液化石油气罐车节水清洗的射流参数研究

通过对液化石油气(LPG)罐车内壁污垢的形成机制及物性参数研究,确定了上下层污垢的主要组成成分,并提出了一种可有效降低除垢射流门限压力的新型节水节能清洗方式。采用建立除垢力学模型加实验验证的方法确定了最佳射流水力参数。借助FLUENT流体仿真分析软件,对不同射流靶距和入射角度下的射流打击力进行了对比试验研究,优选出可发挥高压水射流最大清洗效率的靶距为85 mm,入射角为10°,为后续节水清洗新技术的深入研究提供了一定的理论基础,并对相应清洗系统与设备的研发具有一定的参考价值。     

带电水冲洗打击力特性及清洗效率仿真研究

为了更好地完成带电水清洗作业,提高带电水清洗的效率,通过流体仿真软件FLUENT对水射流打击力进行仿真研究。分析了大、中、小水冲3种典型喷嘴在不同进口压力和靶距下的打击力特性;分析冲洗角度对清洗效率的影响以及打击力与流量和功率之间的关系。结果表明:水射流打击力随进口压力增加而增加,随靶距增加而降低;冲洗角度会改变射流特性,影响清洗效果;通过增加进口压力来提升打击力比通过增大喷嘴直径更经济。     

304不锈钢水射流强化工艺的多目标优化设计

目的得到水射流强化技术工艺参数(水压、靶距、速度、进给量)对304不锈钢表层性能指标(残余应力、硬度和粗糙度)的影响程度。方法采用X射线残余应力分析仪、三维形貌仪和显微硬度计,分别测试304不锈钢水射流后表面的残余应力、粗糙度和显微硬度值。利用显著性方法分析正交试验结果,并通过多目标优化设计对不同水射流工艺参数下的强化效果进行综合性研究。结果影响304不锈钢表层性能指标的水射流工艺参数由强到弱的顺序依次为:进给量、水压、速度和靶距。经过多目标优化设计,得到了304不锈钢水射流强化工艺参数的最佳组合:水压300 MPa,靶距15 mm,速度400 mm/min,进给量0.125 mm。结论水射流工艺参数的制定主要考虑进给量和水压两者的影响,而速度和靶距对表层性能指标的影响较小。     

金属波纹管高压水射流渐进成形实验及工艺参数优化

以厚度为0.3 mm、直径为Φ220 mm的焊接不锈钢管作为实验用毛坯,在中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院自主研发的五轴高压水射流渐进成形机床上进行波纹管成形实验。首先,通过单一因素实验确定影响成形的因素的取值范围,然后设计正交实验优化方案,采用极差分析方法分析正交实验结果,确定了4个因素对成形精度影响显著性的先后次序为：水射流压力>靶距>轴向力>喷头旋转速度,并确定了高压水射流渐进成形波纹管的最佳工艺参数为：水射流压力为100 MPa、靶距为12 mm、喷头旋转速度为400 mm·min^-1、轴向压力为320 N。实验表明,在此工艺参数下成形的波纹管的成形精度较高。     

磨料水射流对硬质合金切割深度的试验研究

通过用高压磨料水射流对硬质合金进行切割,以单因素试验的形式分析了射流压力、切割速度、磨料流量、靶距对硬质合金材料切割深度的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,选定各因素的水平进行正交试验,通过极差分析对加工参数进行优化。结果表明:各因素对切割深度的影响主次关系依次为射流压力、切割速度、磨料流量、靶距;获得最大切割深度的最优工艺参数为:射流压力280 MPa、切割速度50.8 mm/min、磨料流量545 g/min、靶距5 mm,此时实测切割深度为0.70 cm,达到最佳效果。      

磨料水射流单颗磨粒侵彻的仿真研究

为了提高磨料水射流的材料去除率,采用ABAQUS软件建立磨料水射流单颗磨粒侵彻18CrNiMo7-6靶材的仿真模型,观察分析磨粒侵彻过程中靶材表面凹坑的变化情况;同时探究磨粒初始速度、磨粒直径、磨粒密度以及入射角度对凹坑形状及尺寸的影响规律,并根据材料去除体积优化磨料水射流工艺参数。结果表明：凹坑深度、材料去除体积随着磨粒初始速度、磨粒直径、磨粒密度、入射角度的增加而增大,凹坑宽度随着磨粒初始速度、磨粒密度的增加先增大而后保持在最大宽度,随着磨粒直径的增加而增大,随着入射角度的增加而减小。以最大材料去除体积为目标,此仿真方案中最优参数为：磨粒初始速度为400 m/s,磨粒密度为12 000 kg/m3,入射角度90°,磨粒直径为1 mm。     

超声辅助磨料水射流加工机制及去除模型研究

为了增强磨料水射流的加工效果,设计了超声辅助微细磨料水射流加工系统。通过喷嘴内变幅杆的超声振动,将声能与射流压力能叠加,增强磨料水射流的脉动行为,形成脉冲射流。通过数值计算的方法研究了流场轴线上的声压分布及磨粒在流场中的运动特性,探究了脉冲射流的加工机制及硬脆材料去除机制。通过切槽实验分析了系统压力、振幅及靶距对冲蚀深度的影响规律,实验结果证明,施加超声振动可有效降低系统压力,最佳靶距为8～10 mm。基于实验结果,利用MATLAB建立了硬脆材料的去除深度预测模型。     

高压水射流在铝板带清洗设备上的应用

介绍了铝板带清洗原理及高压水射流喷射距离的选择,通过对打击力进行理论分析,建立了打击力的计算公式,从而找到提高清洗效果的途径;对清洗机组设备结构与工艺过程进行了介绍,总结了铝板带的高压清洗系统节水、节能、提高洗净率的方法;文中给出了入射角、压力、喷嘴结构、喷射距离、喷流角度等实用参数选择的原则和方法,具有实用价值。     

磨料水射流切割微晶复合材料的工艺参数对光滑区粗糙度的影响

本文通过单因素试验,研究了磨料水射流切割微晶复合材料时射流压力、靶距、切割速度和磨料流量对光滑区粗糙度的影响规律,进行了正交试验,得出了磨料水射流各工艺参数对光滑区粗糙度影响的重要程度主次顺序,并且得出了最优工艺参数组合。试验结果表明:在磨料水射流切割微晶复合材料时,射流压力增加,光滑区粗糙度先减小后增加;靶距增加,粗糙度增大;切割速度增加,粗糙度增大;磨料流量增加,粗糙度减小。优化后的加工工艺参数为:射流压力260 MPa、靶距4 mm、切割速度144mm/min、磨料流量590 g/min。     

合金盘条高压磨料水射流除鳞系统实验研究

目的 对合金盘条高压磨料水射流除鳞系统进行优化.方法 建立一条合金盘条高压磨料水射流除鳞系统实验装置,研究材质、工作压力、喷嘴数量、移动速度、磨料浓度、靶距等参数对除鳞效果的影响;应用图像处理技术对除鳞效果量化为除净率并加以分析,采用MATLAB软件对系统压力、喷嘴数、移动速度、磨料浓度及靶距对除鳞效果进行拟合分析.结果 设计了年产5000吨合金盘条高压磨料水射流除鳞系统,参数为:额定压力45 MPa、额定流量10 m3/h、最大除鳞速度40 m/min、磨料质量分数35%、靶距20 mm、喷嘴12个.结论 高压磨料水射流除鳞系统能满足合金盘条除鳞的设计要求,应用前景广阔.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。