稀土元素Y对TiNi形状记忆合金基体上的渗铝涂层恒温氧化行为影响

采用粉末法,在不同Y含量的TiNi形状记忆合金基体上制备了650℃渗铝涂层,并对Y是如何影响涂层的形成以及涂层700℃恒温氧化性能进行了研究。结果表明渗铝涂层由外层TiAl₃和内层NiAl₃构成,涂层的生长主要由Al的内扩散控制。当Y含量低于1at.%时,稀土元素Y的添加促进TiAl₃外层的生长,抑制NiAl₃ 内层的生长。恒温氧化实验表明：添加0.5 at.%Y能明显降低渗铝涂层的氧化速度,但添加1 at.%Y和5 at.%Y却加速涂层的氧化。文中对Y是如何影响涂层的形成以及恒温氧化性能进行了分析。     

Y2O3/CeO2改性的低温渗铝涂层制备和循环氧化性能研究

本文利用Y2O3/CeO2纳米颗粒替代部分Al2O3粉作为填充剂,在Ni基体上, 600℃低温渗铝10h,制备了Y2O3/CeO2改性的低温渗铝涂层。作为对比,采用相同的工艺在Ni基体上利用纯Al2O3粉制备了普通渗铝涂层。对比研究了Y2O3/CeO2是如何影响氧化铝的相变以及渗铝涂层的1000℃时的循环氧化性能。结果发现,Y2O3和CeO2对q-a相变具有不同的作用：Y2O3抑制?-Al2O3的长大,而CeO2促进?-?相变。与普通渗铝涂层相比,Y2O3/CeO2改性的渗铝涂层形成粘附性更好的氧化铝膜,提高了渗铝涂层的循环氧化性能。文中对Y2O3/CeO2是如何影响?-?相变以及渗铝涂层的循环氧化性能进行了分析。     

铌基超高温合金包埋渗铝改性硅化物涂层结构

利用包埋渗法在新型铌基超高温合金表面制备了铝改性的硅化物抗氧化涂层,分析了涂层的相组成、结构及其组织形成过程。涂层制备采用先在1150℃包埋渗硅4h,然后再于800-1000℃包埋渗铝4h的方法。结果表明：渗硅后涂层的相组成为（Nb,X）Si2（X代表Ti,Cr和Hf元素）;再于各温度包埋渗铝后,（Nb,X）Si2层中的平均铝含量随包埋渗铝温度的升高而增加,最高可达10.84at%;当包埋渗铝温度为860-1000℃时会在渗硅层与基体间形成新的铌铝金属间化合物层,且渗入（Nb,X）Si2层中的铝会在局部形成Nb3Si5Al2相。     

CeO₂改善低温渗铝涂层抗氧化性能的研究

在Ni基体上电沉积纯Ni镀层和Ni-CeO2复合镀层并对其进行620 °C低温渗铝,制备了无CeO2和CeO2改性的铝化物涂层。将以上两种涂层在1000 °C下氧化,研究CeO2颗粒的加入对氧化膜的生长速率和粘附性能的影响。结果表明,在δ-Ni2Al3涂层中加入纳米CeO2颗粒可以推迟一层完整α-Al2O3膜的形成时间,降低氧化膜的生长速率。此外,纳米CeO2颗粒的加入提高了氧化膜的粘附性,原因是与没有CeO2掺杂的涂层相比,CeO2改性铝化物涂层在氧化膜/涂层界面上形成的空洞尺寸较小。     

309不锈钢表面CeO2 改性铝化物涂层的循环氧化行为

以NH₄Cl为活化剂,采用包埋法在309不锈钢上制备了纳米CeO₂改性铝化物涂层。采用X射线衍射分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对涂层以及循环氧化50次后的表面和横截面进行了分析。微观结构研究表明,改性涂层中包含Fe₄Al₁₃相,由于基底金属的向外扩散,改性涂层捕获了少量的CeO₂纳米颗粒。与不添加CeO₂纳米颗粒的普通铝化物涂层相比,在900 ℃的大气环境下,分散CeO₂改性铝化物涂层表现出更好的防氧化剥落性能;在50次循环氧化后,CeO₂改性铝化物涂层上仍然可以发现一些Fe₂Al₅相,并存在向外扩散的Al层、中间的FeAl层和外部的Fe₂Al₅+FeAl混合层,这表明CeO₂纳米颗粒可以延缓铝化物涂层的降解。     

Pd对K17合金低压固体粉末包埋渗铝工艺的影响

研究了在高温合金K17表面上低压固体粉末包埋(LPPC)渗铝工艺.实验结果表明:在合金表面电镀Pd-20wt%Ni合金后,在950℃和1050℃渗铝制备铝化物涂层,与未经过电镀处理的样品相比,其渗铝速度得到提高,形成铝化物涂层的动力学在950℃和1050℃时符合抛物线规律.在950℃时,"S"渗铝量占总渗铝量的比例略大于18%,在1050℃时该比例为44.2%～47%,和渗铝温度有关,与样品预处理状态无关;提高渗铝温度,"S"渗铝比例提高.Pd元素加快了元素的扩散速度,促进了涂层的生长.     

元素合金化对Nb基高温合金组织和力学性能的影响

综述了近年来国内外在合金化改善Nb基高温合金组织形貌、提高力学性能方面所取得的进展,分析了Ti,Cr,Hf和Mo等合金化元素对合金中Laves相,亚稳相Nb3Si和γ-Nb5Si3的影响,总结了合金元素对材料力学性能的影响规律.     

TiAl合金表面机械研磨渗铝涂层的制备及高温性能

利用机械研磨渗在TiAl合金表面制备了铝化物涂层。在600℃经过150 min的振动处理后,TiAl合金表面形成了约为30μm的涂层。该涂层均匀致密,Al和Ti元素沿涂层均匀分布。XRD分析表明该涂层的相结构为Al3 Ti相。在900℃下,经过300 h的循环氧化后,该铝化物涂层表面形成了一层连续均匀的Al2 O3膜,表现出良好的抗氧化和抗剥落性能。相比之下,TiAl合金空白样表面形成了分层结构的氧化层,主要由Al2O3和TiO2混合氧化物组成,因此表现出较差的高温性能。     

粉末包埋渗铝与气氛渗铝对P92钢650℃饱和蒸汽氧化行为的影响

表面渗铝技术可以在不改变基体材料力学性能的基础上显著提高基体的抗高温蒸汽氧化性能。 利用低温粉末包埋和气氛渗铝两种方法在 P92 钢表面制备了铝化物涂层,并结合氧化增重法、扫描电镜观察及 XRD 分析,研究了两种工艺下铝化物涂层的 650 ℃饱和蒸汽氧化行为。 结果表明:P92 钢抗氧化能力不足,生成了由外层疏松层瘤状富铁氧化物与表面氧化膜下方内氧化物 FeCr₂O₄ 组成的双层结构氧化膜,外层富铁氧化膜在氧化 300 h 后发生剥落;低温包埋渗铝所得涂层为 β-FeAl 层,氧化 500 h 后试样表面形成极薄的保护性 α-Al₂O₃ 氧化膜(<0. 2 μm);气氛渗铝涂层为单层 Fe₃Al 结构,氧化 500 h 后试样外表面形成了 Fe₃O₄₊Fe₂O₃ 氧化膜,厚度为 1. 3 μm,靠近涂层表面生成单层连续 Al₂O₃ 氧化膜。 采用低温包埋和气氛渗铝均可提升 P92 钢的抗蒸汽氧化能力。     

Ti-Nb-Si基超高温合金Si-Cr共渗抗氧化涂层的显微组织

采用在1 250、1 350和1 400 ℃ Si-Cr包埋共渗10 h的方法,在Ti-Nb-Si基超高温合金表面制备了Cr改性硅化物涂层.结果表明:各温度下制备的涂层均具有多层复合结构;随包埋共渗温度的升高,涂层外层和中间层的组成相都发生改变.经1 250 ℃,10 h Si-Cr共渗时涂层外层为(Ti, X)_5Si_3(X代表Nb、Hf和Cr元素),中间层为(Ti, X)_5Si_4,过渡层(Ti, X)_5Si_3很薄;当提高共渗温度至1 350 ℃时,涂层外层中Cr含量明显提高,外层除了(Ti, X)_5Si_3外,还出现含Cr的三元相(Nb_(1.95)Cr_(1.05))Cr_2Si_3,中间层由(Ti, X)_5Si_4和(Ti, X)_5Si_3两相组成,而过渡层((Ti, X)_5Si_3)增厚;继续提高共渗温度至1 400 ℃时,涂层外层主要由(Nb_(1.95)Cr_(1.05))Cr_2Si_3三元相组成,中间层已全部由(Ti, X)_5Si_3相组成,在过渡层与基体间还存在不连续的块状(Nb, Ti)_3Si相,Si-Cr共渗温度对Cr扩散的影响更为显著.     

Structure of Al-modified silicide coatings on an Nb-based ultrahigh temperature alloy prepared by pack cementation techniques

In order to prepare Al-modified silicide coatings on an Nb-based ultrahigh temperature alloy, both a two-stage pack cementation technique and a co-deposition pack cementation technique were employed. The two-stage process included siliconizing a specimen at 1150 °C for 4 h followed by aluminizing it at 800-1000 °C for 4 h. The coating prepared by pack siliconization was composed of a thick (Nb,X)Si₂ (X represents Ti, Cr and Hf elements) outer layer and a thin (Nb,X)₅Si₃ transitional layer; after the siliconized specimens were aluminized at or above 860 °C, a (Nb,Ti)₃Si₅Al₂ phase developed at the surface of the coating, and furthermore, when aluminizing was carried out at 860 °C, a new (Nb,Ti)₂Al layer formed in the coating between the (Nb,X)₅Si₃ layer and the substrate, but when aluminizing was performed at 900-1000 °C, the new layer formed was (Nb,Ti)Al₃. The co-deposition process was carried out by co-depositing Si and Al on specimens at 1000-1150 °C for 8 h under different pack compositions, and it was found that the structure of co-deposition coatings was more evidently affected by co-deposition temperature than pack composition. An Al-modified silicide coating with an outer layer composed of (Nb,Ti)₃Si₅Al₂, (Nb,X)Si₂ and (Nb,Ti)Al₃ was obtained by co-depositing Si and Al at 1050 °C.     

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of simultaneous Al-Fe coating on copper by pack cementation

Simultaneous Al-Fe coatings on copper were prepared by pack cementation to investigate the microstructure and corrosion resistance. The cross-section of prepared specimen was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Then the cross-section of specimen corroded by solution of ferric chloride in ethanol was evaluated using SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The coating consists of an intermetallic layer and an interdiffusion layer, and the thickness of coating layer increases parabolically with holding temperatures from 730 °C to 900 °C. The aluminum content in the coating varies between 7.65 and 4.0% from the surface to the inside layer while the iron content varies between 2 and 0.5%. The coating layer is composed of а-Cu/Al solid solution with a small amount of iron. Alumina formed on the surface of the coating layer during corrosion provides very good protection for the coating layer in the corrosive atmosphere and enhances the corrosion resistance of the coating.     

Boroaluminide coatings on ferritic-martensitic steel deposited by low-temperature pack cementation

In this study, new boroaluminide protective coatings were deposited on ferritic-martensitic steel substrates (P91) using the pack cementation technique, at moderate temperatures in order not to influence the substrates' mechanical properties. Extensive thermodynamic calculations were performed initially, using the Thermocalc Computer program, so as to optimize the process parameters. The most important gas-precursors for successful deposition of the coatings were identified. The effect of pack composition on the formation and growth of boroaluminides at 715 °C, using pack powders containing Al and B as element depositing sources, two halide salts as activators, and Al₂O₃ as inert filler, was investigated. Three distinct regions were found in the coatings consisting of an outer Al-rich layer, a transition region containing Al, B and Fe and an inner layer containing mostly B, Cr and Fe. The layers were characterized by means of optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in terms of coating morphology and thickness. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used in order to detect the phases formed and the presence of iron aluminide and boride phases in the coatings due to the boroaluminizing process.     

A study on the microstructure and cyclic oxidation behavior of the pack aluminized Hastelloy X at 1100 °C

A pack aluminizing process at 950 °C for 9 h has been employed on the nickel-base superalloy Hastelloy X to deposit a 75 μm thick β-NiAl aluminide layer on the surface. A nanoscale dendritic structure is observed on the surface of the aluminide coating. A finger-like interdiffusion zone is found between the aluminide layer and the substrate. Fine precipitates with complex phases are distributed in the NiAl layer. The cyclic oxidation tests of aluminized alloys and untreated substrates were conducted at 1100 °C for 196 h. It was observed that the aluminizing process greatly enhances the cyclic oxidation resistance of Hastelloy X at 1100 °C due to a dense and protective alumina layer formed on the surface. Complex phase transformation reactions occurred in the aluminide layer. Owing to the oxidation and interdiffusion reactions at high temperature, the Al content of the NiAl layer was depleted to form some low Al containing γ-substrate grains on the surface and a continuous γ layer between the aluminide layer and substrate. Thermal stress induced, transverse cracks in the interdiffusion zone, were observed possibly due to the difference of thermal expansion coefficients among the substrate, aluminide layer and interdiffusion zone.     

A study on composite coatings of yttrium ion-plating and pack aluminizing for high-temperature applications

Yttrium (Y) was incorporated by an ion-plating method either before or after pack aluminizing to maximize the corrosion resistance of IN 713C. Various combinations of pack aluminizing and yttrium-ion plating were examined with respect to coating sequence, aluminum activity, and corrosive environment. Of all the various coating combinations examined, the best corrosion resistance was obtained from H/A + Y (high-activity aluminizing + Y-ion plating) type composite coatings. Uniformity of the Y deposition was greatly dependent upon the surface condition of the aluminide-coating layer. The high-activity aluminide coating gave better uniformity of Y deposition than did the low-activity-aluminide coating.Improvement of corrosion resistance by the Y-modified-aluminide composite coatings of H/A + Y type occur because the presence of Y between the Al₂O₃ columns improves Al₂O₃ scale adherence and substantially prevents depletion of Al in the aluminide-coating layer.     

Codeposited chromium and silicon diffusion coatings for Fe-Base alloys via pack cementation

The simultaneous deposition of Cr and Si into plain carbon, low-alloy, and austenitic steels using a halide-activated pack-cementation process is described. Equilibrium partial pressures of gaseous species have been calculated using the STEPSOL computer program to aid in designing specific processes for codepositing the desired ratios of Cr and Si into a given alloy. The calculations indicate that NaCl-activated packs are chromizing, while NaF-activated packs deposit more Si with less Cr. The use of a dual activator (e.g., NaF+NaCl) allows for the deposition of both Cr and Si in the desired amounts. Single-phase ferritic coatings (150–250 microns thick) with a surface concentration of 20–35 wt.% Cr and 2–4% Si have been grown on AISI 1018, Fe-2.25 Cr-1.0Mo-0.15C, and Fe-0.5 Cr-0.5 Mo-0.2C steels using packs containing a 90 wt.% Cr-10Si binary source alloy, a NaF+NaCl activator, and a silica filler. Two-phase coatings (approximately 75 microns thick) containing 20–25 wt.% Cr and 2.0–2.4% Si have been obtained on 304 stainless steel using packs containing a 90 wt.% Cr-10Si binary source alloy, a NaF activator, and an alumina filler. The same pack chemistry allowed the diffusion of Cr and Si into the austenitic Incoloy 800 alloy without a phase change. A coated Fe-2.25 Cr-1.0 Mo-0.15 C coupon with a surface concentration of Fe-34 wt.% Cr-3Si was cyclically oxidized in air at 700°C for over four months and 47 cycles. The weight gain was very low (<0.2 mg/cm²) with no scale spalling detected. Coated coupons of AISI 1018 steel, and Fe-0.5 Cr-0.5 Mo-0.2C steel have shown excellent oxidation-sulfidation resistance in reducing, sulfur-containing atmospheres at temperatures from 400 to 700°C and in erosion and erosion-oxidation testing in air at 650 and 850°C.     

Boride coatings obtained by pack cementation deposited on powder metallurgy and wrought Ti and Ti-6Al-4V

Wear resistance of Ti alloys needs to be improved, and an effective way to achieve this is through surface treatment. Boronizing is a surface treatment in which boron diffuses into the surface of Ti leading to the formation of hard and wear-resistant Ti borides. Boronizing of wrought and/or cast Ti alloys by pack cementation has been studied, while similar coatings on Ti alloys produced by powder metallurgy (PM) have not been reported. Also critical process parameters for boronizing Ti alloys, such as pack cementation powder composition and the process temperature have not been systematically studied and analysed. The present work reports on the surface modification of PM Ti and PM Ti-6Al-4V by boronizing, and presents some important thermodynamic aspects of the process comparing it with similar coatings applied to wrought Ti-6Al-4V. The coatings were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. For both Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloys the use of amorphous B as a B element supplier in the boriding powder pack led to the formation of a uniform external boride layer, while the use of B₄C as a B element supplier in the pack and under the same boronizing conditions, led to the formation of an external TiN layer and an internal layer containing B. The thermodynamic calculations performed proved successful in determining the appropriate conditions for boride coating deposition and estimating the phases likely to be formed. Finally the effect of surface roughness on the coating quality is discussed.