基于小波阈值法和改进移动平均法的电梯钢丝绳断丝损伤信号去噪方法研究北大核心

针对使用传统方法进行电梯钢丝绳断丝损伤信号降噪过程中存在Gibbs效应,去噪后信噪比较低的问题,提出一种基于小波阈值法和改进移动平均法的降噪方法。对实测信号进行小波变换多尺度分解,得到不同的尺度系数;将各尺度系数与确定的固定阈值比较,去除小于该阈值的尺度系数,保留大于该阈值的尺度系数;对保留下的各尺度系数重构,得到初步降噪后的信号;运用改进移动平均法对其作平滑处理,得到最终信号。结果表明:该方法能够有效抑制Gibbs现象,具有很好的降噪效果,而且信噪比很高,有助于钢丝绳断丝故障的定量识别和特征提取。     

焊缝成形测量小波软硬阈值折衷去噪法

利用线激光视觉传感器对焊缝成形进行测量,焊缝图像往往存在噪声. 针对传统小波阈值去噪算法中硬阈值函数和软阈值函数的不足,研究焊缝图像软硬阈值折衷去噪算法. 利用db4小波基函数对激光条纹中心进行3层小波分解,对分解后的细节系数分别采用传统小波阈值函数和软硬阈值折衷法进行去噪,采用信噪比和均方根误差评价几种方法的去噪效果. 结果表明,软硬阈值折衷法的去噪效果优于传统小波阈值去噪法,能有效提高焊缝外形尺寸的测量精度及可靠性.     

改进阈值小波去噪方法在机床冲孔声音信号处理中的应用

机床冲孔产生的声音信号包含了许多有用信息,为了滤除声音信号提取过程中的工厂环境产生的噪声,使用改进阈值小波去噪方法对声音信号进行处理。利用信噪比(SNR)和均方误差(MSE)作为去噪效果指标,使用新的阈值选取规则,提出了一种分段连续的阈值函数,对传统小波去噪方法进行改进。该改进函数通过引入常数a,解决了传统阈值函数中软硬阈值函数不连续和恒定偏差问题。采集机床冲孔声音信号并叠加高斯白噪声作为机床冲孔含噪信号进行验证。通过实验确定了最佳小波函数类型和分解层数,将改进阈值小波去噪算法与传统算法进行对比,结果表明:改进后的算法去噪效果良好,且有效保留了较低的信号能量。     

样本熵改进小波包阈值去噪的轴承故障诊断

为了准确诊断出轴承故障,提出了样本熵改进小波包阈值去噪算法的轴承故障诊断方法。分析了样本熵与噪声大小、数据长度、信号固有特征的关系,得出了样本熵可以很好表征噪声大小、与数据长度、信号固有特征相关性极小的结论。使用样本熵从三个方面改进了小波包阈值去噪算法:提出了自适应阈值函数,使阈值函数随噪声分布情况进行自适应调整;以噪声信号样本熵值最大为依据,提出了最优阈值估计方法,使阈值随噪声大小自适应调整;以相邻分解层数的样本熵均值差值为依据,提出了分解层数确定方法。将样本熵改进小波包阈值去噪算法应用于轴承故障信号去噪中,去噪信号功率谱中轴承转动频率及倍频、外圈故障特征频率及倍频、两者的调制频率显露明显,能够明确判处出轴承为外圈故障,体现了极好的去噪效果。     

小波分析在钢丝绳检测信号处理中的应用

钢丝绳的检测信号中具有大量的噪声信号，给断丝识别带来很大困难。分析了钢丝绳断丝信号的特征，采用多分辨分析进行消噪，同时讨论了Lipschitz指数，从分解的信号中分别计算出奇异点的Lipschitz指数，并以此作为断丝的特征量进行识别。试验结果表明，该方法可对断丝准确定位，并大大减小了断丝的误判率。     

无缝管道漏磁信号去噪新方法

漏磁(MFL)检测信号常被多种噪声源污染,极大地降低了漏磁信号中缺陷信号的可检测性。提出一种漏磁信号去噪新方法。该法首先利用自适应滤波方法去除漏磁信号中的无缝管道噪声(SPN),然后再利用小波系数去噪方法去除SPN自适应消除系统输出的漏磁信号中的噪声。实测的漏磁信号处理结果说明,该方法具有良好的去噪效果,可提高漏磁信号中缺陷信号的可检测性。     

基于改进阈值函数的提升小波变换超声信号去噪研究

在焊接缺陷的超声检测中,噪声和伪信号大大降低了检测结果的可靠性和质量。因此消除噪声、提高超声检测信号的信噪比,已成为超声无损检测与评价技术成功应用的关键。首先介绍了提升小波变换的基本理论,分析了小波阈值法去噪的原理和方法;然后在软、硬阈值函数的基础上,提出了一种基于改进阈值函数的提升小波去噪方法;最后对实际焊接缺陷超声回波信号进行了去噪实验研究,并从信噪比和均方根误差两个方面对去噪性能进行了比较分析。结果表明,该方法在一定程度上改进了软、硬阈值去噪法的缺点,获得了更好的去噪性能和更高的信噪比,并且提升小波变换的去噪速度快、设计灵活、编程简单,因此在实时信号去噪方面具有很好的应用前景。     

基于小波分析的交流CMT焊接电信号滤波

在传统阈值去噪法的基础上提出一种改进阈值去噪算法.该算法在阈值区间加入处理函数和调节系数,填补阈值区间内的空白,从而实现灵活调整信号衰减程度和平滑程度,提高重构后信号的连续性和逼近程度.试验利用coif小波对交流CMT焊接不锈钢电流电压信号进行3层分解,采用改进阈值法对分解后的小波系数进行处理.结果表明,通过灵活调整调节系数,改进算法能够很好地去除交流CMT焊接电信号中的高频噪声,保留有用突变成分和规则脉动信号,对有用信号的衰减比软阈值方法小,提高了与真实信号的逼近程度,适用于交流CMT焊接电信号的滤波.     

光纤法珀声发射传感器输出信号小波分析消噪处理

针对光纤法珀传感器检测到的声发射信号会被大量的噪声所湮没的问题,采用Sym小波系列中的Sym8小波对含有大量噪声的声发射信号进行分析,并用软阈值去噪方法消去声发射信号中携带的大部分噪声。采取先提取有用信号,再对有用信号进行二次分解,然后设定阈值,在保证声发射信号信息没有损失的情况下很好地滤除了噪声,使声发射信号更平滑,易于分析。试验结果表明选取适当的小波分解级数和合理的阈值门限,可很大程度地提高重构后信号的识别度,对声发射信号采用小波方法去噪可达到较理想的效果。     

基于改进滤波及峭度原则EEMD的转子故障特征识别方法

针对转子运转时的振动冲击和噪声较大从而容易掩盖振动信号中的故障特征的问题,提出了一种基于小波阈值去噪的EEMD故障特征识别方法。采用改进后小波阈值滤波方法对振动信号进行降噪预处理,对处理结果进行集合经验模态分解(EEMD),再依据峭度原则筛选分解得到的本征模态函数(IMF)。分析重构信号的频谱特征以识别故障。结果表明,该方法有效提高了信噪比且能提取到转子故障特征。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.