Preconditioned Landweber iteration algorithm for electrical capacitance tomography

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has been used to obtain the cross-section images of processes with different dielectric materials inside. Image reconstruction with ECT is to retrieve the permittivity distribution of materials inside the sensor from the capacitance measurements. Algorithms for ECT image reconstruction should be both precise and fast in order to satisfy the requirements of real-time monitoring of the dynamic behavior of processes. Several algorithms have been developed for ECT image reconstruction. The Landweber iteration is the most precise one. However, the low convergence rate of the Landweber iteration limits its application for on-line imaging.This paper introduces an iterative algorithm based on the Landweber method with preconditioning for ECT image reconstruction. A preconditioner, which is equivalent to a filter, is applied to the Landweber iteration. The convergence of this algorithm is analyzed. Its performance is evaluated by using simulated and experimental data corresponding to certain typical permittivity distributions. Preliminary numerical and experimental results show that this algorithm converges more rapidly than the Landweber iteration without preconditioning. Therefore, image reconstruction iteration can be accelerated, which makes on-line quantitative image reconstruction possible.     

基于MCMC方法的电容成像图像重构算法

研究基于概率统计的电容成像图像重构算法,以马尔科夫随机场的方式给出介电常数分布的先验概率,利用电容成像(electrical capacitance tomography,ECT)线性模型得到似然函数,通过马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(Markov chain Monte Carlo,MCMC)方法对介电常数分布的后验概率密度进行采样,马尔科夫链的转移核利用Metropolis-Hastings方法得到,结合嵌套迭代提高计算效率。仿真结果表明,嵌套迭代-MCMC方法在正则化参数设置合适的条件下,可以得到较好的图像质量,基于MCMC方法图像重构算法为解决ECT图像重构问题提供一种新思路。     

基于自适应模拟退火及 LM 联合反演算法的 ECT 图像重建

为解决电容层析成像技术(ECT)中图像重建的非线性和病态性问题,提出了一种自适应模拟退火-Levenberg Marquardt (ASA-LM)联合反演算法。 改进了标准模拟退火(SA)算法的新解生成策略、能量函数的定义及退火策略,并结合 LM 的直接局 部搜索方法联合反演 ECT 图像重建问题。 同时,利用 Savitzky-Golay (SG) 滤波对 ECT 图像重建所需电容数据进行平滑处理以 提高其信噪比。 最后,进行仿真及静态实验,并与线性反投影(LBP)、Landweber 迭代及标准 SA 算法进行了比较。 结果表明,与 其他 3 种算法相比,ASA-LM 算法收敛速度快、图像重建质量明显提高,边缘信息保真度高,重建图像的平均相对误差为 0. 331 1,平均相关系数为 0. 933 1。     

An extreme learning machine combined with Landweber iteration algorithm for the inverse problem of electrical capacitance tomography

The image reconstruction of the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is an ill-posed and sparse problem. In order to increase the accuracy and speed of the image reconstruction, this paper proposes a new reconstruction algorithm which is based on the extreme learning machine (ELM) with the Landweber iteration method. Firstly, a nonlinear mapping model is established between the pixel gray-scale values and the interelectrode capacitances by using the ELM which has a good learning ability and high speed. Secondly, the Landweber iteration method, which has a good performance in convergence and stability, is applied to calculate the output weight matrix of ELM. Finally, a convergence and stable mapping model of ELM with the Landweber iteration algorithm (L-ELM) for ECT image reconstruction is trained on Matlab platform. Both simulation and measurement tests are carried out to evaluate and analyze the proposed method. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has good generalization ability and high image reconstruction quality which are better than those of conventional ELM algorithm.     

基于改进ECT的隔热材料胶层无损检测研究

电容层析成像(ECT)技术是能显示被测物场的二维或三维介质分布图像的实时检测技术,基于平面阵列传感器的ECT系统为陶瓷多孔隔热材料缺陷检测提供一种新的技术途径。本文针对陶瓷多孔隔热材料粘结胶层的缺陷无损检测问题,提出了一种基于改进的电容层析成像方法。首先在分析平面阵列传感器ECT检测系统模型及成像原理的基础上,提出了一种改进初值的Landwebe迭代图像重建算法;进一步将该算法应用到基材表层与隔热材料之间的粘结胶层的缺陷检测领域,并通过实验验证了采用基于改进ECT的无损检测方法在陶瓷多孔隔热材料粘结胶层缺陷检测中应用的有效性;同时与采用传统ECT成像算法的检测实验进行比较。结果表明本文提出的改进ECT算法对胶层缺陷图像重建质量具有较大幅度的提高。     

Robust dynamic inversion algorithm for the visualization in electrical capacitance tomography

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is considered as a promising visualization measurement technique, in which reconstructing high-quality images is crucial for real applications. In this paper, a robust dynamic reconstruction model, which incorporates the ECT measurement information and the dynamic evolution information of a dynamic object, is presented. Under the considerations of the low rank property of an ECT image and the inaccuracies on the sensitivity matrix, the reconstruction model and the measurement data, an objective functional that fuses the ECT measurement information, the dynamic evolution information of a dynamic object, the spatial constraint, the temporal constraint and the low rank constraint is proposed. An iteration scheme that integrates the advantages of the fast composite splitting (FCS) algorithm is developed for solving the proposed objective functional. Numerical simulations are implemented to validate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.     

动态电容层析成像图像重建算法

提出了融合ECT测量信息和被测对象动态演化信息的新型图像重建模型;基于Tikhonov正则化方法,建立一个同时考虑了ECT测量信息、被测对象动态演化信息、时间与空间约束的新型图像重建目标泛涵,将图像重建问题转化为最优化问题;提出了集成分裂Bregman迭代法优势的新型算法求解该目标泛涵。数值仿真结果表明,所提出的图像重建算法其图像重建质量均优于OIOR算法、STR算法及PLI算法;同时由于所提出的图像重建算法同时考虑了测量数据和重建模型的不精确性,其抵抗测量噪声的能力得以提高。     

A least squares support vector regression coupled linear reconstruction algorithm for ECT

Linearization error of the simplified linear electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) model is one of the leading causes of ECT reconstruction errors. In this paper, the least squares support vector regression (LSSVR) is used to fit the correlation between the capacitance vector and the linearization error. And it is trained by the training samples of typical phase distributions. When removing the linearization error from equations derived by the linear model, the reconstruction problem becomes an exact linear inverse problem because the nonlinearity of ECT is completely included in the linearization error. Then a reconstruction algorithm combining the LSSVR and the Landweber iteration is proposed. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm achieves significantly better reconstruction accuracies than the linear back projection and the Landweber algorithm for both the noise-free and noisy cases. Compared with the Landweber algorithm, The image errors of the reconstructions are reduced by about 23%–68%, and the correlation coefficient increased by about 0.04–0.14. And the calculation time of the proposed algorithm for all the tested cases is about 0.4–0.6s, which makes it have the potential for real-time imaging. Static experimental results show that the reconstructions of the proposed algorithm have more accurate phase boundary shapes and fewer artifacts.     

用于两相流测量的ECT图像重构技术研究

电容层析成像技术(ECT)具有非侵入、响应速度快、成本低等优点,是用于两相流参数检测非常有发展潜力的技术之一。而图像重构是ECT系统研究的关键技术。该文利用有限元方法对12电极ECT系统进行建模仿真,进行正问题求解,获得了图像重构的样本数据;引入改进的径向基函数神经网络,建立了ECT图像重构算法,并在MATLAB平台上进行了仿真验证。结果表明,改进的径向基神经网络算法在图像重构准确度及速度方面有了明显提高。     

Image reconstruction of electrical capacitance tomography based on optimal simulated annealing algorithm using orthogonal test method

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a visualization measurement method for two-phase flow. Imaging permittivity distributions using electrical capacitance tomography has always been one of the most significant issues studied by scholars, and the algorithm will have a great impact on the accuracy of image reconstruction result. This paper applies simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to image reconstruction in ECT. However, some parameters of SA algorithm need to be optimized in order to obtain better reconstructed images in ECT. The influence of different parameter values in SA algorithm for image reconstruction in ECT is studied, and a set of optimal parameters of the SA algorithm is obtained based on the orthogonal experimental design method in this paper. At the same time, simulation and static experiments are conducted. Reconstructed images by SA algorithm with optimized parameter are compared with the linear back projection (LBP) and Landweber iterative algorithms. The results show that better images can be obtained for typical oil-gas two-phase flow using SA algorithm. The quality and shape fidelity of reconstructed image for the central object are obviously improved.     

油气润滑ECT系统的RBF图像重建算法研究

采用COMSOL软件建立了油气润滑环状流管道与ECT系统的三维物理及有限元模型,结合电磁场理论获取了传感器的电容值;建立了电容值与成像灰度值一一对应的的RBF映射模型;提出了RBF算法并应用于油气润滑两相流动的图像重建过程;以图像相对误差(IME)和图像相关系数(CORR)为评价指标对该算法的进行实验验证。研究结果表明,RBF算法在ECT系统图像成像的准确性及相关性方面可以很好的适用于油气润滑;相较于其他图像重建算法,图像精度提高了40.52%,图像分辨率提高了22.13%。     

Dynamic imaging method using the low n-rank tensor for electrical capacitance tomography

Imaging objects in electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) measurement are often in a dynamic evolution process, and exploiting the spatial–temporal properties of the dynamic reconstruction objects is crucial for the improvement of the reconstruction quality. Based on the multiple measurement vectors, in this paper a robust dynamic reconstruction model that incorporates the ECT measurement information and the dynamic evolution information of a dynamic object, in which a series of dynamic images is cast as a third-order tensor that the first two dimensions are space and the third is time, is proposed. Under the considerations of the two-dimensional spatial structure property of a difference image and the spatial–temporal property of a third-order image tensor, a new objective functional that fuses the ECT measurement information, the dynamic evolution information, the temporal constraint, the spatial constraint, the low rank constraint of a difference image and the low n-rank constraint of a third-order tensor is proposed, where the images are reconstructed by a batching pattern. The split Bregman iteration (SBI) algorithm is developed for solving the proposed objective functional. Numerical simulations are implemented to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed algorithm on improving the reconstruction quality and the robustness.     

电容层析成像系统图像重建新算法的研究

快速而又具在一定精度的图像重建算法是电容层析成像（ＥＣＴ）技术的关键。本文提出一种用多元线性回归法建立ＥＣＴ系统正向模型,用正则化法获得图像重建这一不适宜逆问题稳定解的图像重建新算法。仿真结果表明该方法能快速而较高精度地重建出两相流断层图像。     

基于极限学习机求解正问题的 ECT 图像重建

在电容层析成像(ECT)图像重建迭代类算法中,通常采用线性正问题求解,以加快重建速度,由此产生重建误差。针对这一问题,提出了基于极限学习机(ELM)的非线性ECT正问题求解方法,ELM网络输入为介电常数分布,其输出为预测的电容测量值。将该方法与传统的Landweber迭代算法相结合构成ELM-Landweber迭代算法进行图像重建。为使样本具有较好的代表性,物体分布位置及大小均随机生成,并计算相应的归一化电容值作为ELM网络训练及测试样本,对ELM-Landweber迭代算法进行了仿真与静态实验,并与传统Landweber迭代算法进行比较。实验结果表明,相较于传统Landweber迭代算法,采用ELM-Landweber迭代算法,其算法收敛速度显著提高,重建图像质量得到明显改善。训练样本的平均图像相对误差由0.728减小至0.504,测试样本的平均图像相对误差由0.596减小至0.475。     

电容过程成像技术的进展

本文详细介绍了电容过程成像技术的新进展,其中包括阵列式敏感电极结构设计,具有抗杂杂散电容影响的高灵敏ＡＣ桥电容检测线路以及Ｌａｎｄｗｅｂｅｒ迭代算法再构图像,从而成像系统性能指标明显得到改善。     

粒子滤波算法在ECT图像重建中的应用

针对电容层析成像技术(ECT)的图像重建质量精度较低的问题,提出了一种基于粒子滤波的ECT图像重建方法。首先,分析了ECT图像重建基本原理,以系统状态估计的方式描述了ECT图像重建最优解的搜索过程,并建立了状态空间模型。然后,以线性反投影(LBP)算法的图像重建结果作为初始状态,利用测量信息对从状态空间中获取的随机样本进行最优加权,以获得重建图像的最小方差估计。最后,对5种不同的流型进行了仿真实验。实验结果表明,利用本文方法获得的重建图像误差平均值为42.93%,相关系数平均值为0.813 9,比LBP算法、Landweber迭代算法和IMN-SNOF算法得到的相应指标要好。本文方法是一种有效、精度较高的ECT图像重建方法,为ECT图像重建技术提供了新的途径和手段。     

Sparsity-inspired image reconstruction for electrical capacitance tomography

We present a new image reconstruction method for Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). ECT image reconstruction is generally ill-posed because the number of measurements is small whereas the image dimensions are large. Here, we present a sparsity-inspired approach to achieve better ECT image reconstruction from the small number of measurements. Our approach for ECT image reconstruction is based on Total Variation (TV) regularization. We apply an efficient Split-Bregman Iteration (SBI) approach to solve the problem. We also propose three metrics to evaluate image reconstruction performance, i.e., a joint metric of positive reconstruction rate (PRR) and false reconstruction rate (FRR), correlation coefficient, and a shape and location metric. The results on both synthetic and real data show that the proposed TV-SBI method can better preserve the edges of images and better resolve different objects within reconstructed images, as compared to a representative state-of-the-art ECT image reconstruction algorithm, Projected Landweber Iteration with Linear Back Projection initialization (LBP-PLI).     

基于加权奇异值分解截断共轭梯度的电容层析图像重建

针对电容层析成像技术(ECT)中的"软场"效应和病态问题,提出了一种基于加权奇异值分解(SVD)截断共轭梯度的电容层析(ECT)图像重建算法。阐述了电容层析成像工作原理,提出了12电极ECT系统的测量方法。在分析灵敏度矩阵的奇异值分解理论的基础上,推导出了加权SVD截断共轭梯度的数学模型,并利用Tikhonov方法进行正则化加权处理。最后,分析了算法的收敛性,并将其应用于电容层析成像系统的图像重建中。实验结果表明,对于层流,截断共轭梯度算法的平均误差能达到27.54%,全部流型平均迭代步数达到13步,与LBP、Landweber和CG算法比较,该算法具有成像效果好,成像速度快,易于实现等特点。     

反射型衍射CT中的迭代法图像重构

基于衍射的计算机层析成像术是建立在Fourier衍射投影定理基础上的.衍射CT图象重构可看作由非均匀频率样点重建信号的问题.提出一种用于反射型衍射CT的图像重构算法,此方法利用反向散射数据进行2D非均匀Fourier反变换.由于直接的非均匀Fourier反变换不易实现,所以采用基于min-max优化准则的非均匀快速Fourier正变换,通过迭代实现非均匀Fourier逆变换的快速有效计算.为了减少迭代次数加快收敛速度,首先用频域插值法得到重构图像的初值,然后根据min-max准则,每经过一次迭代得到重构图像的一个更新版本,重复多次迭代直至得到可接受的重构结果.给出了数值实验结果.与传统重构算法如Gridding方法相比,该算法计算复杂度相当而重构精度较高.     

A hybrid deep learning model for ECT image reconstruction of cryogenic fluids

Compared to general room-temperature fluids, the characteristics of cryogenic fluids, as well as the complexity of the cryogenic environment, pose greater challenges for reconstruction algorithms for Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). Based on deep learning, a hybrid model is proposed for cryogenic fluid ECT image reconstruction in this study. The multi-head self-attention mechanism is employed to initially establish the mapping of capacitance to the image, and then an improved U-net-like convolution neural network is presented to perform deep feature extraction and image reconstruction. The ConvNeXt block is adopted for multi-level feature extraction, and a separate downsampling layer is used to replace the pooling layer. A dataset covering a variety of two-phase typical flow patterns and irregular flow patterns is built for training. A capacitance vector and an image of phase distribution are included in each sample. Extensive numerical experiments are carried out on the trained model. The results show that the model can accurately predict phase distribution and produce a clear interface. Finally, the model was successfully applied in cryogenic experiment to obtain the phase distribution image of liquid nitrogen stratified flow.