ZrC/奥氏体相界面形变诱导铁素体相变超细化机理

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行单轴热压缩实验,研究了含ZrC粒子的低碳钢在形变诱导相变过程中ZrC粒子对铁素体晶粒细化的影响及铁素体形核的基本特性.结果表明:一定粒径和体积分数的ZrC粒子弥散分布于基体相中时,能够阻碍位错的运动,形成集中形变区,加速形变诱导相变的进程,因而提高铁素体形核率,导致铁素体晶粒细化;ZrC/奥氏体相界面上形变诱导铁素体相变具有形核位置不饱和性、新生α相超细晶的特点;在应变条件下,铁素体晶粒在〈111〉方向择优取向,晶粒内部存在一定量的小角度晶界,由于铁素体动态再结晶的发生,组织进一步细化.ZrC/奥氏体相界面铁素体晶粒的超细化机理是形变诱导相变、铁素体动态再结晶及ZrC粒子弥散强化三者同时作用的结果.     

20CrMnTi钢两相区变形力学行为及微观组织研究

为了研究20CrMnTi钢温变形机理,利用等温压缩实验对该材料在两相区变形时温度与变形抗力之间的关系进行了研究,并用冶金学的方法对其进行了分析.结果表明:在Ac1温度以下变形时,铁素体的动态回复和珠光体中Fe3C相的球化导致流变应力在较小应变时出现"峰值",而后流变应力连续下降;在Ac1温度以上变形,770℃时因形变诱导铁素体相变,使流变应力下降,800℃时两相内的铁素体动态回复、奥氏体动态再结晶,使应变达到一定值后软化和硬化处于动态平衡,流变应力趋于稳定,且诱导相变和动态再结晶使晶粒超细化.     

2205和2507双相不锈钢双道次热压缩条件下的微观组织演变及变形行为

对DSS2205和SDSS2507进行1000~1200℃的双道次热压缩实验,以研究热变形道次间隔过程中双相不锈钢的微观组织演变及其对合金后续变形行为的影响。结果表明:较高的变形温度(1200℃)不利于奥氏体稳定。随着保温时间的延长,γ→δ相变使得奥氏体占比逐渐降低,亚稳铁素体再结晶晶粒明显长大,合金第二道次热变形时的流变应力水平逐渐降低。在较低的变形温度下(1000℃),δ→γ相变占据主导,保温时间的延长促使铁素体晶界处形成大量的块状奥氏体相,抑制了铁素体再结晶晶粒长大。合金在第二道次热压缩变形时,块状奥氏体相的形成致使铁素体内大量位错发生缠结,并聚集在奥氏体/铁素体相界面处。对比DSS2205和SDSS2507较低温度下的微观组织演变过程可知,双相不锈钢第二道次变形抗力的提高主要与保温过程中铁素体内块状奥氏体相的形成有关。     

低碳钢超细晶铁素体的形成

将含碳量（质量分数）为0．057％和0．18％的低碳钢在不同过冷度、变形温度、变形速率和变形量的条件下进行热模拟实验,研究了含碳量和热变形条件对超细晶粒形成的影响．结果表明,变形前快速冷却（20℃／s）至Ar3以上附近温度并进行超过50％变形量的变形,能强烈促进过冷奥氏体形变诱发铁素体相变,铁素体在奥氏体晶内平行的变形带上形核,并发生动态回复和再结晶,从而使组织细化．形变诱发的相变过程由碳的扩散所控制,当钢的含碳量比较高时,小过冷度、大变形量和中等变形速率有利于铁素体相变,晶界碳化物的析出能够抑制铁素体晶粒的长大,因而高碳含量钢表现出更好的细化晶粒效果．     

变形方式对含ZrC粒子20Mn2钢晶粒细化的影响

研究了恒温压缩与降温轧制对含ZrC粒子20Mn2钢晶粒细化的影响.结果表明,在奥氏体再结晶温度区间(1150℃、1050℃)和形变诱导铁素体相变温度区间(950℃、900℃、870℃、850℃),20Mn2钢的晶粒尺寸均能细化至3～4μm;在1150～870℃的降温轧制中,20Mn2钢的晶粒尺寸细化至1～3μm.分析表明,由于ZrC粒子的形变核心和再结晶核心的作用,含ZrC粒子的20Mn2钢在高温下(1150℃、1050℃)和较低温度下(950℃、900℃、870℃、850℃),变形的晶粒组织分别因奥氏体再结晶和形变诱导铁素体相变及其再结晶而得到细化;在降温轧制时,由于综合了高温奥氏体再结晶和低温形变诱导铁素体相变及其再结晶的细化晶粒效应,而最终获得的晶粒尺寸比恒温变形的更小.     

高锰钢高速压缩时γ→ε-M和ε-M→α'-M的相变特征

利用XRD技术对静态压缩和高速压缩高锰相变诱发塑性(TRIP)钢中γ(奥氏体)、ε-M(六方马氏体)和α'-M(体心马氏体)的体积分数进行计算,以确定应变速率对γ→ε-M和ε-M→α'-M相变动力学特征的影响.利用EBSD技术和相变晶体学计算对高速压缩样品中的γ→ε-M和ε-M→α'-M相变取向依赖性进行分析.结果表明:应变速率对γ→ε-M和ε-M→α'-M相变具有不同的影响.与静态压缩相比,高速压缩使得γ→ε-M相变被抑制、ε-M→α'-M相变被促进,这是由于两阶段相变分别受层错能和应力的影响较大.高应变速率使得变形初期的马氏体相变速率显著提高.高速压缩变形样品仍具有马氏体相变取向依赖性,这取决于不同取向γ晶粒内相变机械功的大小.γ→ε-M相变难易与ε-M的相变机械功有关;ε-M→α'-M相变难易则同时取决于ε-M和α'-M的相变机械功.     

低碳钢奥氏体转变为铁素体的元胞自动机模型

建立了一个在压缩变形的连续冷却作用下，低碳钢中奥氏体γ转变为铁素体α的二维元胸自动机模型，模型考虑到α相在奥氏体晶界上形核与生长，碳溶质和温度场在奥氏体和铁素体中的扩散，讨论了冷却率和应变等因素对γ→α用相变的影响。     

Q235碳素钢应变强化相变中铁素体的取向特征

利用背散射电子衍射取向成像技术分析了在热模拟单向压缩条件下Q235碳素钢应变强化相变中铁素体晶粒的取向（差）变化特点。结果表明，奥氏体的状态影响应变诱导出的铁素体的取向，奥氏体的动态再结晶使应变诱导出的铁素体的取向随机分布，在铁素体的内部基本上没有小角晶界，随着形变温度的降低和应变量的增大，铁素体取向的择优性变强，铁素体内部的小角晶界增加，这是细小铁素体动态再结晶的表现，相变，形变以及铁素体的动态再结晶都影响＜111＞方向线织构的形成。     

热压缩过程中2205双相不锈钢的组织演变和软化机制

在不同变形温度和应变速率条件下对2205双相不锈钢进行高温压缩实验,研究了变形温度、应变速率和变形量对其显微组织中铁素体和奥氏体两相的影响,分析了高温变形软化机制。结果表明：随着变形温度的提高这种钢的峰值应力及其对应的应变逐渐减小。随着变形温度从850℃提高到950℃,2205双相不锈钢显微组织中的铁素体向奥氏体的转变占主导地位;变形温度高于950℃时,随着变形温度的提高铁素体与奥氏体之间的强度水平之差逐渐减小,显微组织中的奥氏体向铁素体的转变占主导地位。在本文的热变形条件下2205双相不锈钢的显微组织中铁素体呈现出与奥氏体不同的软化机制,铁素体的软化机制为动态回复和动态再结晶,而奥氏体因层错能较低其软化只能通过有限程度的动态回复进行。     

Cr8钢的动态再结晶行为及组织转变

利用Gleeble-3500热/力模拟试验机对Cr8支承辊用钢在应变速率0.01～1s-1、变形温度950～1 200℃条件下进行了热压缩变形试验,研究了其热变形力学行为和再结晶规律,并对该钢热变形后的显微组织及物相变化进行了分析。结果表明:在应变速率较低为0.01s-1,当变形温度低于1 050℃时,Cr8钢热变形后的组织主要为动态回复型,当变形温度高于1 100℃时,热变形后的组织为动态再结晶型,且随着变形温度的升高,动态再结晶晶粒逐渐长大;当应变速率增加到0.1s-1时,热变形后的组织在温度低于1 050℃时为动态回复型,在温度高于1 100℃时为动态再结晶型;当应变速率增加到1s-1时,变形温度高于1 050℃时,热变形后的组织即发生了明显的再结晶,奥氏体晶粒大部分已长成为等轴的再结晶晶粒;Cr8钢热变形后的物相主要为α-Fe和γ-Fe,显微组织主要为马氏体和残余奥氏体。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.