An Improvement in Electrical Properties of Asphalt Concerete

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＥｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌｌｙｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｃｅｍｅｎｔｃｏｎｃｒｅｔｅｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｆｏｒａｂｏｕｔｔｅｎｙｅａｒｓ .Ｓｏｍｅｒｅｍａｒｋａｂｌｅａｃｈｉｅｖｅ ｍｅｎｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｉｎｔｈｉｓｆｉｅｌｄ[1- 6] .Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｐｒｏｖｅｄｔｈａｔｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｃｅｍｅｎｔｃｏｎｃｒｅｔｅｉｓａｍｕｌｔｉｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ ａｌａｎｄｓｍａｒｔｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ,ｗｈｉｃｈｈａｓａｎｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ…     

自诊断沥青混凝土及其应用前景

自诊断沥青混凝土是一种通过掺入导电相材料,改善沥青混合料的导电性能,利用导电性能与路用性能的变化规律,即时、无损地评价路面结构的应变与破损的新型道路材料,其在机场跑道、桥面及高速公路上有广泛的应用前景.因此,介绍自诊断沥青混凝土的导电相材料优选、级配设计、制备方法及其自诊断机理,依据其电学性能的变化规律可及时了解路面的使用状况和健康水平,用以指导沥青路面的养护与维修.     

单轴循环冲击下花岗岩力学特性与损伤演化机理

为研究循环冲击荷载下黑云母花岗岩的动态力学特性,利用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆,选取4种不同的入射波应力幅值对花岗岩试样进行等幅循环冲击,并对相关机理和试验现象进行探析.结果表明:入射波应力幅值为110.57和90.48 MPa时,随着冲击次数的增加,岩样的峰值应力逐渐降低,最大应变、平均应变率和损伤值均呈现增大趋势;入射波应力幅值为70.82 MPa时,花岗岩的峰值应力随着冲击次数的增加表现出先增强后降低的特性,而最大应变、平均应变率与损伤值则表现出相反规律;入射波应力幅值降为50.69 MPa时,岩样的力学性质基本不变,岩样未见明显的损伤.此外,研究还发现基于岩样静态压缩应力-应变曲线推求的静态裂纹起裂应力,经强度增长比例系数放大后可得到动态裂纹起裂应力,籍此能较好地解释上述循环冲击试验中所观测到的现象.     

Estimation of the fatigue endurance limit of HMAC for perpetual pavements

A simplified procedure was described to estimate the FEL of three kinds of hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) without doing any fatigue tests. The procedure required two fundamental properties of HMAC, tensile strength under different temperatures and strain rates, and flexural stiffness under different stain levels. This information can reliably be obtained in simple tests, which are the monotonic uniaxial tensile test (MUTT) and the four-point bending test (FPBT). A new parameter, the initial stress ratio R _initial, was introduced to connect these two tests, which was defined as the ratio of applied initial stress and tensile strength of the specimen. At last the FEL can be expressed as a function of the initial flexural stiffness, frequency and temperature. Obviously, this procedure has the potential to be very useful in view of long-life pavement design and time consuming traditional fatigue tests.     

The electrical conductive effect of nickel-coated graphite/two-component silicone-rubber sealant

Nickel-coated graphite particles and two-component silicone-rubber were compounded to form a conductive composite system. The electrical volume resistivity of the composites were examined and compared under constant tensile strains, cyclic heating-cooling, electric field and repeated cyclic tensile strains in order to study the mechanism of electrical conductivity behaviors of the conductive composites under stress, temperature and current. The results showed that a peak value of the electrical resistivity appeared previously and then gradually increasing with increasing tensile strain. The electrical resistivity displayed positive temperature coefficient effect during the temperature increasing and decreasing. Applying 5A direct current to the conductive composites resulted in an increase in the electrical resistance immediately, but no changes were detected under lower currents. Under the repeated cyclic strain, the peak value of the electrical resistivity of each cycle increased with the test cycle. All the electrical resistivity changes were attributed to the conductive networks broken-up and rebuilt in the conductive composites.     

ATB柔性基层与半刚性基层的层间抗剪规律

以ATB-25沥青混合料与水泥稳定碎石成型复合试件,控制复合试件层间沥青和碎石用量,采用自主研发的剪切仪进行抗剪强度试验,分析影响层间抗剪强度的因素及变化规律。通过设置试验温度、碎石和沥青用量等参数,制定不同的试验方案进行试验。试验结果表明:对层间抗剪强度影响最大的因素是温度,从5 ℃上升到35 ℃时最大剪应力从1.36 MPa下降到0.16 MPa,其次是沥青用量；碎石用量影响最小,而且不同温度下沥青和碎石的最佳用量也不同。在实际工程中,在考虑沥青和碎石的用量时,应考虑工程所在的地区,高温地区沥青的用量应比低温地区稍低一些,同时严格控制碎石用量,提高层间联结质量,明确层间抗剪强度与层间联接各因素的规律。     

ATB柔性基层与半刚性基层的层间抗剪规律

以ATB-25沥青混合料与水泥稳定碎石成型复合试件,控制复合试件层间沥青和碎石用量,采用自主研发的剪切仪进行抗剪强度试验,分析影响层间抗剪强度的因素及变化规律。通过设置试验温度、碎石和沥青用量等参数,制定不同的试验方案进行试验。试验结果表明:对层间抗剪强度影响最大的因素是温度,从5 ℃上升到35 ℃时最大剪应力从1.36 MPa下降到0.16 MPa,其次是沥青用量;碎石用量影响最小,而且不同温度下沥青和碎石的最佳用量也不同。在实际工程中,在考虑沥青和碎石的用量时,应考虑工程所在的地区,高温地区沥青的用量应比低温地区稍低一些,同时严格控制碎石用量,提高层间联结质量,明确层间抗剪强度与层间联接各因素的规律。     

应用数字散斑技术的沥青混合料劈裂应变研究

采用数字散斑相关方法对沥青混合料试件间接拉伸试验中的拉伸应变进行研究.通过程序模拟散斑图的拉伸试验,得出所用数字散斑相关方法处理程序可用,且具有很高精度;通过与应变片测量法、计算法的比较和分析得出数字散斑相关方法的有效性.结果表明,数字散斑相关方法用于测量间接拉伸应变有效可行.     

采用离散元法分析路面结构的疲劳特征

为了在考虑疲劳损伤和恢复性能的基础上,获取路面结构在重复荷载作用下的疲劳特征,采用离散元方法建立了路面结构模型,并分析了在正弦重复荷载作用下路面结构沥青层底部的受力特性.由于路面荷载的随机性,分别以荷载大小、荷载间歇时间、荷载作用次序为考察对象,分析其对路面结构沥青层底受力特征的影响.研究结果表明:随着周期荷载作用次数的增大,沥青层底部拉应力快速增大至某一基础值,并在此基础值附近呈周期性波动,拉应变则在以一定幅值波动的同时,呈现整体水平先急剧增大后缓慢增大的规律;延长荷载作用的间歇时间,虽然一定程度上增大了拉应力和拉应变的波动幅值,但却显著降低了沥青层底拉应力和拉应变的整体水平;不同的荷载作用次序在沥青层底引起的应力应变状态不同,从小至大序列的荷载对沥青层造成的损伤明显小于从大至小序列的荷载.     

水泥混凝土路面国产环氧沥青防水层的性能分析

为了确定环氧沥青防水层材料在水泥混凝土路面防水应用的适用性及耐久性,结合某特大桥的水泥路面防水层材料施工应用实践,开展了系列试验.结果表明：（1）国产环氧沥青材料、SBS改性沥青材料和FYT材料进行粘附强度对比,其平均抗剪强度依次为1.98、0.39、0.33 MPa; 20℃下拉拔强度分别为1.98、0.98、0.83 MPa; 50℃下其拉拔强度分别为0.73 MPa、流淌、0.08 MPa.（2）用中和与未中和的国产环氧沥青进行抗拉强度对比,20℃下未中和的环氧沥青与混凝土7、4d的拉拔强度分别仅为0.53、1.64 MPa; 20℃下中和的环氧沥青与混凝土7、4d的拉拔强度分别达到0.9、2.0 MPa,20℃下中和的环氧沥青与钢板之间的拉拔强度达到7.8 MPa.（3）用国产环氧沥青材料与美国环氧沥青材料进行短期老化试验对比,国产环氧沥青的粘度略有增加,变形性能变化较小,抗拉强度变化较大,而美国环氧沥青老化前后各项指标变化均很小.结果表明,国产环氧沥青防水材料的各项指标与其他防水材料的性能相比具有一定的优越性,能达到国家标准要求,将国产环氧沥青防水材料应用到水泥混凝土桥面防水是可行的.     

基于数字图像处理技术的沥青混合料微观结构有限元分析

论述一种将沥青混合料微结构和其力学行为仿真联系在一起的方法.该方法利用数字图像处理技术将计算机断层扫描(CT)图像转换为数字格式,并与有限元建模结合,使得根据CT图像建立的有限元模型可以较真实地再现沥青混合料的微结构,进行有限元分析时可以充分考虑沥青混合料颗粒和微空隙分布非均匀特性.计算分析了各向异性和空隙分布对沥青混合料劈裂试验的影响,数值计算结果发现沥青混合料颗粒和空隙分布的非均匀性对拉应力分布影响极大.研究结果表明:采用基于CT图像处理技术的有限元模型进行沥青混合料粘弹特性的研究是可行的.     

基于数字图像处理和有限元建模方法的沥青混合料劈裂试验数值模拟

应用数字图像处理技术及工业CT扫描获得试件图像,结合有限元建模方法,建立了包含集料、空隙和胶浆在内的沥青混合料有限元模型,并模拟研究了沥青混合料劈裂试验。结果表明:通过定义应力集中因子,可用来描述沥青混合料内部应力的不均匀分布,级配类型、模量比、有无空隙及加载位置都对模拟结果有较大影响。采用DIP-FEM方法能够很好地将沥青混合料的微观结构和宏观力学性能结合起来。     

Percolation Model of Graphite-modified Asphalt Concrete

The addition of graphite powder in conventional asphalt mixture can prodaced asphalt concrete with excellent electrical performance. Percolation theory was employed to discuss the relation between the conductivity and graphite content of graphite-rnodified asphalt concrete. It was found that the results of percolation model are consistent with experimental values. The percolation threshold of graphite-modified asphalt concrete is 10.94% graphite content account for the total volume of the binder phase consisting of asphalt and graphite. The critical exponent is 3.16, beyond the range of 1.6-2.1 for the standard lattice continuous percolation problem. Its reason is that the tunnel conduction mechanism originates near the critical percent content , which causes this system to be not universal. Tunnel mechanism is demonstrated by the nonlinear voltage-current characteristic near percolation threshald. The percolation model is able to well predict the formation and development of conductive network in graphite-modified asphalt concrete.     

P波空间斜入射下沥青混凝土面板堆石坝响应特性及面板破坏评价

地震波入射方位和斜入射角度对于沥青混凝土面板堆石坝地震响应结果有着显著影响。本文从地震动传播机制出发,基于波场叠加原理,推导了P波以任意入射方位角和斜入射角空间斜入射下弹性半空间自由场计算公式,建立了P波空间斜入射波动输入模型。以不同应变率下的沥青混凝土单轴动态拉伸试验结果为基础,提出了考虑抗拉强度随应变率实时变化的沥青混凝土面板破坏评价方法。考虑16种不同入射方位角和斜入射角下的P波空间斜入射工况,从面板应力和加速度两方面分析了入射方位角和斜入射角对某实际沥青混凝土面板地震响应特性的影响,并进行了沥青混凝土面板的抗拉破坏评价,分析了静态评价方法与动态评价方法的差异。结果表明,所建立的P波空间斜入射波动输入模型能够准确模拟半空间自由场,波动输入数值解与解析解符合良好;与垂直输入射相比,面板顺水流向、垂直水流向加速度峰值最大分别增加135.9%和92.7%,竖向加速度峰值最大减少68.3%;空间斜输入导致面板动应力增大,主拉应力和主压应力最大分别增加3.6倍和2.7倍,忽略入射方位角和斜入射角可能会严重低估面板的地震响应。传统将静态强度提高30%作为动态强度的面板抗拉破坏判别方法过于严格,本文提出的考虑应变率效应的沥青混凝土面板破坏评价方法较为符合实际。     

钢绞线偏轴应变测量方法及实验研究

研究用电阻应变方法测量预应力钢绞线的有效预拉应力。经过对预应力混凝土结构中预应力钢绞线的轴向应变和表面钢丝方向的（偏轴）应变分析,建立了钢绞线轴向应变和偏轴应变之间的转换关系,用实验验证了转换关系的正确性。需要测量预应力混凝土结构中钢绞线的有效预应力时,只需沿钢绞线表面钢丝轴线方向粘贴应变片,测出钢丝轴线方向应变,就可以很方便地转换为钢绞线轴向应变,求出其预拉应力和预拉力。     

大跨度钢箱梁斜拉桥钢–UHPC组合桥面加固效果评估

为评估钢-UHPC（超高性能混凝土,Ultra-High Performance Concrete）组合桥面对大跨度钢箱梁斜拉桥的加固效果,基于随机车流下应力监测数据,结合《公路钢结构桥梁设计规范》（JTG D64-2015）对钢-UHPC组合桥面和ERE（冷拌环氧树脂,Epoxy bond chips layer+ Resin asphalt+ Epoxy bond chips layer）桥面的疲劳性能进行了对比评估。利用Miner线性累积损伤准则计算了两种桥面各疲劳易损细节的剩余疲劳寿命。建立有限元模型,对钢-UHPC组合桥面UHPC层的抗裂性能进行了验算;计算了两种桥面钢桥面板的最大挠度及沥青铺装层的最大拉应力。结果表明： ERE桥面面板-纵肋焊缝纵肋侧、横隔板弧形切口和纵肋对接焊缝处存在较大应力,剩余疲劳寿命分别为214、186、61年;ERE桥面纵肋对接焊缝处在桥梁设计基准期内有疲劳破坏的风险;经钢-UHPC组合桥面加固后,正交异性板各疲劳易损细节最大应力幅值均降低到常幅疲劳极限以下,剩余疲劳寿命增长为无穷大;钢-UHPC组合桥面UHPC层的最大拉应力为4.68MPa,抗裂性能满足规范设计要求;经钢-UHPC组合桥面加固后,正交异性桥面刚度提升效果明显;加固后,钢桥面板挠度降幅为34%,最大挠度为0.69mm;沥青铺装层最大拉应力降幅为59%,最大拉应力为0.42MPa。经钢-UHPC组合桥面加固后,正交异性钢桥面板各疲劳易损细节疲劳性能满足规范设计要求,桥面铺装层的抗裂性能也有所改善。     

掺轻质砂超高性能混凝土的轴拉力学性能

为研究轻质砂对不同试件尺寸下超高性能混凝土（ultra high performance concrete,UHPC）拉伸应变强化性能的影响,采用轻质砂对原黄砂进行等体积替代,完成9组不同轻质砂体积率（0~35%）和不同试件厚度（30~100 mm）的单轴拉伸试验,并同步进行声发射实时探伤测试。结果表明:轻质砂体积率对UHPC弹性极限点对应应力和对应应变的影响较小,但轻质砂体积率由0增加到35%时,UHPC的极限抗拉强度和极限拉应变分别由10.6 MPa和2.35×10^-3提高到了19.4 MPa和4.3×10^-3;轻质砂体积率大于15%时,UHPC的应变强化程度得到显著提升,试件内部产生的损伤点数更多且分布更均匀,展现出良好的裂缝控制能力;在相同轻质砂体积率下,UHPC的应变强化程度随试件厚度的增加而降低,且试件内部的损伤点趋于集中,表现出明显的尺寸效应。     

Discrete element modeling of asphalt concrete cracking using a user-defined three-dimensional micromechanical approach

We established a user-defined micromechanical model using discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete (AC). Using the “Fish” language provided in the particle flow code in 3-Demensions (PFC3D), the air voids and mastics in asphalt concrete were realistically built as two distinct phases. With the irregular shape of individual aggregate particles modeled using a clump of spheres of different sizes, the three-dimensional (3D) discrete element model was able to account for aggregate gradation and fraction. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were performed to obtain input material parameters for the numerical simulation. A set of the indirect tensile test were simulated to study the cracking behavior of AC at two levels of temperature, i e, −10 °C and 15 °C. The predicted results of the numerical simulation were compared with laboratory experimental measurements. Results show that the 3D DEM model is able to predict accurately the fracture pattern of different asphalt mixtures. Based on the DEM model, the effects of air void content and aggregate volumetric fraction on the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete were evaluated.     

级配碎石混合料及其基层的抗剪性能

为了研究级配碎石基层在路面结构中能否发生剪切破坏,对级配碎石基层材料抗剪强度及在路面结构中的剪应力进行了对比研究;应用高精度静三轴仪对选定的级配碎石进行振动成型和击实成型的抗剪强度研究,揭示不同成型方法对抗剪强度的影响,采用有限元分析典型路面结构在标准荷载作用下剪应力的大小,明确级配碎石基层发生剪切破坏的可能性;三轴试验表明振动成型级配碎石过渡层的抗剪强度为0.17 MPa,击实成型的为0.14 MPa,振动成型试样比击实的抗剪强度提高20%;剪应力分析表明:水平荷载在级配碎石基层中产生的最大剪应力在0.04~0.05 MPa;级配碎石的抗剪强度是最大结构剪应力的3.5倍,级配碎石基层在高等级沥青路面结构中产生剪切破坏的可能性很小.     

Rheological properties of conductive asphalt binders containing graphite and carbon fiber before and after ageing

Modified asphalt binders were prepared by adding conductive materials, graphite and carbon fiber. The rotation thin film oven test (RTFOT) and pressure age vessel test (PAV) were conducted to simulate the binder aging in the field. Rheological properties of graphite and carbon fiber modified asphalt binder were investigated by the empirically rheological properties (penetration and softening point) and the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test. Results show that physical properties of asphalt binder change with conductive material mixed. DSR tests present that the values of complex modulus increase while phase angles decrease under a proper amount of graphite and carbon fiber. Rutting parameters point out that graphite can improve the rutting resistance of asphalts. Rheological parameters can be used to assess aging.