基于饱和函数的不确定机器人模糊自适应滑模控制

针对模型和参数不确定机器人系统轨迹跟踪问题,在模糊自适应控制的基础上提出了一种新的控制策略,该控制策略把饱和函数、模糊原理与滑模控制有机结合起来,设计了一种模糊自适应滑模控制器.该控制器利用模糊逻辑系统为机器人的动力学系统建模,设计自适应律调节未知参数,为保证控制力矩输出平滑有界,不存在一般滑模变结构中的抖振现象,采用双曲正切函数代替传统的符号函数.利用李亚普诺夫定理证明了闭环控制系统全局稳定,跟踪误差渐近收敛于零.仿真结果表明了所提出的控制算法的有效性.     

一种改进的非完整轮式移动机器人轨迹跟踪控制方法

针对非完整约束下移动机器人的轨迹跟踪控制中误差收敛速度和平滑性上存在的不足,提出了一种改进的非线性反推跟踪控制算法。在运动学模型的基础上,构造了简单的虚拟变量推导出了反推控制律,且通过Lyapunov函数证明了该控制律的稳定性,并引入了一个反馈控制律,得到了一种新型轨迹跟踪控制器。MATLAB仿真分析表明:改进的非线性反推控制律很好地改善了控制效果,跟踪误差能在较短的时间内收敛,具有良好的抗干扰能力。     

基于全阶滑模控制的双轮移动机器人跟踪误差研究

针对双轮移动机器人运动轨迹跟踪误差较大的问题,设计了全阶滑模控制器,并对控制输出误差进行仿真验证.建立双轮机器人简图模型,推导出移动机器人动力学方程式.介绍了移动机器人线速度和角速度的控制过程,对传统PI控制器进行改进,设计了全阶滑模控制器.采用李雅普诺夫函数对控制器的稳定性进行了证明,从而得到机器人运动线速度和角速度...     

工业机器人关节轨迹预定义时间滑模跟踪控制

针对工业机器人关节轨迹跟踪控制问题，设计了一种新型预定义时间滑模轨迹跟踪控制器。首先，通过分析工业机器人关节传动机构，建立了由永磁同步电机驱动的关节运动模型；然后，设计预定义时间滑模轨迹跟踪控制器，并对控制器的非奇异性和预定义时间收敛性进行分析，确保轨迹跟踪误差能够在预定义时间内完成收敛；最后，在工业机器人上进行实验，结果表明，所设计的控制器具有良好的轨迹跟踪性能，并能保证跟踪误差在预定义时间内收敛。     

轮式移动机器人的动力学建模及跟踪控制

针对轮式移动机器人存在非完整约束的特点,利用牛顿-欧拉方法建立了轮式移动机器人的动力学模型,将非完整约束直接融入到动力学方程中;同时,考虑了电机的动力学特性.针对动力学模型中存在参数不确定以及机器人在工作过程中存在外界干扰的特点,设计了以两轮驱动力矩为输入的滑模轨迹跟踪控制器,采用趋近律方法削弱了滑模控制器的抖振.仿真实验证明了模型的可行性和控制的有效性,较好地实现了机器人的全局轨迹跟踪.     

重型液压机执行器自适应滑模容错控制

为了提高重型液压机在执行器故障情况下的容错控制能力和控制精度,设计了自适应滑模容错控制器。建立了5缸液压机的滑块动力学模型和液压缸压力动态方程。使用积分滑模控制设计了3个子系统虚拟控制律;使用伪逆法实现了控制分配;在执行器故障情况下,在积分滑模控制基础上,提出了自适应补偿策略,从而给出了执行器故障情况下可以实现的虚拟控制律;使用分散滑模控制将虚拟控制律转化为伺服阀控制律,并证明了自适应滑模容错控制器具有Lyapunov意义下的稳定性。经仿真验证,在单个执行器故障或多个执行器故障的情况下,自适应滑模容错控制器能够将调平误差控制在2×10^-4rad内,位移跟踪误差最大为0.0111 m,体现了执行器故障情况下极高的调平和跟踪精度,也体现了自适应滑模容错控制器具有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于H∞滑模控制的移动机器人轨迹跟踪研究

针对移动机器人轨迹跟踪过程中存在的诸多不确定性,利用Backstepping的思想和Lyapunov方法设计了H∞滑模控制。通过自适应模糊控制来优化滑模控制器的开关增益,从而消除滑模控制中存在的抖振现象。最后分别进行了直线、圆周、正弦三种轨迹跟踪仿真J_1实验,验证了系统的全局渐进稳定性和抗干扰性。证明了该控制算法的有效性。     

双轮差速移动机器人轨迹跟踪混合控制算法研究

针对双轮差速移动机器人轨迹跟踪问题,提出一种基于前馈运动学和带有干扰观测器的解耦动力学的混合控制算法。首先,对双轮差速移动机器人的运动学、动力学以及位姿误差进行数学建模。其次,为保证移动机器人轨迹跟踪的快速收敛,采用前馈控制并结合位姿误差设计出运动学控制器;为保证移动机器人在速度上的跟踪性能,采用前馈解耦补偿器,加入干扰观测器,运用具有积分链式结构的微分器,设计出动力学控制器;将动力学控制器加入到运动学控制器中,设计了前馈运动学和带有干扰观测器的解耦动力学的混合控制器,并用Lyapunov函数直接法证明了系统的收敛性和稳定性。最后,通过仿真和样机验证,机器人稳定运行时左右摆差可达±9mm,证明了该混合控制算法的有效性和可行性。     

基于跟踪微分器的移动机器人轨迹规划与跟踪控制研究北大核心

针对移动机器人的轨迹规划和轨迹跟踪控制问题,提出一种加速度和速度约束情况下,通过贝塞尔曲线拟合参考轨迹,再利用跟踪微分器规划平滑速度的轨迹规划新方法;基于Backstepping方法,建立机器人位姿误差方程并进行控制器的设计,同时分析了控制参数对轨迹跟踪性能的影响;将轨迹规划方法和控制算法结合,并在仿真平台和移动机器人实物平台上进行实验验证。实验结果验证了轨迹规划算法和控制器的可靠性及有效性,相比于未进行速度规划、速度不连续和滑模控制等方法,提出的方法控制平稳且有效减少了位姿误差。     

3-RRR平面并联机器人神经网络滑模控制研究

针对具有强耦合和高非线性并联机器人的轨迹跟踪控制研究,设计了一种基于神经网络滑模控制器的控制系统。在传统滑模控制的基础上,利用神经网络算法实时修正系统非线性项和不确定参数的功能,有效抑制了SMC系统的抖振现象。建立了3-RRR平面并联机器人的结构简图和Matlab模型,并采用闭环矢量法得到了机器人的运动学反解,为控制系统提供了参考输入。基于机器人的简化动力学方程,设计了一种RBF神经网络滑模控制器,并构造Lyapunov函数证明控制器的稳定性。分别采用传统滑模和神经网络滑模控制方式对机器人的轨迹跟踪进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明:神经网络滑模控制器具有更好的轨迹跟踪精度和较小的稳态误差,验证了神经网络SMC控制器的有效性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。