织物洗涤剂中常用的4种典型的阴离子表面活性剂的易漂洗性能进行了比较研究,并考察了易漂洗性能与表面活性剂的钙离子稳定性之间的关系。实验结果表明,表面活性剂的钙离子稳定性与硬水漂洗液的泡沫性正相关,而与表面活性剂在织物上的初始/残留吸附量负相关。具有适中钙离子稳定性的改性羧酸盐(N-月桂酰基肌氨酸钠)具有最佳易漂洗性,磺酸盐(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)次之,而钙离子稳定性极低的皂类(月桂酸钠)或钙离子稳定性极高的阴-非离子型硫酸酯盐(十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠)均不属于易漂洗表面活性剂。这一研究结果对易漂洗阴离子表面活性剂的分子结构设计以及节水型洗涤剂的研发具有理论指导意义和应用价值。     

快速检测K12中活性物的含量

介绍了以亚甲蓝溶液作指示剂，以氯仿作萃取剂，用阳离子表面活性剂标准溶液滴定样品溶液中的阴离子表面活性剂，通过阳离子活性物的用量换算出K12中活性物的含量，以达到快速、简便测定K12中活性物含量的目的。     

分光光度法测定微量阴离子表面活性剂

以溴甲酚绿作指示剂 ,氯仿为油相 ,水、被测阴离子表面活性剂、标准阳离子表面活性剂以及Na3PO4 -Na2 HPO4 缓冲剂组成水相 ,当体系总体积和两相体积比固定时 ,过量的阳离子与溴甲酚绿形成蓝绿色复合物溶于氯仿相 ,在 6 30nm处产生最大吸收。当阳离子浓度固定不变时 ,氯仿层吸光度随阴离子浓度增加线性下降。据此可作出工作曲线 ,用于常用阴离子表面活性剂的微量分析。应用于 1× 10 -6mol/L～2× 10 -5mol/L (约 0 5mg/L～ 10mg/L)重烷基苯磺酸盐和羧酸盐 (肥皂 )浓度的测定 ,工作曲线的线性相关系数达到 0 998,并具有良好的重现性和回收率     

利用离子色谱法测定10%聚丙烯酸溶液中多种无机阴离子含量

常用做各类循环冷却水系统阻垢分散剂的10%聚丙烯酸溶液中,如果含有侵蚀性的无机阴离子(如F^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-等)将会对阻垢作用产生重大影响,极易造成管道以及设备部件腐蚀,影响循环冷却水系统的正常运行。为了完成某厂进厂原料10%聚丙烯酸溶液中各种无机阴离子含量的检测需求,建立了离子色谱法同时测定10%聚丙烯酸溶液中的多种无机阴离子含量的外标定量方法。实验结果表明,该原料样品中F^-含量为未检出,Cl^-含量为4.84mg/kg,NO₃^-含量为4.75mg/kg,SO₄^2-含量为4.55mg/kg,满足进厂原料的质量要求。且通过重复性实验测试该检测方法的精密度和空白溶液加标回收率,结果表明该方法相对标准偏差(RSD)<1%,加标回收率均在(100±5)%范围内,表明该方法具有良好的精密度和准确性,可以满足各类工厂对...     

阴离子/非离子表面活性剂体系洗涤含油污泥

针对新疆某油田重度石油污染土壤,进行了洗涤剂的复配及洗脱条件的优化研究。考察了阴离子表面活性剂浓度、非离子表面活性剂浓度以及硅酸钠助剂浓度对残油量的影响。正交实验结果表明,十二烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）与烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚（平平加,APEO）间存在着较强的交互协同作用;两者复配可以增强洗涤效果,并减少药剂用量。优化的复配洗涤剂配方为： LAS 2g/L,平平加3g/L,Na2SiO3 3g/L。复配洗涤剂洗涤含油污泥的最佳操作条件为：液固质量比10∶1、洗涤温度70℃、洗涤时间1h,在此条件下污泥含油量从26.07%降低至1.21%。对污泥洗涤前后的红外光谱检测表明该复配洗涤剂对于污泥中原油的饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质都有洗涤效果,特别是对饱和分的去除效果尤为显著。     

Protease stabilization by highly concentrated anionic surfactant mixtures

We have found that anionic surfactants such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) can solubilize proteases in a substantially nonaqueous environment without loss of proteolytic activity. Moreover, in mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants with a moderate amount of water (water less than 30 wt%), controlled levels of LAS and water solubilize proteases; yet, in these concentrated surfactant mixtures, enzymes maintain their activity for extended periods. Experimental design techniques have been used to delineate the relationship between protease stability and the water, pH and anionic surfactant levels in these surfactant concentrates. As the sum of water and LAS levels is increased, maximum enzyme stability is observed, after which stability falls off. At low water and LAS levels (sum of both <20%), protease solubility is low, while at high levels of water and LAS (sum of LAS and water >45%), denaturation predominates. Additionally, we have developed a new and simple method to predict protease stability by which a synthetic peptide is used to measure protease activity directly in the surfactant concentrate. From the application of this new technique to our system and to commercial liquid detergent formulations, it is apparent that water facilitates the loss of activity of proteases in surfactant concentrates by increasing the rate of autolysis.     

Effect of Fine Bubbles on Removal of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate Surfactant during the Rinsing Stage of Laundry Washing

The use of fine bubbles is a promising approach to remove surfactant efficiently during the rinsing process of clothing, to fulfill a requirement. Therefore, the influence of fine bubbles on the removal performance of surfactant from cloth during the rinse process of pulsator washing machine (top loading type) was investigated. The test apparatus was assembled by connecting a microbubble generation tank and a small washing machine with tubes and circulating fine bubble water to a small washing machine. Swatches of cloth with a specified amount of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) adsorbed from aqueous solution, were rinsed with tap water, and the LAS concentration in the rinse water was examined with an HPLC system equipped with a high-precision fluorescence detector. The average bubble diameter of the fine bubble water used was 0.13–1.4 μm. In the rinsing experiment, no difference was found in the final LAS removal efficiency between water with and without bubbles; but the former increased the LAS removal rate during the initial stage of rinsing. This tendency was particularly noticeable when the stirring power of the washing machine was weak. Therefore, it was concluded that the fine bubble effect on the removal of the surfactant is mainly a kinetic effect rather than an equilibrium effect.     

Analysis of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate in Laundry Wastewater by HPLC–UV and UV–Vis Spectrophotometry

A lack of natural water resources and an increase in the demand for fresh potable water has shifted focus to the possible reuse of recycled laundry wastewater water that is considered to be relatively clean. Organic components such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are the major and most abundant contributing anionic surfactant constituents found in laundry detergents. The development and reliability of treatment methods targeted at purification of laundry wastewater necessitates a fast and accurate method for quantification of LAS. This paper focuses on a comparative study for the quantification of LAS based on traditional liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and HPLC–UV methods. In the case of LLE, the anionic surfactant LAS complexes via ion association to a methylene blue (MB) cationic dye resulting in the formation of an anionic surfactant–methylene blue (AS–MB) complex. The AS–MB complex extracted with chloroform absorbs at a λ max of 653 nm. Optimized conditions for quantification of a single eluted LAS peak using HPLC–UV were obtained by isocratic elution on a C₁₈ column with a 95 % acetonitrile and 5 % 0.7 M acetic acid mobile phase. Both methods displayed percentage recoveries >90 % and statistically showed reproducibility and precision in the quantitation of LAS. HPLC–UV prevailed over UV–Vis as the method of choice for LAS determinations given the ease of sample preparation and applicability to a wider range of samples. Typical levels of LAS in laundry samples assessed in this study ranged between 116 and 454 mg L^?1.     

Hard-Surface Cleaning Using Lipases: Enzyme–Surfactant Interactions and Washing Tests

A commercial lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) from Thermomyces lanuginosus was studied in order to assess its interaction with commercial nonionic (Findet^® 1214N/16, Findet 1214N/23 and Glucopon^® 650) and anionic (linear alkylbenzene sulphonate; LAS) surfactants, as well as the cleaning action exerted by the enzyme on hard surfaces. Nonionic surfactants seem to prevent or delay enzyme penetration at the interface, thereby decreasing lipase activity. Notably, no inhibitory effect of the anionic surfactant LAS on lipase action was found, higher conversions being achieved after 20 min of enzymatic hydrolysis in the presence of this surfactant than in its absence. A device for testing detersive performance, the so-called bath–substrate–flow, was used in washing experiments with the lipase at different temperatures with or without surfactant. Employing two different oily stains (tributyrin and triolein), it was found that the lipase by itself increases detergency significantly, preventing the subsequent redeposition of the removed dirt. Expressions relating detersive efficiency to lipase concentration and temperature were obtained using "Statistical Design of Experiments" methodology.     

粉状洗涤剂组分对霉脂肪酶活性的影响

研究了粉状洗涤剂用活性物如LAS、AES、AOS、MES、肥皂、AEO9、TX10,特种阳离子表面活性剂,常规洗涤助剂以及特种助剂如过碳酸盐、偏硅酸钠、聚合物、酶制剂等组分对所开发的青霉脂肪酶活性的影响。结果表明,阴离子表面活性剂对酶的活性有较大影响,影响程度为：LAS＞AOS＞肥皂＞AES＞AES;AEO9和TX10对酶活的影响较小,将基与LAS复配可显著降低LAS对酶活性的影响：阳离子表面活性剂在低浓度时对酶有激活作用,浓度增加影响增大;绝大多数洗涤助剂在配方用量范围内对酶活影响不大,只有碱性蛋白酶在用量多时有较大影响。     

脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠在洗涤剂中的应用性能研究

将脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠(MES)分别配成液体和粉状洗涤剂,测定不同时间内MES的水解率、表面活性剂的发泡力、表面活性剂和洗涤剂的去污力。结果表明,MES在碱性液体洗涤剂和洗衣粉料浆中容易水解,在10%的碳酸钠溶液中水解率达28.87%;MES在硬水中的发泡力明显好于烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)。无论是表面活性剂还是在洗涤剂中,MES均显示出超强的去污力,去污力比值是LAS的1.6~1.7倍;MES与LAS复配时,去污力无协同增效作用。     

以“蚯蚓粪-炭”为渗滤介质去除洗衣污水中的LAS的研究

洗衣污水是中国当前主要的生活污水之一。本研究试着将蚯蚓粪和炭按体积比混合组成渗滤介质,使洗衣污水从中渗透通过,对污水中的主要有害物质LAS（阴离子表面活性剂）进行吸附和降解。实验结果表明：洗衣污水经过这种混合介质（1︰1）的渗滤后,污水中的阴离子表面活性剂（LAS）的去除率达到96.78%,对洗衣污水起到明显的去污效果。     

Effect of Mixed Nanobubble and Microbubble Liquids on the Washing Rate of Cloth in an Alternating Flow

It is well-known that laundry waste water contributes to water pollution, and the need to reduce the amount of detergent used is widely recognized. Predominantly, research has focused on the washing effects of microbubbles and nanobubbles, and mechanical work was found to account for about 50?% of the washing effect on the cloth. In the present research, mixed nanobubble and microbubble water and four types of surfactants (including a commercial cleaning liquid) were investigated in an alternating flow system. The nanobubble water achieved a washing rate greater than that of ion-exchanged water. However, the microbubble water had the same washing rate as ion-exchanged water. Moreover, nanobubbles mixed with an aqueous solution of surfactant exhibited a washing rate that depended on the ionization of the surfactant: the mixture with nanobubbles and anionic surfactant exhibited a washing rate that was higher than that of aqueous anionic surfactant solution without nanobubbles. The surface tensions of nanobubble water and mixed nanobubble anionic surfactant were lower than those without nanobubble, respectively. Also, there was no advantage in mixed microbubble liquids. These results provide evidence of an enhanced washing effect by nanobubble mixtures in liquids.     

卫生间清洁剂的研制与应用

通过分析卫生间的污垢组成,配制了以烷基糖苷(APG)表面活性剂为主的,与阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)及6501、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO—9)非离子表面活性剂等复配了适用于卫生间用的清洁剂。用正交试验,以去污率作为试验指标,确定最佳原料配比,对所配清洁剂稳定性能、质量指标进行了测定,其符合环境标志产品技术对清洁剂的要求。