基于IIDG电流相位控制的配电网故障电流抑制方法

我国配电网正面临着高渗透率分布式电源接入的挑战,配电网的拓扑结构与潮流方向发生了本质改变,易导致继电保护装置产生拒动或者误动。针对分布式电源大多通过电压源型逆变器并网这一现状,提出了基于逆变器电流相位控制的故障电流抑制方法,在dq坐标系下对逆变器输出电流相位进行控制,使得流过继电保护装置的故障电流幅值近似等于电网侧的短路电流,消除逆变型分布式电源提供的短路电流对继电保护装置的影响,减少继电保护装置的升级需求。在DIgSILENT/PowerFactroy仿真软件中搭建IEEE 13节点系统,仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的正确性及有效性。     

Directional overcurrent and earth-fault protections for a biomass microgrid system in Malaysia

Over-current protection is principally intended to counteract excessive current in power systems. In distribution systems in Malaysia, non-directional over-current protection is adopted because of the radial nature of the power system used. Relay typically used in distribution network are designed to cater for current flow in one direction, i.e., from transmission network to load. However, with the forecasted increase in generation from renewable sources, it is important that adequate codes are in place with regards to their integration to sub-transmission/distribution network. Distribution network dynamically changes from “passive” to “active” network. With distributed generation connected to distribution network, power flows bi-directionally. Hence, directional over-current protection is adopted along the line between the transmission grid and the distributed generation. The bi-directional flow of power also complicates the earth fault protection. This is due to the presence of the distributed generation that will cause the line near the delta side of the transformer to be still energized after the operation of earth fault relay during single-phase-to-ground-fault. This paper investigates the directional over-current and earth fault protections used to protect the microgrid (biomass generator) in Malaysia. In this study, under-voltage relays are adopted at the delta side of the transformer to fully clear the single-line-to-ground fault, which cannot be cleared by earth fault relay. Three-phase-balanced fault and single-line-to-ground-fault at all possible locations in the network have been simulated. Simulation shows good coordination and discrimination between over-current relays.     

适用于柔性直流互联交流系统的无电压方向元件判据

背靠背柔性环网控制装置的应用使配电网由单端电源供电的辐射状网络变为多端电源供电网络,三段式电流保护无法判断故障方向。为了既保证配电网保护动作可靠性又保留三段式电流保护,需要为保护安装方向元件。文中通过研究背靠背柔性环网控制装置接入的交流配电网发生不同位置相间故障时序电流间的相位规律,提出了基于流过保护的负序电流和同一母线上无源支路正序电流间相位关系的故障方向判别元件,并给出了正反方向故障时方向元件的动作区间。该方向元件适用于由传统电源、采用负序电流抑制的柔性环网控制装置或分布式电源构成的且母线含无源支路的多端供电网络。该元件受过渡电阻影响小,无需安装电压互感器,在三相对称故障时仍可保证保护的正确动作,不存在传统功率方向元件出口三相故障时的死区问题。经PSCAD仿真验证了该方向元件在系统不同位置发生各种相间故障时的正确性和有效性。     

分布式发电条件下的多电源故障区域定位新方法

根据分布式发电条件下的配电网网络结构和故障电流的变化特点,提出了一种新型多电源故障区域定位方法。该方案利用配电网的特定母线节点,进行分支电流综合幅值比较以判定故障搜索的正方向,并最终把故障范围锁定在一个最小的故障关联区域内。这一方案具有集中式保护与分布式处理相结合的特点,首先由智能电子终端(IED)对广域范围内的故障信息进行分布处理,然后由保护装置对相关故障信息进行综合处理并完成故障隔离。文章对故障搜索的电流幅值判据进行了详细论证,并提出了其矩阵算法,该算法对DG投退造成的网络结构的随机变化具有自适应性,对IED故障具备一定的容错能力,满足DG接入对配电网保护提出的要求。分布式处理降低了保护对通信系统的要求,同时,由于仅利用电流量进行故障搜索判定,工程上较容易实现。文章以实例对该故障区域定位方法进行了仿真,证明了方案的正确性。     

Ground-fault Location Algorithm for Ungrounded Radial Distribution Systems

This paper proposes a single phase-to-ground fault location algorithm for ungrounded radial distribution systems. The algorithm uses the voltage equation from the relay location to the fault location, which contains three unknown variables: zero-sequence fault current, fault resistance, and fault distance. The zero-sequence fault current can be determined using the zero-sequence relay current. Inserting the zero-sequence fault current into the voltage equation results in an equation that contains only the fault resistance and fault distance. The fault resistance is removed by extracting the components orthogonal to the zero-sequence fault current from the equation and finally the fault distance is estimated. Simulation results indicate that the algorithm performs well regardless of fault resistance and fault distance.     

谐振接地配电系统馈线单相接地故障的暂态电流保护新原理

该文提出了用于中性点谐振(经消弧线圈)接地模式配电网馈线单相接地暂态电流保护的新原理。该保护的判断准则是理论分析的定义，所以是固定不变值，它具有较高的可靠性和灵敏度，毋须整定计算。在谐振接地系统馈线单相接地故障时，故障馈线的故障相暂态电流分量(TCC)与非故障相TCC的差别在于有消弧线圈提供的电感性TCC。为了消除电感性TCC的影响，文中提出了基于正交小波分解算法的、有选择性地提取馈线各相间TCC组合特征频带的测度比值作为判断准则，这样可获得与判断准则。经ATP和MATLAB仿真验证表明：该保护原理具有可行性、有效性和适应性，适合于谐振接地模式的任何配电系统。     

Microcontroller based overcurrent relay and directional overcurrent relay with ground fault protection

This paper presents the design and construction of overcurrent and directional overcurrent relays with ground fault protection for the protection of three-phase subtransmission and distribution systems, using a 16-bit microprocessor, the Intel 8096BH. The relay obtains the system currents at the rate of 12 samples per cycle and estimates the fundamental-frequency components of the current signals using discrete Fourier transform techniques. In the case of the directional overcurrent relay, the direction of the current flow is identified to determine whether the fault current is flowing into its protected zone. For this purpose, several internally stored voltage vectors, corresponding to the different directional element settings, are synchronized accurately with the system voltage and used to determine the direction of the power flow. Facilities to change relay characteristics, the time dial and plug settings are provided. The user can also set the relay as an instantaneous overcurrent relay. The desired operating characteristics are achieved by direct curve data storage in the memory.     

A novel scheme for current-only directional overcurrent relay

Overcurrent relays are widely used as main protection in sub-transmission and distribution systems. In mesh and multi-source networks, application of directional relay is unavoidable. Traditional directional overcurrent relays use the reference voltage phasor as the polarizing quantity to estimate the direction of the fault. Traditional direction distinguishing scheme is unreliable in the case of close-in faults. In this paper, a novel algorithm for directional overcurrent relay is proposed. The new algorithm uses only current signals for determining the fault direction. It uses superimposed component of the current signal and does not require phasor estimation. This new algorithm uses pre-fault current signal as the polarizing quantity. The proposed method is tested on simple power system in different situations. The results show it leads to fast and reliable directional protection.     

小电流接地系统K(1)故障选线与定段方法的研究

小电流接地系统单相接地故障对供、配电网运行的安全性和可靠性有很大的影响.本文根据小电流接地系统单相故障的特点,应用零序光学电流传戚器进行故障选线与定段,提高了继电保护的可靠性.     

分布式电源接入对配网过电流保护的影响

分布式发电接入中低压配电网使传统配网成为有源配网,对继电保护提出了新的挑战。本文围绕有源配网继电保护问题展开研究,分析了有源配电网故障电流的特征以及DG接入对传统保护和安全自动装置运行的影响,并结合国内外主要的标准和技术规程,综述了当前主要的解决方案。最后以典型的辐射状配电网为算例,利用ETAP软件建立仿真模型,研究双馈风机接入配电网后潮流和短路电流的变化以及反时限保护的动作情况。结果表明,高渗透DG接入后,潮流双向流动,短路电流变化复杂,反时限保护较难满足要求,有必要利用微网技术,构建更为完善和智能的有源配网保护体系。     

A novel neural network and backtracking based protection coordination scheme for distribution system with distributed generation

With the increased installation of renewable energy based distributed generations (DGs) in distribution systems, it brings about a change in the fault current level of the system and causes many problems in the current protection system. Hence, effective protection schemes are required to ensure safe and selective protection relay coordination in the power distribution system with DG units. In this paper, a novel adaptive protection scheme is proposed by integrating fault location with protection relay coordination strategies. An automated fault location method is developed using a two stage radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) in which the first RBFNN determines the fault distance from each source while the second RBFNN identifies the exact faulty line. After identifying the exact faulty line, then protection relay coordination is implemented. A new protection coordination strategy using the backtracking algorithm is proposed in which it considers the main protection algorithm to coordinate the operating states of relays so as to isolate the faulty line. Then a backup protection algorithm is considered to complete the protection coordination scheme for isolating the malfunction relays of the main protection system. Several case studies have been used to validate the accuracy of the proposed adaptive protection schemes. The results illustrate that the adaptive protection scheme is able to accurately identify faulty line and coordinate the relays in a power distribution system with DG units. The developed adaptive protection scheme is useful for assisting power engineers in performing service restoration quickly so as to decrease the total down time during faults.     

基于电流相角突变量方向的有源配电网保护

随着分布式电源(DG)的大量接入,配电网的结构由传统的辐射型改变为多端电源系统。由于DG出力的随机性,传统的基于电流幅值的保护方案很难整定。通过研究故障前后电流相角的变化,得出了电流相角突变量方向与故障位置的关系,并由此提出一种新的电流纵联方向保护方案。由于该方案只利用电流信息,避免了安装电压互感器。对于规模巨大的配电网,具有经济性。由于只需传输判定结果,降低了对通信通道的要求。最后,通过仿真分析,对保护方案进行了验证。     

基于两相电流行波的接地选线方法

中性点非有效接地配电系统大多只安装两相电流互感器,其接地选线问题是长期困扰实际运行的技术难题。为了解决只装有两相电流互感器配电系统的单相接地选线问题,在分析了中性点非有效接地配电系统接地所产生的电流行波特征的基础上,提出了基于两相初始电流行波和小波变换的接地选线新算法。该算法仅仅利用接地时所产生的两相行波,不受中性点接地方式和系统正常运行时不平衡电流的影响,解决了现场的实际运行需要。仿真和试验结果验证了所提出的方法的可靠性和有效性。     

Fault diagnosis in distribution networks with distributed generation

The penetration of distributed generation (DG) in distribution power system would affect the traditional fault current level and characteristics. Consequently, the traditional protection arrangements developed in distribution utilities are difficult in coordination. Also, the reclosing scheme would be affected. With the rapid developments in distribution system automation and communication technology, the protection coordination and reclosing scheme based on information exchange for distribution power system can be realized flexibly. This paper proposes a multi-agent based scheme for fault diagnosis in power distribution networks with distributed generators. The relay agents are located such that the distribution network is divided into several sections. The relay agents measure the bus currents at which they are located such that it can detect and classify the fault, and determine the fault location. The proposed technique uses the entropy of wavelet coefficients of the measured bus currents. The performance of the proposed protection scheme is tested through simulation of two systems. The first system is a benchmark medium voltage (MV) distribution system and the second system is practical 66 kV system of the city of Alexandria.     

Adaptive relay co-ordination using a busbar splitting approach for a system integrity protection scheme

Power system faults can often result in excessively high currents. If sustained for a long time, such high currents can damage system equipment. Thus, it is desirable to operate the relays in the minimum possible time. In this paper, a busbar splitting approach is used for adaptive relay setting and co-ordination purposes for a system integrity protection scheme (SIPS). Whenever a fault occurs, the busbar splitting scheme splits a bus to convert a loop into a radial structure. The splitting schemes are chosen such that the net fault current is also reduced. Busbar splitting eliminates the dependency upon minimum breakpoints set (MBPS) and reduces the relay operating time, thus making it adaptive. The proposed methodology is incorporated into the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems with single and multiple fault conditions. The modeling and simulation carried out in ETAP, and the results of the proposed busbar splitting-based relay co-ordination are compared with the MBPS splitting-based relay co-ordination.     

High Speed Digital Directional Comparison Relaying

ABSTRACT

A high speed directional comparison relay based on the evaluation of the locally measured deviations of the voltage and current from their prefault values is described in this paper. Signal processing techniques are used to damp out the exponentially decaying dc component and high frequency transient components so that the operation of the relay depends on the power frequency components of the voltage and current deviation signals. The direction to a fault is determined by detecting the first transgression of the fault trajectories across threshold boundaries in the deviation plane. Studies on a three phase power system model show that the direction to a fault is determined within a first few milliseconds following the inception of a fault.     

A new digital filter directional relay technique using active/reactive power portrait

The present paper discusses some conventional directional relay drawbacks, which are based on the relationship between voltage and current, in order to determine fault direction. In addition, it presents a new fault detection technique based on instantaneous active and reactive energy that is measured and analysed at the relaying point. This energy has a distinct characteristic which is used to distinguish the fault direction. The suggested relay has determined the fault direction in a rather short time after fault occurrence, even in 2–5 ms, depending on the characteristics of the fault generated travelling waves. The algorithm used in this method has been modified in order to improve the performance of the relay. Simulation studies showed that the directional relay based on this new technique has fast speed operation with reliability and dependability.     

新型同杆并架双回线故障选相方案研究

从同杆并架并架双回线跨线故障和单回线故障的不同电气特征出发,分析了现有的主要选相元件在同杆并架线路发生跨线故障时所存在的问题,提出了基于跨线故障识别的同杆并架双回线故障选相的新方案。系统发生故障后,保护首先根据故障后的零序电流和零序电压,正负序电流之间的关系等特征判别故障性质(跨线或者单线故障),单回线故障和跨线故障采用不同的选相方案。可以有效地解决发生跨线故障时突变量选相元件和稳态选相元件存在的误动或者拒动的问题。     

基于故障相关区域自适应划分的分布式保护新原理

分布式发电(DG)条件下的配电网潮流流向发生了很大变化,传统的配电网保护原理已不再适用于DG系统。结合多DG接入下的配电网部分母线节点可以通过电流量来判断故障方向的特点,提出了一种具有较强自适应性的故障相关区域划分方法,而这种分布式的、缩小上传保护电流数据范围的算法减少了保护数据在信道上排队避让的时间,保护装置只需得到故障相关区域内的故障电流数据即可正确动作,实现了保护的选择性及速动性,降低了对通信系统的依赖性。将IEC61850应用在DG系统的继电保护中,可以解决DG的保护与控制系统中的异构性和保护数据异步传输的问题。最后通过实验验证了该算法的快速性。