机械手臂正运动学及其末端机械手工作空间研究

机械手臂作为机器人实现抓取任务的主要执行机构,其合理化结构设计、运动学模型构建及可达空间问题一直是研究热点。基于机械手臂构型特点,采用改进的D-H法创建了机械手臂正运动学模型,通过齐次坐标变换推导出末端机械手的位置矩阵,并通过理论计算与仿真结果对比验证了所建模型的准确性;利用蒙特卡洛法对末端机械手工作空间进行模拟,得到末端机械手工作空间点云图及工作边界;利用convhull凸包函数处理边界点云,生成一个较为准确的包络空间进而计算该工作空间体积大小;在此基础上,进一步分析得到机械手臂结构参数对其工作空间体积的影响规律,为后续机械手臂结构参数优化、运动控制和轨迹规划等提供了参考。     

基于OpenMV的五自由度机械臂控制方法研究

以五自由度机械臂为研究对象,建立D-H数学模型,探究几何法与代数法求关节角的过程,使用五次多项式插值的运动轨迹规划算法。通过建立仿真模型验证了运动学求解方法与轨迹规划算法的有效性。采用一种基于机械臂几何模型的逆运动学分析方法,设计OpenMV摄像头的图像识别与处理算法来精准定位目标物,并将目标物的位姿发送给主控系统,实现五自由度机械臂自主抓取目标物的功能。以乒乓球为抓取目标进行实验验证,结果表明：此设计能精准定位目标物,完成有效抓取,控制性能稳定、可靠。     

基于导纳的机械臂实时柔顺轨迹规划

针对传统机械臂的离线式笛卡尔空间轨迹规划无法解决与环境发生接触的情况，提出了一种基于导纳的机械臂实时柔顺轨迹规划方法。将机械臂笛卡尔空间轨迹规划分为了位置规划与姿态轨迹，并通过时间标度参数s(t)将二者归一化，其中以最为常见的直线运动和圆弧运动为例进行了轨迹规划说明；构建导纳控制器，并将末端六维力传感器获取到的信息代入控制器中，计算出末端位姿的调整量；在轨迹规划的基础上引入导纳控制，解决了轨迹规划无法实时感知外界环境作用力的问题；最后，搭建了机械臂实物验证实验，进行了直线运动和和圆弧运动实验。实验表明，基于导纳的实时柔顺轨迹规划方法既可以实现机械臂轨迹高精度运动，也可以主动顺从外界环境接触力，提高了系统的稳定性和安全性。     

基于HMI的大变径轴类零件感应淬火控制技术及应用

用人机界面(HMI)触摸屏填表式参数设定技术及组态软件实时曲线与历史数据再现技术,结合可编程序控制器(PLC)控制技术,实现工艺参数即时优化,解决淬硬层连续问题,满足大变径轴类零件的感应淬火质量要求。     

基于模糊神经网络滑模控制的xy平台轮廓控制

永磁同步直线电机(PMLSM)直接驱动xy平台数控系统曲线轨迹跟踪时,其轮廓精度会受负载扰动以及曲线轨迹轮廓误差模型复杂等问题的影响。针对此问题,采用具有自学习能力的模糊神经网络滑模控制(FNNSMC)进行单轴位置控制器的设计,在不失滑模控制鲁棒性的情况下,有效地削弱该控制所产生的抖振;两轴之间运用实时轮廓误差计算法建立曲线轨迹的轮廓误差模型并采用交叉耦合控制(CCC)进行轮廓控制器的设计,实现跟踪误差与轮廓误差的同时减小。仿真结果表明:该控制方案基本消除了抖振,保证xy平台具有较强的鲁棒性和较高的轮廓精度。     

基于Kinect V2.0的6自由度机械臂控制系统的实现

机器人控制技术的不断发展,人与机器人之间的交互方式正朝着方便、快捷的方向发展。为了实现机器人控制的便捷性,采用自然用户界面(NUI)交互方式,设计了一种基于Kinect V2.0体感传感器的6自由度机械手臂控制系统;该控制系统以VS2015+Kinect SDK2.0为编程环境,编制控制程序;以Kinect V2.0骨骼数据控制6自由度机械手臂;使用人体肩、肘的旋转角度和抓手动作,分别来控制机械手臂的6个关节;通过串口通信方式,以Arduino为下位机硬件核心,验证了该方法的有效性。实验表明,此基于NUI交互方式的控制系统能有效且快捷地控制机械臂进行物体的抓取。     

双驱双向AGV控制系统设计

以工业平板电脑+可编程多轴控制器(PMAC)构成开放式控制器硬件系统,采用面向对象的C++程序设计语言进行上位机控制系统软件开发。根据技术要求进行系统功能需求分析,采用模块化的思想,设计系统软件总体结构;介绍了导航模块纠偏算法的实现。最后以双驱动双向AGV为机械本体进行停车定位测试。结果表明:该AGV的平均定位精度为5.144 mm,最大的定位精度为9.232 mm,其精度满足要求,该控制系统软件较好地完成了导航定位任务。     

卷积神经网络算法在工件抓取中的应用

为提高机械手臂夹取物件的准确率,提出基于深度学习法的3D视觉辨识与抓取系统。该视觉系统结合GPU和深度影像Open CV等函数库,分别进行影像拾取、深度数据运算、坐标转换、影像轮廓搜寻和卷积类神经网络模型训练等。采用YOLOv2算法判别目标物体的种类和中心点,并利用轮廓搜寻方法找出物体的角度信息,作为机械手臂操作目标点;通过坐标转换将相机坐标转为机械手臂坐标,由TCP/IP通信传至运动控制系统进行物件夹取。实验结果表明:不同位置的所有零件辨识准确率均在82%以上,抓取误差在1～4 mm内,符合工业生产的要求。     

基于ZPETC和CCC的直驱XY平台高精度控制

针对直接驱动XY平台轮廓加工中存在的电气--机械延迟、系统参数不确定性及两轴驱动系统参数不匹配等因素的影响,提出了将零相位误差跟踪控制器(ZPETC)与交叉耦合控制器(CCC)相结合的控制策略对两轴的运动进行协调控制,实现跟踪误差与轮廊误差同时减小.ZPETC作为前馈跟踪控制器,克服了伺服滞后,使系统实现准确跟踪,减小了跟踪误差;CCC作用于两轴之间,用以增加两轴间的匹配程度,以减小轮廓误差.仿真和实验结果表明所提出的控制方案具有较好的跟踪性和鲁棒性,进而大大提高了跟踪精度和轮廓精度.     

双伺服新型数控冲齿机的设计

介绍一种以可编程控制器(PLC)作主控制器、伺服传动系统作执行驱动机构的新型两轴数控冲齿机.论述系统的工作原理、硬件实现及软件编程方法.新系统的冲齿-牵料机构彻底改变传统冲齿机的机械耦合连接方式,采用计算机数字控制和高精度伺服传动系统,实现机械解耦和数字化柔性连接,通过软件编程和人-机界面参数设置,保证两轴同步驱动和工艺参数的柔性化调整.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。