电控正流量挖掘机分工况功率匹配研究

针对目前电控正流量挖掘机系统研究较少、空载时能量损失大、发动机与主泵功率不匹配以及节能控制效果不佳的问题,搭建基于AMESim和Simulink的挖掘机电液系统联合仿真平台,提出一种双变量泵的发动机-泵恒功率控制方法。通过样机仿真实验以及分工况功率匹配研究,验证搭建的电控正流量挖掘机系统的正确性以及分工况功率匹配的有效性。仿真实验结果表明：设计的仿真模型以及功率匹配策略表现良好,在仿真和实验中,不同的工况模式下均可以保证泵的恒功率特性,可以实现对发动机的功率控制,发动机功率可以得到充分利用。     

电动挖掘机LUDV液压系统流量匹配研究

以某型电动挖掘机LUDV液压系统为研究对象,从减小溢流损失、提高节能的角度,结合异步电机调速性良好的特点,介绍一种液压系统流量匹配方法。液压系统采用泵阀同步控制方式,预设多路阀的主阀压差为1.4 MPa,手柄信号同时控制定量泵的转速和LUDV多路阀的过流面积。提出挖掘机工作机构所需流量的数学模型,建立了液压系统AMESim仿真模型并进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明:当挖掘机执行机构单一或者复合动作时,泵的输出流量为期望值,泵的出口压力比最高负载传感压力高1.4 MPa;当系统流量饱和时,主阀压差减小,各执行机构流量按需求流量成比例分配而不发生干涉。     

基于蓄能器的挖掘机节能驱动系统的参数匹配

为了提高液压挖掘机驱动系统的效率,提出一种基于能量回收和液压混合动力的液压挖掘机节能驱动系统的参数匹配方法。分析节能驱动系统的结构、工作原理及负载特性。以保证液压挖掘机作业效率、整机稳定性、延长蓄能器使用寿命和满足负载平衡能力为约束条件,对节能驱动系统中液压蓄能器、泵/马达、发动机等主要元件进行参数匹配。在所建立的液压混合力挖掘机模型上对匹配结果进行分析,结果表明:进行参数匹配后,发动机的工作点波动较小且蓄能器的压力波动满足工况要求,同时上车机构能量回收系统的使用使得整机节能效果进一步提高10%。     

正流量液压挖掘机多路阀阀口压力损失研究

挖掘机液压系统存在管道损失、溢流损失、节流损失及泄漏损失等问题,导致挖掘机作业过程中功率损失较大,能量利用率不高。为提高挖掘机液压系统功率利用率,以正流量挖掘机为研究对象,通过建立机电液联合仿真平台,针对多路阀压力损失较大的问题,提出改变主阀异形阀口区域过流面积的方法,以降低局部压力损失,提高液压系统的功率利用率。以铲斗联为例,改变铲斗主阀进出油口、合流阀口的过流面积及其之间的匹配,将铲斗动作的驱动效率提高了4%,降低了液压系统的功率损失,提高了液压系统的节能性能。     

多功能液压挖掘机泵控系统动态特性仿真研究

多功能液压挖掘机更换不同执行器时,所需压力、流量及功率有所不同,要求泵输出参数与此相适应.本文用功率键合图对多功能液压挖掘机的泵控系统建立了数学模型,进行了动态特性仿真研究,实现了不同作业工况下泵与负载的功率匹配,达到了节能目的, 在工程实践中具有比较重要的理论意义和现实意义.     

基于模糊PI的电比例排量泵控制研究

针对正流量液压系统的挖掘机,使用电比例排量泵替代液控恒功率泵可以实现泵与发动机更加完美的功率匹配。但电比例排量泵的排量调节控制对算法的准确性、稳定性以及比例电磁阀的快速响应性能提出了很高要求。为满足以上条件,电比例排量泵的控制策略采用了基于BP神经网络的恒功率MAP图计算方法以及模糊逻辑整定PI参数的方法,使得电比例排量泵可以根据发动机转速和液压系统工作压力大小准确计算出变量泵排量并调度PI参数,消除液压系统时变特性与非线性对控制性能的不利影响。根据测试结果,采用模糊PI控制的挖掘机液压系统在控制准确性、稳定性方面都得到了提升。     

液压挖掘机柴油机-泵环节功率损失分析及对策

针对当前挖掘机整机节能效果不理想问题,分析了中高档、大中型挖掘机柴油机与泵环节的主要功率损失形式,分析了挖掘机普遍应用的转速感应电子节能控制系统在节能原理上存在的缺陷,提出了相应的节能控制措施,并提出了柴油机恒阻力矩控制节能控制原理.该控制原理从理论上消除了功率匹配损失,实现了挖掘机恒阻力矩、恒转速、恒功率运行,且输出功率完全被液压泵吸收,实现了真正意义上的节能控制.     

基于电液混合储能的电动挖掘机动臂节能驱动系统特性

针对现有电动挖掘机采用多路阀控系统造成的能效低、电池装机容量大但续航时间短的不足，提出一种变转速双泵直驱液压挖掘机动臂系统。根据动臂液压缸面积比配置2个液压泵/马达的排量，实现液压缸流量匹配。采用液压蓄能器与超级电容进行混合储能，实现动臂重力势能的高效回收利用。分析所提系统的工作原理，建立系统多学科联合仿真模型，分析系统运行特性和能量特性。研究结果表明：双泵直驱挖掘机动臂系统具有良好的控制特性，速度运行平稳。与传统多路阀控系统相比，双泵直驱挖掘机动臂系统节能效果显著，蓄能器压力21 MPa和容积180 L时，重力势能回收效率为79.9%,能耗减少64.6%,进一步通过合理选择蓄能器工作压力和容积，双泵直驱动臂系统的节能效果可达到65%以上。     

基于AMESim的新型蓄能器节能分析

为了解决传统蓄能器在放能过程中出口无法提供稳定的压力油而导致蓄能器的能量再利用效率低下的问题,提出一种可调节出口压力恒定的双皮囊蓄能器,并用于非对称泵控液压挖掘机动臂能量再生系统,在AMESim软件中建立仿真模型进行验证,再与普通蓄能器作用下系统节能效果进行对比。结果表明：在合理匹配参数的情况下,新型蓄能器可以为系统提供稳定压力油,且新型蓄能器相比普通蓄能器可多释放25%能量,电机功率降低9.85%,电机节约6.9%能量。     

负荷传感与压力补偿技术的应用与性能分析

采用负荷传感系统和压力补偿技术对液压挖掘机的流量进行控制,其中负荷传感控制挖掘机主泵的输出流量;压力补偿实现挖掘机复合动作时的流量分配.两者与电子控制技术结合起来,则使液压挖掘机在按需供油、节能降耗以及改善操纵性能等方面具有显著效果.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.