下肢外骨骼机器人设计及实验研究

为实现下肢残障者的运动康复,设计液压驱动的下肢外骨骼机器人机构。针对下肢外骨骼的运动跟随需求,提出一种滑模控制器,并进行了控制仿真模拟。仿真结果表明：外骨骼采用该控制算法能较好地实现位置跟踪。基于dSPACE硬件在环实时仿真系统搭建了下肢外骨骼系统,进行了空摆实验、被动跟随实验及主动跟随实验。实验结果表明：设计的下肢助力外骨骼机器人能够为穿戴者提供助力,外骨骼样机的整体稳定性较好,对穿戴者具有良好的跟踪性能与快速响应性。     

下肢外骨骼助力机器人控制系统研究

依据下肢外骨骼助力机器人的控制要求,以固高GUC-T运动控制器为核心搭建控制系统平台。采用压力传感器检测足底压力信息,利用编码器对关节角度进行检测,以前后脚底压力差实现其步态相位划分,通过运动控制器DSP部分将步态信息发送给固高运动控制器,从而实现对下肢外骨骼助力机器人的运动控制。     

基于气动肌肉驱动的下肢康复机器人设计与仿真

为实现气动肌肉在多自由度康复机器人中的应用,设计一种用于步态康复训练二自由度下肢康复辅助训练机器人,驱动器由气动肌肉和拉伸弹簧并联驱动关节以实现节能辅助行走。建立人体下肢运动学和动力学模型,并以标准CGA步态曲线作为关节输入,通过SolidWorks/Motion进行运动学仿真,验证所设计的模型符合人体下肢运动规律。针对气动肌肉伸展时存在非线性使得关节控制困难,提出了模糊自适应PID控制算法。在MATLAB/Simulink中进行仿真控制实验,仿真结果表明：相比传统PID算法,模糊PID自适应控制算法使外骨骼达到更好的跟随效果。最后通过实验平台验证了模糊PID自适应控制算法能够满足患者主动康复训练的需求。     

基于滑模PID控制的下肢康复外骨骼控制研究

为增强外骨骼机器人在医疗方面的康复效果,通过研究人体运动机理及人体各关节运动数据,设计了一款基于液压控制的下肢外骨骼机器人.首先,通过建立外骨骼动力学模型,基于拉格朗日法求出髋关节、膝关节处的驱动力矩,建立了髋关节、膝关节的动力学方程;针对动力学模型在实际计算过程中存在着误差及摩檫等因素影响,提出了一种PID和滑模控制...     

基于人体动态行为的智能跟随轮式机器人研究

为实现对人体的自动跟随,设计一种基于人体动态行为的智能轮式机器人。以STM32F103CET6作为核心处理器,采用四轮驱动方式,结合多种感应器使其具备智能跟随避障、无线遥控等功能,通过角度传感器获取手持控制器的角度信息,利用超声波测距传感器获取手持控制器与机器人之间的距离,从而得出手持控制器与机器人之间的具体方位信息,获取人体动态行为,采用PID控制算法控制机器人四轮速度,实现机器人对手持控制器的距离和角度的精准跟随。跟随试验结果表明:此系统稳定性强,跟随平均绝对误差为3.9 cm,能够准确灵活地跟随目标移动。     

下肢外骨骼机器人踝关节混合柔性驱动设计与研究

为了提高人机交互的安全性、舒适性以及对复杂非结构化环境的适应能力,设计了一种基于串联弹性驱动和刚性驱动混合的新型下肢外骨骼机器人踝关节。在电机与外骨骼机器人负载之间引入线性弹簧组以实现柔性驱动,对机器人脚部触地等冲击起到缓冲减振作用。设计了碟刹装置实现刚性驱动功能,以快速精确的响应人踝关节的摆动,避免人机运动偏差。建立了踝关节的动力学模型,通过频域特性分析方法得到了踝关节在不同参数特性下的稳定性以及力跟随特性。仿真实验验证了外骨骼机器人踝关节在受到冲击时的缓冲减振特性,并且验证了模型的准确性和有效性。     

下肢外骨骼机器人结构设计与运动稳定性研究

为帮助下肢瘫痪人群恢复行走功能,设计出一款下肢外骨骼机器人。依据人体运动机制对各个关节的自由度进行了设计,确定了主动关节和被动关节类型并选用合适的驱动方式,详细介绍了主要部位的结构设计。论述了机器人的工作机制以及工作方式。建立下肢外骨骼机器人的连杆模型,规划出关节运动轨迹并求解出各个关节旋转运动曲线。利用ADAMS仿真软件将所规划的步态曲线进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明:各个关节运动曲线柔顺平滑,无明显冲击。在一个周期内,与理论计算值相比,各个关节的角度仿真值误差均小于±1.5°,在合理误差范围之内。利用COG理论验证步态轨迹的动态稳定性,证明了所规划的步态曲线的合理性。     

外骨骼机器人设计及其机械结构的有限元分析

为了提高士兵的承载能力,降低在运动过程中的能量损耗,设计了一种液压驱动的可穿戴外骨骼机器人,该外骨骼机器人下肢具有12个自由度。根据外骨骼机器人的功能和工作原理,分析了外骨骼机器人的关键部位,并设计了外骨骼机器人的各部分的尺寸。利用有限元软件ANSYS对外骨骼机器人进行建模,对下外骨骼机器人进行有限元静力学仿真,并对大腿部位进行瞬态动力学仿真。通过仿真研究分析,验证了机构设计的合理性,对外骨骼机器人的进一步研究提供了参考。     

人体下肢动力外骨骼的设计与分析

针对日益加重的人口老龄化问题,采用动力外骨骼技术,设计出一种用于辅助老年人生活的服务型机器人——人体下肢动力外骨骼,通过Workbench对髋部支撑连杆和大腿杆件进行了拓扑优化和多目标参数优化,重新对其结构进行了设计,分析了3种不同站立姿态的变形和应力,可知膝关节附近的结构设计对下肢动力外骨骼装置的力学性能具有非常明显的影响,在设计时需重点考虑,研究结果为下肢动力外骨骼装置的结构设计和改进提供了新的思路和理论依据。     

下肢外骨骼康复机器人刚柔耦合分析与仿真

下肢外骨骼康复机器人的组成连杆在辅助人类运动的时候会因为自身柔性发生弹性变形,会影响到整个行走轨迹的位置精度和控制的实时性与准确性。针对所设计的下肢外骨骼康复机器人,首先通过步态仿真验证模型的正确性,然后建立其刚柔耦合动力学模型。在刚柔耦合动力学模型的基础上,通过ADAMS和ANSYS完成摆动期阶段内的刚柔耦合动力学联合仿真,得到其动态变形误差数据。结果表明：在Y方向、Z方向位移误差和整体位移误差分别在-38～3.6 mm、-7.5～3 mm、-6～14.5 mm内波动,与其他两方面相比,Y方向上的位移误差最大,在误差允许的范围内。验证了下肢外骨骼康复机器人刚柔耦合模型的正确性与合理性,为后续的结构优化和控制系统的设计提供了参考依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。