Replacement of Beef Fat with Partially Hydrogenated Plant Oil in Lean Ground Beef Patties

Partially hydrogenated plant oils (corn, cottonseed, palm, peanut and soybean) were substituted (in part) for beef fat in lean (10% fat) ground beef patties to improve nutrient content of ground beef. Effects of such addition on composition and consumer acceptability were evaluated. Addition of hydrogenated plant oils had little effect on composition of raw or cooked patties. Those containing hydrogenated corn or palm oil were not different (P>0.05) from all-beef patties in cooking loss or overall acceptability. Therefore substitution of hydrogenated oils for beef fat in production of lean ground beef patties may be feasible.     

The effects of different plant oils on some emulsion properties of beef, chicken and turkey meats

The effects of different plant oils (soybean, hazelnut, canola, sunflower, corn, cotton and olive) on emulsion capacity (EC), emulsion stability (ES), emulsion density (ED) and apparent yield stress values of emulsion (raw emulsion; AYSe) and emulsion gel (cooked emulsion; AYSg) of beef, chicken and turkey meats were studied by using a model system. Olive oil increased EC, AYSe and AYSg values and corn oil increased ES values significantly (P < 0.01). Moreover, olive oil decreased ED values significantly (P < 0.01). The effects of chicken meat on EC, turkey meat on ES and beef on AYSe were found to be significant (P < 0.01). The plant oils increased EC values of chicken meat significantly (P < 0.01). Olive oil had higher effect on EC values of chicken, beef and turkey meat. It was found to be 140.7, 132.5 and 128.9 mL (450 mg)⁻¹ protein, respectively. However, olive oil had higher effect on AYSg values of turkey, chicken and beef. It was found to be 492.9, 492.3 and 487.7 Nm⁻², respectively. In addition, olive oil decreased ED values of beef significantly (P < 0.01). The effect of corn oil on ES values of beef was found to be higher (P < 0.05) as 75.77%.     

Cholesterol oxidation products in irradiated raw meat with different packaging and storage time

The effect of irradiation and packaging conditions on the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) as well as lipid oxidation products was determined in raw turkey leg, beef, and pork loin meat during 7 days of storage. Ground turkey leg, beef, and pork loin muscles were prepared as patties. The patties were individually packaged either in oxygen-permeable or impermeable bags, irradiated at 0 or 4.5 kGy using a Linear Accelerator, and stored at 4°C. The COPs such as 7-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol were detected in fresh raw meats at 0 day at the level of 10.9 to 49.2 μg/g lipid. After 7 days of storage, other COPs such as epoxides, 20-hyroxycholesterol, and choletanetriol were formed in mainly aerobically packaged and irradiated raw meats. Packaging effect was more crucial on the cholesterol and lipid oxidation than irradiation. In aerobically packaged and irradiated meats, turkey leg muscles had higher COPs value than beef or pork did. COPs and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values had a strongly positive correlation in turkey leg and pork. But, cholesterol oxidation in beef proceeded in irradiated and aerobically stored samples despite of its low level of TBARS value.     

Physicochemical Effects of the Lipid Phase and Protein Level on Meat Emulsion Stability,Texture, and Microstructure

ABSTRACT: The effects of beef fat (25%) substitution with rendered beef fat, canola oil, palm oil, or hydrogenated palm oil at varying meat protein levels (8%, 11%, and 14%) were studied in emulsified beef meat batters. There was no significant difference in fat loss among meat batters made with beef fat, rendered beef fat, or palm oil. Hydrogenated palm oil provided the most stable batters at all protein levels. Increasing meat protein to 14% resulted in high fat loss in batters prepared with canola oil, which did not occur in the other formulations. This indicates that the physicochemical characteristics of fat/oil affect emulsion stability. Cooked batter hardness was higher (P < 0.05) when protein level was raised; highest in hydrogenated palm oil batters when compared at similar protein levels. As protein level was raised springiness values were increased in all the meat treatments. Springiness was higher in the canola oil treatments. Light microscopy revealed fat globule coalescence in canola oil meat batters prepared with 14% protein, as well as the development of fat channels and more protein aggregation; both seem to result in lower emulsion stability. Hydrogenated palm oil batters showed fat particles with sharp edges as opposed to the round ones seen in all other treatments.     

Role of Melissa officinalis in cholesterol oxidation: Antioxidant effect in model systems and application in beef patties

Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) constitute a known health risk factor. The antioxidant effect of a lyophilized aqueous Melissa officinalis extract against cholesterol degradation and COPs formation during a heating treatment was evaluated in a model system (180 °C, 0–180 min) at a ratio of 2 mg extract/100 mg cholesterol. Furthermore, the plant extract was subsequently added to beef patties alone or incorporated within an oil-in-water olive oil emulsion to assess its effectiveness during cooking. Melisa extract protected cholesterol from thermal degradation in the model system, yielding higher remaining cholesterol and lower COPs values throughout the whole heating process. Maximum total COPs were achieved after 30 and 120 min of heating for control and melisa-containing samples, respectively. In cooked beef patties, even though the olive oil emulsion was used as flavor-masking approach, melisa extract off-flavor limited the maximum dose which could be added. At these doses (65 μg/g and 150 μg/g without and with the emulsion, respectively), no additional protective effect of melisa over the use of the emulsion was found. Addition of natural extracts into functional foods should definitively take into account sensory aspects.     

Effect of irradiation and packaging conditions after cooking on the formation of cholesterol and lipid oxidation products in meats during storage

The effect of irradiation and packaging conditions on the content of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) and lipid oxidation in cooked turkey, beef, and pork during storage was studied. Ground turkey leg, beef, and pork were cooked, packaged either in oxygen-permeable or oxygen-impermeable bags, and irradiated at 0 or 4.5 kGy. Lipid oxidation and COPs were determined after 0 and 7 days of storage at 4°C. Packaging of cooked meat was more important than irradiation in developing COPs and lipid oxidation in cooked meats during storage. 7-Hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, β-epoxide, and 7-ketocholesterol were among the major COPs formed in cooked turkey, beef, and pork after storage, and their amounts increased dramatically during the 7-day storage in aerobic conditions. Irradiation had no significant effect on the amounts of any of the COPs found in cooked turkey and beef, but increased (P<0.05) the amounts of - plus 7β-hydroxycholesterol, β-epoxide, 7-ketocholesterol, and total COPs in aerobically packaged cooked pork. The amounts of COPs and lipid oxidation products (TBARS) closely related to the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat. The results indicated that the composition of fats in meat is important on the oxidation rates of lipids and cholesterol, and packaging is far more important than irradiation in the formation of COPs and lipid oxidation in cooked meat.     

Characteristics of low-fat meat emulsion systems with pork fat replaced by vegetable oils and rice bran fiber

The effects of vegetable oils prepared from olive, corn, soybean, canola, or grape seed, and rice bran fiber on the composition and rheological properties of meat batters were studied. Pork fat at 30% in the control was partially replaced by one of the vegetable oils at 10% in addition to reducing the pork fat to 10%. The chemical composition, cooking characteristics, texture properties, and viscosity of low-fat meat batters were analyzed. The moisture, protein, ash content, uncooked and cooked pH values, b^∗-value, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and viscosity of meat batters with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber were all higher than the control. In addition, batters supplemented with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber had lower cooking loss and better emulsion stability. Low-fat meat batters with reduced pork fat content (10%) and 10% vegetable oil plus rice bran fiber had improved characteristics relative to the regular fat control.     

Effect of replacing pork backfat with olive oil on processing and quality characteristics of fermented sausages

Five types of fermented sausages were manufactured by traditional methods as follows: (i) one control (C) using 24% beef meat, 43% pork meat and 33% pork backfat; (ii) two L treatments by replacing 10% and 20%, respectively of pork backfat with liquid olive oil; and (iii) two E treatments by replacing 10% and 20%, respectively of pork backfat with olive oil incorporated as pre-emulsified fat (PEF) with soy protein isolate (SPI). There were no differences (p > 0.05) between treatments relating to pH, brine content, lactic acid bacteria and micrococci and staphylococci count, redness (a (?)) and chemical composition. The L and E treatments had higher lightness and yellowness values than the control. The L treatments had lower (p < 0.05) weight losses and higher (p < 0.05) TBA values and were softer (p < 0.05) than the control. The E treatments had higher (p < 0.05; weight losses, lower (p < 0.05) TBA values and similar hardness to the control. The L sausages had an unacceptable appearance. The E sausages had equally good appearance as well as firmness and odour and taste as the control. It is concluded up to 20% of pork backfat can be replaced with olive oil as PEF with SPI. In preliminary experiments, where 30% pork backfat was replaced with olive oil as PEF with SPI, the product was unacceptable.     

Lipid oxidation of beef fillets during braising with different cooking oils

Effects of braising without oil and with different cooking oils (olive oil, corn oil and partially hydrogenated plants oil) on the susceptibility to lipid oxidation in beef fillets (psoas major) were evaluated. The beef fillets were pan-fried without oil or with the respective oils for five min, followed by 90 min steam cooking (braising). Lipid oxidation status of the samples and the cooking residues was evaluated by peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV), p-Anisidine value (p-AnV), as well as the alteration of the tocopherol content. Total lipids and the individual fatty acid pattern were analyzed in order to determine the impact of the frying medium as well as the cooking procedures on the fat of the braised samples. The decrease in PV simultaneous with the significant increase in p-AnV indicated the progression of lipid oxidation. Tocopherol and fatty acid contents of all the investigated samples exhibited modifications mainly due to the influence of the frying medium and braising process. Although there was a significant change in lipid oxidation parameters, there is no risk in consuming such braised meat.     

Addition of tea catechins and vitamin C on sensory evaluation, colour and lipid stability during chilled storage in cooked or raw beef and chicken patties

The effects of addition of tea catechins (TC) and vitamin C (VC) on sensory evaluation, colour and lipid stability in cooked or raw beef and chicken meat patties during refrigerated storage were studied. Fresh beef striploin and chicken breast muscles were minced, following removal of external fat and connective tissue. Following mincing, beef and chicken were assigned to one of the following five treatments: control (meat treated with no antioxidant); TC200, meat plus 200 mg TC/kg muscle; TC400, meat plus 400 mg TC/kg muscle; VC200, meat plus 200 mg VC/kg muscle, VC400, meat plus 400 mg VC/kg muscle. Sodium chloride (1%) was added to all samples. Patties (125 g portions), formed from the above-treated minced meat, were oven cooked, cooled, and packaged in 30% CO₂:70% N₂. Fresh raw beef and chicken patties were packaged in 80% O₂:20% CO₂. All samples were stored for up to 7 days under fluorescent lighting at 4 °C. Sensory parameters (colour, flavour, taste, tenderness and overall acceptability) were evaluated on cooked beef and chicken patties after 1, 3 and 6 days of storage. Surface colour (Hunter L, a and b values), and lipid oxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were measured on days 1, 3 and 6 of storage for cooked meats and on days 2 and 7 for raw beef and chicken. Tea catechins addition (200 or 400 mg/kg) to minced meat caused (P < 0.05) discolouration in cooked beef and chicken meat patties and significantly reduced (P < 0.001) lipid oxidation in cooked or raw beef patties compared to the control. Beef, either raw or cooked, was more susceptible (P < 0.01) to oxidation compared to chicken. Raw meat stored in high oxygen conditions was more susceptible to lipid oxidation than cooked meat stored in anaerobic conditions. Tea catechins treatments (TC200 and TC400) inhibited (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation in raw beef to a greater extent than vitamin C treatments (VC200 and VC400). These results indicate that tea catechins are potent natural antioxidants and exhibit greater antioxidant efficacy compared to vitamin C.     

Evaluation of Rapid Fat, Moisture, and Protein Determination in Meats and Meat Products using an Automatic Meat Analyzer

The Hobart FMP-1 Automatic Meat Analyzer has been developed for rapid (approximately 5 min), simultaneous determination of the fat, moisture and protein content of meat and meat products. Results were compared with those using official AOAC methods for raw beef and pork and cooked sausage samples. Analyses of the data indicated that, except for determination of fat content of raw pork and protein content of raw beef, the Hobart FMP-1 was not significantly different from the official AOAC methods within the sampling parameters studied. From a practical meat operations standpoint, these differences were not considered to be of major concern as the machine can be calibrated to adjust for bias.     

Effect of pan-frying in different culinary fats on the fatty acid profile of pork

This study was set up to determine how pan-frying either without culinary fat or with different culinary fats (polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-enriched culinary fat, olive oil and margarine) affects the fatty acid (FA) composition of pork. The meat samples (longissimus thoracis (LT)) originated from pigs fed different dietary fat sources (animal fat, soybean oil or linseed oil) and thus had different FA compositions before frying. Pan-frying resulted in considerable increases in the meat total-FA content, although this was not always significant and highly variable, despite standardisation of the frying process. The FA composition of the pan-fried meat tended to become similar to that of the culinary fat used, and the extent of changes in the content of a particular FA was relative to the FA gradient from the culinary fat to the meat. However, this was also dependent on the culinary fat used, since frying in olive oil appeared to affect the FA composition of the meat more than did frying in the other culinary fats. Differences in FA composition of meat resulting from different animal feeding treatments remained unchanged after pan-frying without fat, they became smaller after frying in margarine and PUFA-enriched culinary fat, whereas frying in olive oil largely masked the initial FA profile differences. Long chain PUFA (LCPUFA) in the meat were not significantly lost by the frying process, but their proportion was influenced by the uptake of the culinary fat.     

Meat species identification and Halal authentication using PCR analysis of raw and cooked traditional Turkish foods

The method performance characteristics of commercially available PCR kits for animal species identification were established. Comminuted meat products containing different levels of pork were prepared from authentic beef, chicken, and turkey. These meat products were analysed in the raw state and after cooking for 20 min at 200 °C. For both raw and cooked meats, the PCR kit could correctly identify the animal species and could reliably detect the addition of pork at a level below 0.1%. A survey of 42 Turkish processed meat products such as soudjouk, salami, sausage, meatball, cured spiced beef and doner kebap was conducted. Thirty-six samples were negative for the presence of pork (< 0.1%) and four were found to be correctly labelled as containing pork. However, one sausage sample was labelled as containing 5% beef, but beef DNA was not detected and a meatball sample labelled as 100% beef was found to contain chicken. Another turkey meatball sample was predominantly chicken.     

Textural attributes and oxidative stability of pork longissimus muscle injected with marbling-like emulsified lipids

The objective of the study was to create marbling-like fat in lean pork with acceptable oxidative stability through the injection of canola/olive oil-substituted emulsions. Pork loins were injected with 5% water as control (CW) or 5% emulsion containing no tocopherols (E) or 0.07% tocopherols (ET) and stored at 2 °C in an oxygen-enriched package for up to 3 weeks. Lipid oxidation was totally inhibited in ET pork but increased 3-fold to 0.20mg malonaldehyde/kg in CW and E pork after 3 weeks. ET treatment also had a positive effect on meat red color. Emulsion-containing pork, showing less protein oxidation (carbonyl and disulfide formation), had reduced drip loss and shear force than CW samples (P<0.05). The results indicated that incorporation of antioxidant-containing emulsions could create marbling-like texture in lean pork without compromising oxidative stability.     

Cholesterol oxidation in frozen dark chicken meat: influence of dietary fat source, and α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid supplementation

A factorial design assessed the effect of dietary fat source (beef tallow, fresh and oxidized sunflower oils, and linseed oil), and α-tocopheryl acetate (α-TA) and ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation (225 and 110 mg/kg feed, respectively) on the cholesterol oxidation product (COP) content and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values in raw and cooked dark chicken meat vacuum packaged and stored at -20°C for 7 months. COP determination showed good linearity, recovery and precision. Dietary α-TA was highly effective in protecting raw or cooked meat from cholesterol and fatty acid oxidation, regardless of its degree of unsaturation. In contrast, AA supplementation was ineffective and even promoted oxidation in raw meat from broilers fed unsaturated fat diets that had not been supplemented with α-TA. Oxidation values (raw or cooked meat) from α-TA or α-TA+AA supplemented diets were not statistically different (P>0.05). TBA and COP values were significantly correlated in raw samples (r=0.6466, P=0.0001).     

Cholesterol and Lipid Oxidation Products in Cooked Meat as Affected by Raw-Meat Packaging and Irradiation and by Cooked-Meat Packaging and Storage Time

Aerobic packaging significantly increased cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in cooked turkey, pork, and beef patties after 7‐d storage, but vacuum packaging was very effective in preventing cholesterol and lipid oxidation. Packaging of meat after cooking had a much stronger effect on COPs formation than before cooking, and irradiation had only a minor effect. The amount of total COPs correlated well with TBARS in cooked meat. Turkey had the highest rates of COPs and TBARS formation and beef had the lowest rates after 7‐d storage, which were closely related to the fatty acid composition of meats. 7a‐hydroxycholesterol, 7p‐hydroxycholesterol, and 7‐ketocholesterol were the major COPs detected in all 3 cooked meat patties.     

Acceptability and Sensory Analysis of Pork Summer Sausage from Pigs Administered Porcine Somatotropin

Summer sausages were formulated to contain 20% fat from the following raw meat sources: (1) pork and beef blend, (2) 100% pork from control pigs, and (3) 100% pork from pigs administered 4 mg/ day porcine somatotropin (pSt). Sausages were evaluated by a trained sensory panel and by 1192 consumers. Summer sausage from the pSt-treated pigs and the pork/beef blend was firmer and more chewy than that made from 100% control pork. The beef/pork blend sausage was darker, more red and less yellow when compared with sausage made with 100% pork. Sausage from pSt-treated pigs received greater acceptability scores and was preferred by 62% of consumers when compared with sausage from control pigs.     

Cholesterol and lipid oxidation in raw and pan‐fried minced beef stored under aerobic packaging

BACKGROUND: The type of packaging atmosphere has been reported as a technological factor that consistently affects the quality of lipid fraction in meat. Oxidation of cholesterol and lipids was evaluated before and after pan frying in commercial refrigerated minced beef stored under aerobic atmosphere for 1 and 8 days. RESULTS: In raw beef, cholesterol and lipid oxidation developed at a slow rate. Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) did not significantly vary (～8 µg COPs g^?1 of fat) over 8 days, while in the same period thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) less than doubled (from 0.7 to 1.2 malondialdehyde equivalents kg^?1 of muscle). Pan frying did not influence the oxidative degree in the fresh product but consistently catalyzed cholesterol oxidation in stored beef. A significant increase was assessed in beef at the end of storage: from 8.6 to 30.0 µg COPs g^?1 of fat in raw and cooked beef, respectively. CONCLUSION: Aerobic packaging did not appear as a pro‐oxidant factor in fresh minced beef with a good oxidative quality during a short period of refrigerated storage. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定食品中聚二甲基硅氧烷的含量

食品样品中的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)用航空煤油提取,经高速离心净化后,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法进行测定,外标法定量。当PDMS在鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉、黄瓜、菠萝样品中添加水平为5.0、10.0mg/kg和100.0mg/kg、在大豆油、花生油、棕榈油样品中添加水平为1.0、2.0mg/kg和10.0mg/kg、在裹粉炸粉样品中添加水平为2.5、5.0mg/kg和10.0mg/kg时,平均回收率为71.2%～122.9%,相对标准偏差小于15.0%,标准曲线在0.1～50.0mg/L之间,r≥0.995,针对动物肌肉和果蔬产品、食用油脂、裹粉的方法检出限分别为5.0、1.0、2.5mg/kg。本方法前处理操作简单,适用基质范围广,能够满足对食品中PDMS的检测要求,适合大量样品的快速、准确定性和定量分析。     

Effect of microwave heating on the migration of dioctyl adipate and acetyltributyl citrate plasticizers from food grade PVC and PVDC/PVC films into ground meat

 Migration of dioctyl adipate (DOA) and acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticizers from plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride) films into ground meat of varying fat content (3%, 12%, 30%, 55%) during microwave heating has been studied. The plasticizer migrating into ground meat was determined using an indirect gas chromatographic method after saponification of the ester-type plasticizer (DOA or ATBC) and subsequent collection of the alcohol component of the ester, namely 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and 1-butanol, respectively. Identical unwrapped microwave heated (control) samples were also analysed for DOA and ATBC content. Migration was dependent on heating time, fat content of the meat and the initial concentration of the plasticizer in the film. Migration of DOA and ATBC into ground meat did not reach equilibrium after heating for 4 min at full power even for meat samples of high fat content (55%). Migration values of DOA and ATBC into ground meat of 55% fat content after 4 min of heating in a microwave oven were 172.39 mg/kg (14.62 mg/dm²) and 17.24 mg/kg (0.62 mg/dm²), respectively. Migration into control samples was below the detection limit of the method employed (<2 mg/kg for DOA and <2.5 mg/kg for ATBC). Received: 23 February 1998