非脂乳固体和脂肪含量影响酸牛乳粘度的研究

通过调整酸牛奶配方中非脂乳固体和脂肪的含量，使酸牛乳粘稠度发生变化，找出它们之间的关系，确定最佳粘稠度的配方。     

一种新型酸豆乳冰激淋的研制

以大豆和牛乳为原料,采用单因素-正交实验对新型酸豆乳冰激淋的配方进行了研究。最终确定新型酸豆乳冰激淋的配方为:牛乳与豆浆比例为7∶3,赤藓糖醇4%,普鲁兰多糖1.5%,葡萄糖1%,适量消泡剂。以此配方制作出来的酸豆乳冰激淋感官评分高,营养丰富,产品符合相关食品标准。     

基于正交实验和模糊评价的搅拌型桑果酸水牛乳配方优化

以桑果汁、水牛乳为原料,添加适量的白砂糖、柠檬酸和稳定剂,研究开发出营养丰富、风味良好的搅拌型桑果酸水牛乳。以滋味、香气、色泽和组织状态为评价因素,通过正交实验和模糊数学综合评价方法对搅拌型桑果酸水牛奶产品进行配方优化。结果表明:搅拌型桑果酸水牛乳的最佳配方为酸水牛乳80%,桑果汁量8%,白砂糖添加量8%,稳定剂添加量为0.25%,按该配方制得的搅拌型桑果酸水牛乳柔和细腻,乳酸发酵的酸奶味浓,具有桑果特有的香味,无异味,无气泡,无分层,色泽均匀。     

人乳脂替代品1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯的研究进展

母乳是婴儿最理想的营养来源,母乳脂肪酸在甘油三酯骨架上具有高度特异性的位置分布,其70%为sn-2棕榈酸酯。棕榈酸在甘油三酯中酰基化位置的不同直接影响棕榈酸在人体内的生理功能,sn-2棕榈酸酯易被人体吸收。1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl triglyceride,OPO)是一种典型的sn-2棕榈酸酯。普通婴儿配方奶粉主要以牛乳为原料,虽然牛乳脂肪酸组成与母乳脂肪酸接近,但其脂肪酸结构与母乳存在显著差异,牛乳中的sn-2棕榈酸酯远低于母乳中sn-2棕榈酸酯含量。以牛乳为基础,在奶粉中加入1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO),较之一般的配方奶粉更加接近母乳,更宜作为人乳脂替代品?本文介绍了人乳脂替代品1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)的研究意义、结构特点、制备方法和分析测定方法等研究进展,旨在为婴儿配方奶粉的开发提供有益参考。     

直接调酸型乳饮料的研制

以鲜牛乳为主要原料研究所了调酸型乳饮料的配方及制作工艺。     

富含Vc沙棘酸牛乳的研制

本试验以沙棘汁和牛乳为主要原料,配以蔗糖、稳定剂等辅料,研制出了富有营养和保健功能 的沙棘果汁酸牛乳,并优选出最佳工艺和配方。     

香蕉酸牛乳发酵工艺

将香蕉泥与牛奶调配接种乳酸菌发酵制成香蕉酸牛乳,研究不同工艺、不同稳定剂及配方的优化对香蕉酸牛乳成品品质的影响。确定香蕉牛乳的最佳发酵工艺：发酵剂4%、全脂乳4%、蔗糖6%、香蕉经微波处理30s、果肉10%、加入0.5% 柠檬酸和VC(2:1)、0.1% 明胶和0.1%CMC,在95℃水浴条件下杀菌5min,43℃温度条件下发酵5h,此条件下所得香蕉酸牛乳营养风味独特,感官评价最优。     

沙棘酸凝乳的研制

以沙棘汁和牛乳为主要原料,配以蔗糖、稳定剂等辅料,研制出了富有营养和保健功能的沙棘果汁酸牛乳。通过发酵条件和物料配比的正交试验、稳定剂品种试验,优选出最佳工艺和配方。     

含活性益生菌的发酵型红薯果冻的研制

以乳酸菌红薯发酵液,双歧酸牛乳,海藻钠酸,蔗糖等为主要原料,经过科学的配方,酿制得含丰富膳食纤维、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌等活性益生菌的保健型果冻食品。     

酸牛乳质量不合格的原因分析及控制

酸牛乳2℃～6℃保质期3～30天,但常因原料牛乳及乳粉质量状况、加工设备技术水平、加工过程及对标准、法规的理解,易出现感官(乳水分离、凝固稀软、胀杯、粘稠度低、有颗粒结构、风味不佳)、理化指标(蛋白质、脂肪、非脂乳固体)、乳酸菌数、微生物、标识等质量不合格问题.本文阐述了质量不合格的原因分析及控制措施.     

新型功能性油脂问题浅析

近二十年来,人们一直关注着过度膳食脂肪对健康所带来危害,同时各种新型功能性油脂也应 运而生。该文论述这些新型功能性油脂在制备技术、理化性质与应用,及食物安全性等方面存在问题, 并对其进行讨论。     

脂肪替代品在食品中的应用

脂肪是食品的重要组成部分，但过量摄入会引发多种疾病，本文对脂肪替代品的种类及其在食品中的应用作了概述，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

碳水化合物型脂肪替代品的研究进展

综述了各种类型碳水化合物型脂肪替代品的研究进展和它们的组成、特点及功能,并介绍了碳水化合物型脂肪替代品在食品中工业的应用。     

脂肪替代品在肉制品中的研究与应用进展

介绍了脂肪替代品的种类、特点和最新研究情况，主要介绍了脂肪模拟品在低脂肉制品中的应用进展。论述了脂肪模拟品应用在低脂肉制品中给产品的性质和感官特性带来的一些影响作用。以期为低脂肉制品的加工提供一些理论基础。     

Effect of the types of dietary fats and non-dietary oils on bone metabolism

Nutrients beyond calcium and vitamin D have a role on bone health, and in treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Quality and quantity of dietary fat may have consequences on skeletal health. Diets with highly saturated fat content produce deleterious effects on bone mineralization in growing animals. Conversely, dietary n-3-long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in bone metabolism and may help in prevention and treatment of bone disease. Some reports suggest a correlation between the dietary ratio of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and bone formation. Specific dietary fatty acids were found to modulate prostanoid synthesis in bone tissue and improve bone formation in both animal and clinical trials. The skeletal benefits of dietary isoprenoids are extremely documented. Higher isoprenoids intake may relate to higher bone mineral density. Dietary supplements containing fish oil, individual polyunsaturated fatty acids, and isoprenoids could be used as adjuvant with bone medications in osteoportic conditions but their doses must be considered to avoid detrimental effect of over dosages.     

Development of combinations of chemically modified vegetable oils as pork backfat substitutes in sausages formulation

Today’s consumers look for foods which provide nutrition and pleasure, while safeguarding their health, the result of which is that they increasingly avoid foods containing cholesterol and saturated and trans fatty acids. Chemically modified vegetable oils can help tailor meat products to meet this growing need and at the same time fulfil the technological needs of the meat processing industry. In this study, 16 backfat samples were characterised for their solid fat content (SFC) and melting point and these characteristics were used to design a mixture of chemically modified vegetable oils for use as a pork fat substitute for elaborating sausages. The mixtures were prepared with different vegetable oils bearing in mind with stearic acid content due to its close correlation with the SFC. The backfat was characterised as a function of its SFC and some modified vegetable oil mixtures were proposed, which led to a 10–20% diminution in saturated fatty acids and with a melting point similar to those observed in the backfat. The fatty acid profile pointed to a polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio higher than 0.4, and an n − 6/n − 3 fatty acid ratio of less than 4 in both modified vegetable oil mixtures proposed.     

采用METHOCEL MXTM技术开发低脂肪香肠和肉制品

由于消费者希望降低对脂肪特别是动物脂肪的摄取,诸如香肠类的肉制品已经逐步从消费者的日常饮食中降低使用量.METHOCELTMMX的脂肪替代技术可以使低脂肪的肉制品保持如全脂肉制品一样的优异的风味,提供良好的质构和柔嫩多汁的口感.这项技术使用健康的植物油来替代饱和脂肪酸或氢化植物油,形成形如"矩阵"的乳状液.将METHOCEL MXTM,冷水和植物油结合制成这个乳状液系统,植物油的含量可以是2%60%.本文中描述了一个用METHOCELTMMX的脂肪替代技术制作的10%脂肪含量的香肠,在保持良好质量的前提下,降低脂肪含量27%.     

Comparison of gas chromatographic methods for analysis of butyric acid in milk fat and fats containing milk fat

 The analysis of butyric acid (C4) is of importance for the determination of the proportion of milk fat in mixed fats. Three gas chromatographic methods were compared with regard to their precision for the measurement of C4, i.e. analysis of butyric acid methyl ester after trans-esterification of fat by sodium methylate (method A) or trimethyl sulphonium hydroxide (method B), as well as analysis of free butyric acid (method C), using an internal standard with each method. The examination of 30 milk fats which varied greatly in terms of their C4 content, using methods A, B and C, resulted in mean values of C4 of 3.42 g/100 g fat, 3.71 g/100 g fat and 3.06 g/100 g fat, respectively. The value determined using method B seemed too high, and this may have been due to the presence of co-eluting artefacts, whereas the value determined using method C was clearly too low, and can probably be attributed to losses during sample preparation. The standard deviation (SD) of 0.015 obtained from repeated analyses using method A was quite good. Results obtained using methods B and C had SDs of 0.029 and 0.074, respectively. Different levels of free fatty acids did not affect the results obtained using method A. When method A was checked by analysis of the reference fat, CRM 164, the C4 level determined was found to deviate from the certified C4 content of 3.49 (± 0.06) g/100 g fat by only 0.05 g C4/fat 100 g. Thus method A proved the most suitable for the determination of the proportion of milk fat in mixed fats by analysis of butyric acid. Received: 1 October 1997     

Comparison of gas chromatographic methods for analysis of butyric acid in milk fat and fats containing milk fat

 The analysis of butyric acid (C4) is of importance for the determination of the proportion of milk fat in mixed fats. Three gas chromatographic methods were compared with regard to their precision for the measurement of C4, i.e. analysis of butyric acid methyl ester after trans-esterification of fat by sodium methylate (method A) or trimethyl sulphonium hydroxide (method B), as well as analysis of free butyric acid (method C), using an internal standard with each method. The examination of 30 milk fats which varied greatly in terms of their C4 content, using methods A, B and C, resulted in mean values of C4 of 3.42 g/100 g fat, 3.71 g/100 g fat and 3.06 g/100 g fat, respectively. The value determined using method B seemed too high, and this may have been due to the presence of co-eluting artefacts, whereas the value determined using method C was clearly too low, and can probably be attributed to losses during sample preparation. The standard deviation (SD) of 0.015 obtained from repeated analyses using method A was quite good. Results obtained using methods B and C had SDs of 0.029 and 0.074, respectively. Different levels of free fatty acids did not affect the results obtained using method A. When method A was checked by analysis of the reference fat, CRM 164, the C4 level determined was found to deviate from the certified C4 content of 3.49 (± 0.06) g/100 g fat by only 0.05 g C4/fat 100 g. Thus method A proved the most suitable for the determination of the proportion of milk fat in mixed fats by analysis of butyric acid. Received: 1 October 1997